Magnus Holmén, Mats Magnusson, and Maureen McKelvey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290475
- eISBN:
- 9780191603495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290474.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter examines the role played by innovative opportunities in driving economic transformation through dependencies between actors. It explores the extent of experimentation and inertia when ...
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This chapter examines the role played by innovative opportunities in driving economic transformation through dependencies between actors. It explores the extent of experimentation and inertia when actors identify, act upon, and realize innovative opportunities. Innovative opportunities are used to capture dependencies between key processes in innovation, as well as understand the systemic effects present in complex innovation activities characterized by uncertainty. The dependencies are illustrated by case studies of the early stages of development of technology and business platforms in the telecom industry. Empirical observations demonstrate dependencies between different actors which result in ‘systemic’ effects. These take the form of dependencies across different types of opportunities (technological, entrepreneurial, and productive ones), as well as dependencies across different elements of these processes (value perception, resource mobilization, and value appropriation). Such interdependencies are the force helping to drive flexibility and stability in economic transformations.Less
This chapter examines the role played by innovative opportunities in driving economic transformation through dependencies between actors. It explores the extent of experimentation and inertia when actors identify, act upon, and realize innovative opportunities. Innovative opportunities are used to capture dependencies between key processes in innovation, as well as understand the systemic effects present in complex innovation activities characterized by uncertainty. The dependencies are illustrated by case studies of the early stages of development of technology and business platforms in the telecom industry. Empirical observations demonstrate dependencies between different actors which result in ‘systemic’ effects. These take the form of dependencies across different types of opportunities (technological, entrepreneurial, and productive ones), as well as dependencies across different elements of these processes (value perception, resource mobilization, and value appropriation). Such interdependencies are the force helping to drive flexibility and stability in economic transformations.
Scott Frickel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388299
- eISBN:
- 9780199866519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388299.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Frickel describes how professionalization in environmental health and justice (EHJ) has been occurring under the radar through “shadow mobilizations”—semi‐formal networks of health scientists and ...
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Frickel describes how professionalization in environmental health and justice (EHJ) has been occurring under the radar through “shadow mobilizations”—semi‐formal networks of health scientists and medical professionals that flexibly intersect with activists. Using data from thirty‐two in‐depth interviews with scientists, medical professionals, and EHJ organizers, this paper defines and develops the concept of shadow mobilization as an alternative route to movement professionalization. Movements for environmental health and justice are commonly described as grassroots phenomena but are different from more mainstream environmental and health movements, in which professional advocacy has centered in large organizations staffed by legal, scientific, and public health experts. The paper considers the role that invisibility, secrecy, and temporality play in the formation of loosely coupled networks of expert activists. These networks span knowledge institutions and sectors (university, state, and industry) as well as the cultural and class divisions ostensibly separating experts and at‐risk communities.Less
Frickel describes how professionalization in environmental health and justice (EHJ) has been occurring under the radar through “shadow mobilizations”—semi‐formal networks of health scientists and medical professionals that flexibly intersect with activists. Using data from thirty‐two in‐depth interviews with scientists, medical professionals, and EHJ organizers, this paper defines and develops the concept of shadow mobilization as an alternative route to movement professionalization. Movements for environmental health and justice are commonly described as grassroots phenomena but are different from more mainstream environmental and health movements, in which professional advocacy has centered in large organizations staffed by legal, scientific, and public health experts. The paper considers the role that invisibility, secrecy, and temporality play in the formation of loosely coupled networks of expert activists. These networks span knowledge institutions and sectors (university, state, and industry) as well as the cultural and class divisions ostensibly separating experts and at‐risk communities.
Aniket Bhushan, Yiagadeesen Samy, and Kemi Medu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447328537
- eISBN:
- 9781447328551
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447328537.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter examines the prospects for domestic resource mobilization in Africa. After summarizing ongoing debates about the post-2015 Financing for Development agenda and their implications for ...
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This chapter examines the prospects for domestic resource mobilization in Africa. After summarizing ongoing debates about the post-2015 Financing for Development agenda and their implications for African economies, the chapter analyses the domestic resource mobilization – focusing on tax and non-tax revenues – performance for the region. In particular, the chapter estimates a tax effort index for 49 African countries over the period 1996 to 2010, and then discuss the implications of our findings for the international community as well as African governments that are increasingly looking to domestic resource mobilization as a source of financing ambitious post-2015 goals and targets. The chapter argues that domestic resource mobilization, rather than being reduced to goals and targets aimed at increasing the tax/GDP ratio, should be repurposed to investing in responsible and accountable governments.Less
This chapter examines the prospects for domestic resource mobilization in Africa. After summarizing ongoing debates about the post-2015 Financing for Development agenda and their implications for African economies, the chapter analyses the domestic resource mobilization – focusing on tax and non-tax revenues – performance for the region. In particular, the chapter estimates a tax effort index for 49 African countries over the period 1996 to 2010, and then discuss the implications of our findings for the international community as well as African governments that are increasingly looking to domestic resource mobilization as a source of financing ambitious post-2015 goals and targets. The chapter argues that domestic resource mobilization, rather than being reduced to goals and targets aimed at increasing the tax/GDP ratio, should be repurposed to investing in responsible and accountable governments.
Dorothy McBride Stetson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242665
- eISBN:
- 9780191600258
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242666.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This work presents the results of a comprehensive and integrated research project in comparative abortion policy and politics in post‐industrial democracies. It focuses on the questions of state ...
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This work presents the results of a comprehensive and integrated research project in comparative abortion policy and politics in post‐industrial democracies. It focuses on the questions of state feminism—the extent to which women's policy agencies further goals of women's movements for descriptive and substantive representation. In 11 countries in Western Europe and North America, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands and the US, authors analyse the most significant debates on abortion policies from the 1970s through the 1990s. Following a common research design, individual researchers describe how each issue came to the public agenda, the goals of women's movement actors, the effectiveness of movement actors and women's policy agencies in inserting pro‐woman gendered perspectives into the issue frames, and the policy outcomes. They assess the success of the women's movement in gaining both access to the policy subsystem as well as favourable policy content. The comparative conclusion to the book examines several hypotheses in light of the descriptive information in the chapters. Have women's movement been successful in increasing their representation and thus making policy processes more democratic? To what extent have women's policy agencies been allies of movement activists? What explains patterns of movement success? In addition to state feminism theory, the conclusion assesses the explanatory power of theories of resource mobilization and political opportunity structure on women's movement effectiveness.Less
This work presents the results of a comprehensive and integrated research project in comparative abortion policy and politics in post‐industrial democracies. It focuses on the questions of state feminism—the extent to which women's policy agencies further goals of women's movements for descriptive and substantive representation. In 11 countries in Western Europe and North America, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands and the US, authors analyse the most significant debates on abortion policies from the 1970s through the 1990s. Following a common research design, individual researchers describe how each issue came to the public agenda, the goals of women's movement actors, the effectiveness of movement actors and women's policy agencies in inserting pro‐woman gendered perspectives into the issue frames, and the policy outcomes. They assess the success of the women's movement in gaining both access to the policy subsystem as well as favourable policy content. The comparative conclusion to the book examines several hypotheses in light of the descriptive information in the chapters. Have women's movement been successful in increasing their representation and thus making policy processes more democratic? To what extent have women's policy agencies been allies of movement activists? What explains patterns of movement success? In addition to state feminism theory, the conclusion assesses the explanatory power of theories of resource mobilization and political opportunity structure on women's movement effectiveness.
Vernon W. Ruttan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195188042
- eISBN:
- 9780199783410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195188047.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Several important questions bear on the impact of military and defense-related research, development, and procurement on future technology development in the U.S. One is whether changes in the ...
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Several important questions bear on the impact of military and defense-related research, development, and procurement on future technology development in the U.S. One is whether changes in the structure of the American economy and of the defense industrial base preclude military procurement from playing a role in the development of advanced technology comparable to that it played in the past. Another is whether the military and defense-related industries have become so small relative to the size of the U.S. industrial sector that they no longer exert significant leverage on the rate and direction of technical change. A more disturbing question is whether a war, or threat of war, will be necessary to induce the mobilization of the scientific, technical, and financial resources to generate new general-purpose technologies. It is argued that war or its threat will be a less powerful inducement to technical change in the first half of the 21st century than it was during the last half of the 20th century.Less
Several important questions bear on the impact of military and defense-related research, development, and procurement on future technology development in the U.S. One is whether changes in the structure of the American economy and of the defense industrial base preclude military procurement from playing a role in the development of advanced technology comparable to that it played in the past. Another is whether the military and defense-related industries have become so small relative to the size of the U.S. industrial sector that they no longer exert significant leverage on the rate and direction of technical change. A more disturbing question is whether a war, or threat of war, will be necessary to induce the mobilization of the scientific, technical, and financial resources to generate new general-purpose technologies. It is argued that war or its threat will be a less powerful inducement to technical change in the first half of the 21st century than it was during the last half of the 20th century.
Francis Chipimo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199660605
- eISBN:
- 9780191749179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660605.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter argues that increased mobilization of domestic financial resources is critical if Zambia is to achieve its development objective of becoming a prosperous middle income country by 2013. ...
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This chapter argues that increased mobilization of domestic financial resources is critical if Zambia is to achieve its development objective of becoming a prosperous middle income country by 2013. This is a significant challenge requiring that impediments to the development of the financial sector, particularly the existence of severe information costs in the financial sector, are addressed. In this regard, Chapter 7 demonstrates how the nature of Zambia’s financial sector can be explained through the existence of information costs. These information costs can be addressed by enhancing the legal and institutional framework; encouraging more effective competition that promotes financial intermediation and consumer welfare, and improving financial inclusion. Policies that support the secondary market for both public and private debt are also critical for improved domestic and external resource mobilization.Less
This chapter argues that increased mobilization of domestic financial resources is critical if Zambia is to achieve its development objective of becoming a prosperous middle income country by 2013. This is a significant challenge requiring that impediments to the development of the financial sector, particularly the existence of severe information costs in the financial sector, are addressed. In this regard, Chapter 7 demonstrates how the nature of Zambia’s financial sector can be explained through the existence of information costs. These information costs can be addressed by enhancing the legal and institutional framework; encouraging more effective competition that promotes financial intermediation and consumer welfare, and improving financial inclusion. Policies that support the secondary market for both public and private debt are also critical for improved domestic and external resource mobilization.
Hany Besada and Timothy M. Shaw (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447328537
- eISBN:
- 9781447328551
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447328537.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Africa’s economies need dynamism to respond to global competition. Strategies are needed that will enhance transformation and socio-economic achievement within the context of the Post-2015 ...
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Africa’s economies need dynamism to respond to global competition. Strategies are needed that will enhance transformation and socio-economic achievement within the context of the Post-2015 development framework. These strategies will include a wide range of development solutions around issues such food and energy security, and enhance service delivery and social inclusion. Africa must secure social and political stability and build effective economic governance and enhance national and regional capacity for successful and sustainable development – creating a society that can deal with questions of agency and political economy for quality service delivery, social inclusion and democratic accountability. Policies must be pro-poor and properly sequenced. New alliances must be crafted at the local and regional levels yet anchored on greater civic participation and voice, corporate social responsibility and accountability of those in public office. Challenges remain for the continent in terms of key reforms; policies and legislations that need to be designed and implemented required for the achieving the basic key goals and targets set out in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The continent needs to accept its proper share of responsibility in accordance with its human, financial and natural resources as well as capabilities as driven by the five fundamental shifts of the Post-2015 Development Agenda.Less
Africa’s economies need dynamism to respond to global competition. Strategies are needed that will enhance transformation and socio-economic achievement within the context of the Post-2015 development framework. These strategies will include a wide range of development solutions around issues such food and energy security, and enhance service delivery and social inclusion. Africa must secure social and political stability and build effective economic governance and enhance national and regional capacity for successful and sustainable development – creating a society that can deal with questions of agency and political economy for quality service delivery, social inclusion and democratic accountability. Policies must be pro-poor and properly sequenced. New alliances must be crafted at the local and regional levels yet anchored on greater civic participation and voice, corporate social responsibility and accountability of those in public office. Challenges remain for the continent in terms of key reforms; policies and legislations that need to be designed and implemented required for the achieving the basic key goals and targets set out in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The continent needs to accept its proper share of responsibility in accordance with its human, financial and natural resources as well as capabilities as driven by the five fundamental shifts of the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
Francesco Seatzu
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198810445
- eISBN:
- 9780191847783
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198810445.003.0028
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
Domestic resource mobilization (DRM) has assumed increasing significance as a form of financing for sustainable development and economic growth in Africa. This chapter explores the present and future ...
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Domestic resource mobilization (DRM) has assumed increasing significance as a form of financing for sustainable development and economic growth in Africa. This chapter explores the present and future roles of international law concerning the regulation of this form of financing for sustainable development and economic growth in Africa, as well as the main obstacles and challenges of mobilising DRM in African developing and less developed countries. While there is a wide array of questions and issues related to this form of financing for development that international conferences and summits, in particular the Monterrey Consensus on Financing for Development and the Addis Ababa Agenda for Action, have addressed in various forms and with different emphasis and results, the chapter focuses exclusively on some substantial issues, such as the use of DRM for the financing of the new Sustainable Development Goals and the relationship between DRM and poverty alleviation actions and strategies.Less
Domestic resource mobilization (DRM) has assumed increasing significance as a form of financing for sustainable development and economic growth in Africa. This chapter explores the present and future roles of international law concerning the regulation of this form of financing for sustainable development and economic growth in Africa, as well as the main obstacles and challenges of mobilising DRM in African developing and less developed countries. While there is a wide array of questions and issues related to this form of financing for development that international conferences and summits, in particular the Monterrey Consensus on Financing for Development and the Addis Ababa Agenda for Action, have addressed in various forms and with different emphasis and results, the chapter focuses exclusively on some substantial issues, such as the use of DRM for the financing of the new Sustainable Development Goals and the relationship between DRM and poverty alleviation actions and strategies.
Dana M. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526105547
- eISBN:
- 9781526132215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526105547.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
While academics are apt to seek the development of theoretical explanations for social movements, activists are more concerned with learning practical lessons about their movements in order to ...
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While academics are apt to seek the development of theoretical explanations for social movements, activists are more concerned with learning practical lessons about their movements in order to further their goals. Activist theorizing happens within all social movements, but academics have tended to focus exclusively on reformist, mainstream movements. There have been impressive contributions by sociological theorists of movements, but activists remain frustrated and indifferent to the poor attempts to theorize about revolutionary or anti-authoritarian movements, such as anarchism. Consequently, the established theoretical explanations for movements—including relative deprivation, resource mobilization, frame alignment, and dynamics of contention—are of mixed relevance to anarchist movements. This chapter briefly introduces these assorted theories and applies to anarchist movements. Some of these theories address crucial concerns, like strategy, timing, scale, and risks of movements. More importance will be placed upon other key interpretations to be introduced later in the text (i.e., political opportunity, new social movements, and social capital theories). An appropriate orientation is taken toward developing “better theories”: conserving and improving what exists (of both American and European scholarly origin) that is good, and building better theories from currently un-addressed concerns. This chapter also explores what is the utility of social movement theory for anarchist movements themselves.Less
While academics are apt to seek the development of theoretical explanations for social movements, activists are more concerned with learning practical lessons about their movements in order to further their goals. Activist theorizing happens within all social movements, but academics have tended to focus exclusively on reformist, mainstream movements. There have been impressive contributions by sociological theorists of movements, but activists remain frustrated and indifferent to the poor attempts to theorize about revolutionary or anti-authoritarian movements, such as anarchism. Consequently, the established theoretical explanations for movements—including relative deprivation, resource mobilization, frame alignment, and dynamics of contention—are of mixed relevance to anarchist movements. This chapter briefly introduces these assorted theories and applies to anarchist movements. Some of these theories address crucial concerns, like strategy, timing, scale, and risks of movements. More importance will be placed upon other key interpretations to be introduced later in the text (i.e., political opportunity, new social movements, and social capital theories). An appropriate orientation is taken toward developing “better theories”: conserving and improving what exists (of both American and European scholarly origin) that is good, and building better theories from currently un-addressed concerns. This chapter also explores what is the utility of social movement theory for anarchist movements themselves.
Jennifer Earl and Katrina Kimport
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015103
- eISBN:
- 9780262295352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015103.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
Costs have always been considered a significant predictor of individual participation in collective action and social movement. This chapter sheds light on the role of costs in classic social ...
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Costs have always been considered a significant predictor of individual participation in collective action and social movement. This chapter sheds light on the role of costs in classic social movement theory and research. It also mentions that the innovative usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as the Web and e-mail can motivate participation and reduce the costs of social movement. Costs are associated with resource mobilization and overall participation, and these will also be calculated and taken into consideration when the protesters face police or private action to control the protest. Cost calculations may also help account for participation in large-scale protests and different tactics. A supersized approach to participation means that the innovative uses of the Web cannot change the fundamental dynamics of participation; however, the Web may help increase and diversify the level of participation.Less
Costs have always been considered a significant predictor of individual participation in collective action and social movement. This chapter sheds light on the role of costs in classic social movement theory and research. It also mentions that the innovative usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as the Web and e-mail can motivate participation and reduce the costs of social movement. Costs are associated with resource mobilization and overall participation, and these will also be calculated and taken into consideration when the protesters face police or private action to control the protest. Cost calculations may also help account for participation in large-scale protests and different tactics. A supersized approach to participation means that the innovative uses of the Web cannot change the fundamental dynamics of participation; however, the Web may help increase and diversify the level of participation.
Donatella della Porta, Francis O’Connor, Martín Portos, and Anna Subirats Ribas
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447333418
- eISBN:
- 9781447333456
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447333418.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This book has examined how referendums from below serve as opportunities that are particularly conducive to broadening participation as well as enhancing political engagement and understanding among ...
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This book has examined how referendums from below serve as opportunities that are particularly conducive to broadening participation as well as enhancing political engagement and understanding among the electorate. Using the campaigns in Scotland, Catalonia and Italy, the book has provided evidence that referendums offer social movements the chance to make a decisive contribution to issues of substantial political importance. By analyzing these movements' resource mobilisation, appropriation of opportunities, and capacity to develop resonant frames, the book has shown how movements have shaped political debates. This concluding chapter summarises the book's main ideas and contributions and considers how some of the traits and patterns identified in the Catalan, Scottish and Italian cases hold in two additional settings: the Icesave referendum in Iceland and the consultation on the Troika's ultimatum in Greece.Less
This book has examined how referendums from below serve as opportunities that are particularly conducive to broadening participation as well as enhancing political engagement and understanding among the electorate. Using the campaigns in Scotland, Catalonia and Italy, the book has provided evidence that referendums offer social movements the chance to make a decisive contribution to issues of substantial political importance. By analyzing these movements' resource mobilisation, appropriation of opportunities, and capacity to develop resonant frames, the book has shown how movements have shaped political debates. This concluding chapter summarises the book's main ideas and contributions and considers how some of the traits and patterns identified in the Catalan, Scottish and Italian cases hold in two additional settings: the Icesave referendum in Iceland and the consultation on the Troika's ultimatum in Greece.
David S. Meyer and Amanda Pullum
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479847273
- eISBN:
- 9781479800223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479847273.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the Tea Party movement's mobilization of grassroots activism since 2009 to demonstrate how populist mobilization builds from public sentiments of inequality and democratic ...
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This chapter focuses on the Tea Party movement's mobilization of grassroots activism since 2009 to demonstrate how populist mobilization builds from public sentiments of inequality and democratic deficits in the political system. In particular, it highlights the tension between grassroots mobilizations animated by democratic rhetoric and their potentially less democratic claims on policy. The chapter first considers the history of social movements before situating the Tea Party and its right-wing populism within social movement theory, along with inconsistencies/disagreements within the Tea Party. It then explores political opportunity theory in order to elucidate how the Tea Party's claims, tactics, and trajectory are affected by the world outside the movement, with particular emphasis on formal politics. It also discusses the Tea Party's resource mobilization and concludes by explaining how inequality allowed for new mobilization opportunities in the movement's case despite their largely undemocratic nature.Less
This chapter focuses on the Tea Party movement's mobilization of grassroots activism since 2009 to demonstrate how populist mobilization builds from public sentiments of inequality and democratic deficits in the political system. In particular, it highlights the tension between grassroots mobilizations animated by democratic rhetoric and their potentially less democratic claims on policy. The chapter first considers the history of social movements before situating the Tea Party and its right-wing populism within social movement theory, along with inconsistencies/disagreements within the Tea Party. It then explores political opportunity theory in order to elucidate how the Tea Party's claims, tactics, and trajectory are affected by the world outside the movement, with particular emphasis on formal politics. It also discusses the Tea Party's resource mobilization and concludes by explaining how inequality allowed for new mobilization opportunities in the movement's case despite their largely undemocratic nature.
Karl-Dieter Opp
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198829911
- eISBN:
- 9780191868368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter deals with mobilizations or, equivalently, mobilization processes. These are processes in which collective action originates. A major theme of this chapter is the effects of ...
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This chapter deals with mobilizations or, equivalently, mobilization processes. These are processes in which collective action originates. A major theme of this chapter is the effects of mobilizations on transformations. These are understood as relatively radical societal upheavals. Mobilizations from below, in contrast to mobilizations from above, played a major role in the transformations of communist states in 1989/90. Only mobilizations from below are dealt with in this chapter. It is first discussed under which conditions mobilization processes come about. Next the role of mobilizations in transformation processes is addressed. The answers to these questions are applied to the explanation of the collapse of former communist states. The chapter applies in particular the theory of collective action and outlines a micro-macro explanation of transformation processes.Less
This chapter deals with mobilizations or, equivalently, mobilization processes. These are processes in which collective action originates. A major theme of this chapter is the effects of mobilizations on transformations. These are understood as relatively radical societal upheavals. Mobilizations from below, in contrast to mobilizations from above, played a major role in the transformations of communist states in 1989/90. Only mobilizations from below are dealt with in this chapter. It is first discussed under which conditions mobilization processes come about. Next the role of mobilizations in transformation processes is addressed. The answers to these questions are applied to the explanation of the collapse of former communist states. The chapter applies in particular the theory of collective action and outlines a micro-macro explanation of transformation processes.
Craig Calhoun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226090849
- eISBN:
- 9780226090870
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226090870.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
The roots of the modern social movement can be traced to Europe and America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly the Great Awakening in the American colonies and ...
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The roots of the modern social movement can be traced to Europe and America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly the Great Awakening in the American colonies and religious mobilizations during the Protestant Reformation in Europe. By the early nineteenth century, the social movement was a form of collective action transposable across issues and populations to express grievances and desires. Theorists of “resource mobilization” focused on how people organize and marshal resources to pursue these grievances or desires. This chapter examines the limitations of the notion of a Left–Right political spectrum for understanding social movements that resisted prevailing ideas of progress and rooted in tradition. It looks at how the idea of social movement combined with democracy and republicanism to bring about a new notion of society. The chapter also discusses the “social question” raised by capitalist industrialization, along with poverty and class relations, as well as arguments that material necessity made social change inevitable.Less
The roots of the modern social movement can be traced to Europe and America in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly the Great Awakening in the American colonies and religious mobilizations during the Protestant Reformation in Europe. By the early nineteenth century, the social movement was a form of collective action transposable across issues and populations to express grievances and desires. Theorists of “resource mobilization” focused on how people organize and marshal resources to pursue these grievances or desires. This chapter examines the limitations of the notion of a Left–Right political spectrum for understanding social movements that resisted prevailing ideas of progress and rooted in tradition. It looks at how the idea of social movement combined with democracy and republicanism to bring about a new notion of society. The chapter also discusses the “social question” raised by capitalist industrialization, along with poverty and class relations, as well as arguments that material necessity made social change inevitable.
Donatella della Porta, Francis O’Connor, Martín Portos, and Anna Subirats Ribas
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447333418
- eISBN:
- 9781447333456
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447333418.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter examines the 2011 water referendum in Italy, focusing on the appropriation of opportunities, resource mobilisation, and the framing of the campaign by social movements and civil society ...
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This chapter examines the 2011 water referendum in Italy, focusing on the appropriation of opportunities, resource mobilisation, and the framing of the campaign by social movements and civil society organisations. It shows that some of the characteristics of the referendums from below that were observed in Scotland and Catalonia also fit the Italian case. In terms of appropriation of opportunities, the referendum against the privatisation of water supply was far from a single-issue campaign, instead emerging from long-lasting struggles that made use of a multiple and varied repertoire of contention, including institutional and unconventional forms of action. The chapter also discusses how the closing down of opportunities at the national level and the availability of political allies at the local level prompted the use of forms of direct democracy. Finally, it demonstrates how the provision of water became a symbol of resistance to neoliberalism and austerity policies in Italy.Less
This chapter examines the 2011 water referendum in Italy, focusing on the appropriation of opportunities, resource mobilisation, and the framing of the campaign by social movements and civil society organisations. It shows that some of the characteristics of the referendums from below that were observed in Scotland and Catalonia also fit the Italian case. In terms of appropriation of opportunities, the referendum against the privatisation of water supply was far from a single-issue campaign, instead emerging from long-lasting struggles that made use of a multiple and varied repertoire of contention, including institutional and unconventional forms of action. The chapter also discusses how the closing down of opportunities at the national level and the availability of political allies at the local level prompted the use of forms of direct democracy. Finally, it demonstrates how the provision of water became a symbol of resistance to neoliberalism and austerity policies in Italy.
Geoff Dean, Ivar Fahsing, and Petter Gottschalk
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199578436
- eISBN:
- 9780191807268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199578436.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter explores the business dynamics of high-end, entrepreneurially-driven organised crime in its ruthless pursuit of profits and relentless desire to outsmart law enforcement. It first ...
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This chapter explores the business dynamics of high-end, entrepreneurially-driven organised crime in its ruthless pursuit of profits and relentless desire to outsmart law enforcement. It first considers a case example involving three young Norwegian women who were caught at the airport in Cochabamba in Bolivia with more than twenty-two kilos of cocaine in their luggage, and have since been remanded in custody on drug smuggling charges. It then provides an overview of the business enterprise paradigm and the entrepreneurialism of organised crime, with particular emphasis on five essential capabilities that drive entrepreneurial behaviour: opportunity perspective, resources mobilisation, decision-making under uncertainty, people cooperation, and profit maximisation. The chapter concludes by presenting a case study of criminal entrepreneurship.Less
This chapter explores the business dynamics of high-end, entrepreneurially-driven organised crime in its ruthless pursuit of profits and relentless desire to outsmart law enforcement. It first considers a case example involving three young Norwegian women who were caught at the airport in Cochabamba in Bolivia with more than twenty-two kilos of cocaine in their luggage, and have since been remanded in custody on drug smuggling charges. It then provides an overview of the business enterprise paradigm and the entrepreneurialism of organised crime, with particular emphasis on five essential capabilities that drive entrepreneurial behaviour: opportunity perspective, resources mobilisation, decision-making under uncertainty, people cooperation, and profit maximisation. The chapter concludes by presenting a case study of criminal entrepreneurship.
Paul-Brian McInerney
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785129
- eISBN:
- 9780804789066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785129.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter discusses the inauspicious roots of the Circuit Rider movement, explaining how early adherents mobilized others by convincing them of the worth of information technology in the nonprofit ...
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This chapter discusses the inauspicious roots of the Circuit Rider movement, explaining how early adherents mobilized others by convincing them of the worth of information technology in the nonprofit sector. Mobilization was accomplished through the development and articulation of accounts, i.e., stories about the role of information technology for social change and how to deliver it to nonprofit and grassroots organizations. The movement grew as the Circuit Rider model became established as the movement began to develop a collective identity to mobilize new adherents. As the movement grew, the collective identity expanded to include new actors, who did not meet the original criteria for Circuit Riders. This created a collective identity problem for them as they attempted to balance the need to grow with the need to maintain an authentic definition of their movement. This chapter shows how social movements’ appeals to idealism enable mobilization while constraining future movement activities.Less
This chapter discusses the inauspicious roots of the Circuit Rider movement, explaining how early adherents mobilized others by convincing them of the worth of information technology in the nonprofit sector. Mobilization was accomplished through the development and articulation of accounts, i.e., stories about the role of information technology for social change and how to deliver it to nonprofit and grassroots organizations. The movement grew as the Circuit Rider model became established as the movement began to develop a collective identity to mobilize new adherents. As the movement grew, the collective identity expanded to include new actors, who did not meet the original criteria for Circuit Riders. This created a collective identity problem for them as they attempted to balance the need to grow with the need to maintain an authentic definition of their movement. This chapter shows how social movements’ appeals to idealism enable mobilization while constraining future movement activities.
Maurice St. Pierre
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628462425
- eISBN:
- 9781626746985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628462425.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter analyzes collective political practice, once characterized in superstitious terms, and Eric Williams’ participation in the movement toward greater independence in midcentury Caribbean ...
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This chapter analyzes collective political practice, once characterized in superstitious terms, and Eric Williams’ participation in the movement toward greater independence in midcentury Caribbean history. In the recounting of Williams’ biography, the chapter grounds its analysis in several theoretical frameworks—such as the study of social movements and resource mobilization—in order to examine the role of “the intellectual” in social transformation. Williams was an intellectual in three distinct but interrelated senses of the term: academic intellectual, public intellectual, and social movement intellectual. The chapter then argues that social movements are epistemological spaces, and that Williams’ participation in political independence makes him a historical architect of the intellectual movement.Less
This chapter analyzes collective political practice, once characterized in superstitious terms, and Eric Williams’ participation in the movement toward greater independence in midcentury Caribbean history. In the recounting of Williams’ biography, the chapter grounds its analysis in several theoretical frameworks—such as the study of social movements and resource mobilization—in order to examine the role of “the intellectual” in social transformation. Williams was an intellectual in three distinct but interrelated senses of the term: academic intellectual, public intellectual, and social movement intellectual. The chapter then argues that social movements are epistemological spaces, and that Williams’ participation in political independence makes him a historical architect of the intellectual movement.
Souza Briggs
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262026413
- eISBN:
- 9780262269292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026413.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter discusses the role of a political party, the Workers' Party, in creating an open society and economy in Brazil by using participatory democracy as a problem-solving tool. It also ...
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This chapter discusses the role of a political party, the Workers' Party, in creating an open society and economy in Brazil by using participatory democracy as a problem-solving tool. It also examines efforts of activists and entrepreneurial local governments in reviving and redirecting Brazil's industrial hub around São Paulo, known as the Greater ABC region. The Greater ABC case highlights the importance of public participation, transparent government, sustainable development, and practices of deliberation and democratic bargaining on the part of local government led by the Workers' Party. The chapter also emphasizes the use of civic capacity in economic restructuring in the region. The competitive challenges being faced by many developing countries, including Brazil, in a globalized economy and the importance of resource mobilization and institution-building in countering these challenges are also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses the role of a political party, the Workers' Party, in creating an open society and economy in Brazil by using participatory democracy as a problem-solving tool. It also examines efforts of activists and entrepreneurial local governments in reviving and redirecting Brazil's industrial hub around São Paulo, known as the Greater ABC region. The Greater ABC case highlights the importance of public participation, transparent government, sustainable development, and practices of deliberation and democratic bargaining on the part of local government led by the Workers' Party. The chapter also emphasizes the use of civic capacity in economic restructuring in the region. The competitive challenges being faced by many developing countries, including Brazil, in a globalized economy and the importance of resource mobilization and institution-building in countering these challenges are also discussed.
Geoff Dean, Ivar Fahsing, and Petter Gottschalk
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199578436
- eISBN:
- 9780191807268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199578436.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter examines the first phase of establishing a crime business in relation to three considerations: the entrepreneurial capabilities associated with starting up a crime business, specific ...
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This chapter examines the first phase of establishing a crime business in relation to three considerations: the entrepreneurial capabilities associated with starting up a crime business, specific business factors that give practical expression to these entrepreneurial capabilities, and ‘fuzzy’ mapping tool based on a matrix analysis of the entrepreneurial capabilities and their associated business development factors. It first presents case examples on business factors to illustrate how they develop a crime business within the context of criminal markets. It then demonstrates the usefulness of the analytical mapping tool through ‘hypothetical’ case scenarios of crime groups. It also discusses two essential capabilities that drive entrepreneurial behaviour: opportunity perspective and resources mobilisation. Finally, the chapter outlines three necessary business factors associated with the opportunity perspective — entrepreneurial vision, business planning, and crime money management — and three necessary business factors associated with resources mobilisation — financial capital, operational logistics, and human resources.Less
This chapter examines the first phase of establishing a crime business in relation to three considerations: the entrepreneurial capabilities associated with starting up a crime business, specific business factors that give practical expression to these entrepreneurial capabilities, and ‘fuzzy’ mapping tool based on a matrix analysis of the entrepreneurial capabilities and their associated business development factors. It first presents case examples on business factors to illustrate how they develop a crime business within the context of criminal markets. It then demonstrates the usefulness of the analytical mapping tool through ‘hypothetical’ case scenarios of crime groups. It also discusses two essential capabilities that drive entrepreneurial behaviour: opportunity perspective and resources mobilisation. Finally, the chapter outlines three necessary business factors associated with the opportunity perspective — entrepreneurial vision, business planning, and crime money management — and three necessary business factors associated with resources mobilisation — financial capital, operational logistics, and human resources.
