Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Unusual diffraction geometries may seem a curiosity but may stimulate novel avenues of application. Not least they illustrate a diversity of diffraction‐measuring possibilities. Laue diffraction ...
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Unusual diffraction geometries may seem a curiosity but may stimulate novel avenues of application. Not least they illustrate a diversity of diffraction‐measuring possibilities. Laue diffraction including 3‐dimensional detector arrangements is described. The particular congestion of neutron Laue diffraction patterns with big crystals is highlighted. The large‐angle oscillation technique is discussed including the principle with the Ewald sphere construction and practical examples of ‘LOT’ diffraction patterns. Ultra‐fine‐phi‐slicing with perfect or near‐perfect crystals is described. Particular success has been obtained with Laue diffraction where applications to time‐resolved structural intermediates using synchrotron radiation as well as hydrogen and hydration in macromolecular structure are described.Less
Unusual diffraction geometries may seem a curiosity but may stimulate novel avenues of application. Not least they illustrate a diversity of diffraction‐measuring possibilities. Laue diffraction including 3‐dimensional detector arrangements is described. The particular congestion of neutron Laue diffraction patterns with big crystals is highlighted. The large‐angle oscillation technique is discussed including the principle with the Ewald sphere construction and practical examples of ‘LOT’ diffraction patterns. Ultra‐fine‐phi‐slicing with perfect or near‐perfect crystals is described. Particular success has been obtained with Laue diffraction where applications to time‐resolved structural intermediates using synchrotron radiation as well as hydrogen and hydration in macromolecular structure are described.
H. A. Prichard
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250196
- eISBN:
- 9780191598265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250197.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The act of exchanging one thing for another seems to involve a promise. The confidence needed to relinquish something one has on the understanding that one will receive what another has in exchange ...
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The act of exchanging one thing for another seems to involve a promise. The confidence needed to relinquish something one has on the understanding that one will receive what another has in exchange can be expressed in terms of resolve. In binding oneself, one thinks that if the other binds himself or herself to perform a given action (if he or she finds a certain condition fulfilled), then he or she will do that action (if he or she finds the condition fulfilled). In cases in which one person's action does not precede the other's, one's promise involves thinking that if the other binds himself or herself, then he or she will carry out the promised action.Less
The act of exchanging one thing for another seems to involve a promise. The confidence needed to relinquish something one has on the understanding that one will receive what another has in exchange can be expressed in terms of resolve. In binding oneself, one thinks that if the other binds himself or herself to perform a given action (if he or she finds a certain condition fulfilled), then he or she will do that action (if he or she finds the condition fulfilled). In cases in which one person's action does not precede the other's, one's promise involves thinking that if the other binds himself or herself, then he or she will carry out the promised action.
Paul Borgman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331608
- eISBN:
- 9780199868001
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331608.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The original audience heard a story shaped to their listening capacities, which for a print‐oriented audience presents special difficulties. In highlighting the reliance of David's story on ancient ...
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The original audience heard a story shaped to their listening capacities, which for a print‐oriented audience presents special difficulties. In highlighting the reliance of David's story on ancient techniques of repetition, this book brings into focus a narrative most often approached as a collection of parts rather than as a compelling whole. David's story (Samuel and early Kings) took final shape from within an oral culture whose techniques of repetition demanded from the audience not only a grasp of the story's forward progress, but also a circling backward—a tracing of those “hearing clues” constituting broad formal patterns. From eleven major patterns emerge narrative shape and meaning, and an answer to the mystery of who David is. Some examples: (1) the mystery of David's character is finally less so in a triad of sparings: twice, David spares the life of enemy Saul, accounts that “sandwich” a third sparing—of an enemy David has set out to kill; (2) Saul is anointed and/or proclaimed king three times, and (3) commits wrongdoing in parallel fashion; (4) David is introduced to the story's audience four times, paving the narrative way for aspects of his character lying ahead; (5) David's three‐time failure as a father mirrors Eli's earlier failure, and spells out the king's great fall, setting up the story's glorious resolve, the triumph of a father finally saying no to a spoiled son and yes to interests of the kingdom. Biblical scholar Walter Brueggemann, who has written extensively on the David story, responds with skepticism to Robert Alter's suggestion that David's story evidences architectural cohesion: “Alter may be correct on this point,” Brueggemann cautions, “but he has only asserted the matter and has not given it any careful analysis.” This study demonstrates the aptness of Alter's assessment regarding the story's unity, answering Bruggemann's challenge with a singular analysis adequate to the demands of this sophisticated ancient masterpiece.Less
The original audience heard a story shaped to their listening capacities, which for a print‐oriented audience presents special difficulties. In highlighting the reliance of David's story on ancient techniques of repetition, this book brings into focus a narrative most often approached as a collection of parts rather than as a compelling whole. David's story (Samuel and early Kings) took final shape from within an oral culture whose techniques of repetition demanded from the audience not only a grasp of the story's forward progress, but also a circling backward—a tracing of those “hearing clues” constituting broad formal patterns. From eleven major patterns emerge narrative shape and meaning, and an answer to the mystery of who David is. Some examples: (1) the mystery of David's character is finally less so in a triad of sparings: twice, David spares the life of enemy Saul, accounts that “sandwich” a third sparing—of an enemy David has set out to kill; (2) Saul is anointed and/or proclaimed king three times, and (3) commits wrongdoing in parallel fashion; (4) David is introduced to the story's audience four times, paving the narrative way for aspects of his character lying ahead; (5) David's three‐time failure as a father mirrors Eli's earlier failure, and spells out the king's great fall, setting up the story's glorious resolve, the triumph of a father finally saying no to a spoiled son and yes to interests of the kingdom. Biblical scholar Walter Brueggemann, who has written extensively on the David story, responds with skepticism to Robert Alter's suggestion that David's story evidences architectural cohesion: “Alter may be correct on this point,” Brueggemann cautions, “but he has only asserted the matter and has not given it any careful analysis.” This study demonstrates the aptness of Alter's assessment regarding the story's unity, answering Bruggemann's challenge with a singular analysis adequate to the demands of this sophisticated ancient masterpiece.
Danielle L. Lupton
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747717
- eISBN:
- 9781501747731
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747717.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
How do reputations form in international politics? What influence do these reputations have on the conduct of international affairs? This book takes a new approach to answering these enduring and ...
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How do reputations form in international politics? What influence do these reputations have on the conduct of international affairs? This book takes a new approach to answering these enduring and hotly debated questions by shifting the focus away from the reputations of countries and instead examining the reputations of individual leaders. It argues that new leaders establish personal reputations for resolve that are separate from the reputations of their predecessors and from the reputations of their states. The book finds that leaders acquire personal reputations for resolve based on their foreign policy statements and behavior. It shows that statements create expectations of how leaders will react to foreign policy crises in the future and that leaders who fail to meet expectations of resolute action face harsh reputational consequences. The book challenges the view that reputations do not matter in international politics. In sharp contrast, it shows that the reputations for resolve of individual leaders influence the strategies statesmen pursue during diplomatic interactions and crises, and delineates specific steps policymakers can take to avoid developing reputations for irresolute action. The book demonstrates that reputations for resolve do exist and can influence the conduct of international security. Thus, it reframes our understanding of the influence of leaders and their rhetoric on crisis bargaining and the role reputations play in international politics.Less
How do reputations form in international politics? What influence do these reputations have on the conduct of international affairs? This book takes a new approach to answering these enduring and hotly debated questions by shifting the focus away from the reputations of countries and instead examining the reputations of individual leaders. It argues that new leaders establish personal reputations for resolve that are separate from the reputations of their predecessors and from the reputations of their states. The book finds that leaders acquire personal reputations for resolve based on their foreign policy statements and behavior. It shows that statements create expectations of how leaders will react to foreign policy crises in the future and that leaders who fail to meet expectations of resolute action face harsh reputational consequences. The book challenges the view that reputations do not matter in international politics. In sharp contrast, it shows that the reputations for resolve of individual leaders influence the strategies statesmen pursue during diplomatic interactions and crises, and delineates specific steps policymakers can take to avoid developing reputations for irresolute action. The book demonstrates that reputations for resolve do exist and can influence the conduct of international security. Thus, it reframes our understanding of the influence of leaders and their rhetoric on crisis bargaining and the role reputations play in international politics.
Bruno Verdini Trejo
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037136
- eISBN:
- 9780262343633
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037136.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Through an analysis of prominent transboundary natural resource management negotiation cases, Winning Together outlines how government, industry, and NGOs can effectively overcome past grievances, ...
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Through an analysis of prominent transboundary natural resource management negotiation cases, Winning Together outlines how government, industry, and NGOs can effectively overcome past grievances, break the status quo, resolve conflicts, and create mutual gains in high-stakes water, energy, and environmental disputes. The book examines two landmark international negotiations between the United States and Mexico, both with agreements signed in 2012 after several decades of deadlock. The first case involves the conflict over the shared hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico, containing significant oil and natural gas resources. The second analyzes the dispute, amidst severe drought and increased climate risks, over the environmental resources and shared waters of the Colorado River, providing irrigation and water supply to more than 40 million people. For the first time, the two countries established a binational framework to co-develop and jointly manage these transboundary natural resources, as partners. Through unprecedented interviews with over 70 negotiators on both sides of the border, the book underscores strategies by which resource management practitioners can effectively increase river basin supply, re-think irrigation and storage infrastructure, restore ecosystems and habitats, enhance coordination between private and state owned companies, improve energy transition and planning, and re-define the scope and impact of diplomatic partnerships. Winning Together shows how developed and developing countries can move beyond hard-bargaining tactics and avoid the ultimatums that accompany the presumption that there are not enough resources to go around, and that one side must win and the other must inevitably lose.Less
Through an analysis of prominent transboundary natural resource management negotiation cases, Winning Together outlines how government, industry, and NGOs can effectively overcome past grievances, break the status quo, resolve conflicts, and create mutual gains in high-stakes water, energy, and environmental disputes. The book examines two landmark international negotiations between the United States and Mexico, both with agreements signed in 2012 after several decades of deadlock. The first case involves the conflict over the shared hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico, containing significant oil and natural gas resources. The second analyzes the dispute, amidst severe drought and increased climate risks, over the environmental resources and shared waters of the Colorado River, providing irrigation and water supply to more than 40 million people. For the first time, the two countries established a binational framework to co-develop and jointly manage these transboundary natural resources, as partners. Through unprecedented interviews with over 70 negotiators on both sides of the border, the book underscores strategies by which resource management practitioners can effectively increase river basin supply, re-think irrigation and storage infrastructure, restore ecosystems and habitats, enhance coordination between private and state owned companies, improve energy transition and planning, and re-define the scope and impact of diplomatic partnerships. Winning Together shows how developed and developing countries can move beyond hard-bargaining tactics and avoid the ultimatums that accompany the presumption that there are not enough resources to go around, and that one side must win and the other must inevitably lose.
David J. Bearison and Linda Granowetter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195389272
- eISBN:
- 9780199979219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389272.003.0006
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine
In this chapter, conclusions are drawn from the narratives and how they might be applied to palliative, end-of-life medical practices. Why do end-of-life care issues/decisions in pediatrics remain ...
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In this chapter, conclusions are drawn from the narratives and how they might be applied to palliative, end-of-life medical practices. Why do end-of-life care issues/decisions in pediatrics remain so difficult to approach, discuss and resolve? Unlike geriatricians, pediatricians struggle to understand the death of their patients as a profound failure of medicine.Less
In this chapter, conclusions are drawn from the narratives and how they might be applied to palliative, end-of-life medical practices. Why do end-of-life care issues/decisions in pediatrics remain so difficult to approach, discuss and resolve? Unlike geriatricians, pediatricians struggle to understand the death of their patients as a profound failure of medicine.
Steven J. Burton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337495
- eISBN:
- 9780199868650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337495.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
This chapter examines how fact-finders may resolve a relevant ambiguity in a contract lawfully, thereby giving a term or the contract a meaning. It considers the roles of judges and juries and the ...
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This chapter examines how fact-finders may resolve a relevant ambiguity in a contract lawfully, thereby giving a term or the contract a meaning. It considers the roles of judges and juries and the allowable elements of contract interpretation. It illustrates how to use the elements when presenting evidence or making interpretive arguments. The elements considered include a contract term's text and its context. The context, in turn, includes the contract document as a whole, the circumstances under which it was made, any relevant trade usages, any practical construction, a party's testimony about its intention, statements of intention during negotiations, the course of negotiations, and any prior course of dealing.Less
This chapter examines how fact-finders may resolve a relevant ambiguity in a contract lawfully, thereby giving a term or the contract a meaning. It considers the roles of judges and juries and the allowable elements of contract interpretation. It illustrates how to use the elements when presenting evidence or making interpretive arguments. The elements considered include a contract term's text and its context. The context, in turn, includes the contract document as a whole, the circumstances under which it was made, any relevant trade usages, any practical construction, a party's testimony about its intention, statements of intention during negotiations, the course of negotiations, and any prior course of dealing.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of reputation for resolve. A state’s reputation for resolve is the belief that during crises, the state’s leaders will take actions that ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of reputation for resolve. A state’s reputation for resolve is the belief that during crises, the state’s leaders will take actions that demonstrate willingness to pay high costs and run high risks, and will thus stand firm in crises. Leaders who project or protect a reputation for resolve signal that they are willing to use military instruments in order to affect others’ beliefs about their willingness to stand firm. The historical record suggests that leaders and their closest foreign policy advisors often hold divergent views about whether reputation for resolve is worth fighting for. This book then offers an alternative analytical framework in explaining such variations of views that focuses on psychological dispositions and beliefs of national leaders. Importantly, by attributing variation in willingness to fight for reputation to variation in individuals’ self-monitoring, it shows that fighting for reputation has prepolitical origins.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of reputation for resolve. A state’s reputation for resolve is the belief that during crises, the state’s leaders will take actions that demonstrate willingness to pay high costs and run high risks, and will thus stand firm in crises. Leaders who project or protect a reputation for resolve signal that they are willing to use military instruments in order to affect others’ beliefs about their willingness to stand firm. The historical record suggests that leaders and their closest foreign policy advisors often hold divergent views about whether reputation for resolve is worth fighting for. This book then offers an alternative analytical framework in explaining such variations of views that focuses on psychological dispositions and beliefs of national leaders. Importantly, by attributing variation in willingness to fight for reputation to variation in individuals’ self-monitoring, it shows that fighting for reputation has prepolitical origins.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses what self-monitoring is, and how and why individuals differ in their self-monitoring dispositions. Self-monitoring concerns the extent to which individuals strategically ...
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This chapter discusses what self-monitoring is, and how and why individuals differ in their self-monitoring dispositions. Self-monitoring concerns the extent to which individuals strategically cultivate their public appearances. A very large body of scholarship reviews how individuals differ in the extent to which they monitor and control their self-presentation in social situations. The literature distinguishes between two ideal-types of individuals: high self-monitors and low self-monitors. On average, high self-monitors are more likely to be concerned about reputation for resolve compared to low self-monitor individuals, and those tendencies could be moderated by overall dispositions about use of force. The chapter then explains how individuals’ beliefs about the efficacy of military force have an important intervening effect on whether a given leader will fight for reputation. It classifies leaders with regard to their willingness to use military instruments for international reputation into four ideal-types: reputation crusaders, reputation believers, reputation skeptics, and reputation critics.Less
This chapter discusses what self-monitoring is, and how and why individuals differ in their self-monitoring dispositions. Self-monitoring concerns the extent to which individuals strategically cultivate their public appearances. A very large body of scholarship reviews how individuals differ in the extent to which they monitor and control their self-presentation in social situations. The literature distinguishes between two ideal-types of individuals: high self-monitors and low self-monitors. On average, high self-monitors are more likely to be concerned about reputation for resolve compared to low self-monitor individuals, and those tendencies could be moderated by overall dispositions about use of force. The chapter then explains how individuals’ beliefs about the efficacy of military force have an important intervening effect on whether a given leader will fight for reputation. It classifies leaders with regard to their willingness to use military instruments for international reputation into four ideal-types: reputation crusaders, reputation believers, reputation skeptics, and reputation critics.
Keren Yarhi-Milo and Joshua D. Kertzer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter presents two cross-national survey experiments that explore the relationship between self-monitoring characteristics, beliefs about the efficacy of force, and concerns for reputation for ...
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This chapter presents two cross-national survey experiments that explore the relationship between self-monitoring characteristics, beliefs about the efficacy of force, and concerns for reputation for resolve. The first survey consists of two thousand American adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), whereas the second survey is conducted on a nationally representative sample of Israeli Jewish adults. Obtaining almost identical results in each study, the chapter found that the interaction between self-monitoring and general predispositions toward the use of force produces systematic differences in support for the use of force. These findings carry significant implications for the ability of leaders to mobilize domestic support for the use of force: when leaders are able to frame an international conflict in reputational terms, a segment of the population that would not otherwise be convinced about the use of force is likely to become more supportive of military engagement.Less
This chapter presents two cross-national survey experiments that explore the relationship between self-monitoring characteristics, beliefs about the efficacy of force, and concerns for reputation for resolve. The first survey consists of two thousand American adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), whereas the second survey is conducted on a nationally representative sample of Israeli Jewish adults. Obtaining almost identical results in each study, the chapter found that the interaction between self-monitoring and general predispositions toward the use of force produces systematic differences in support for the use of force. These findings carry significant implications for the ability of leaders to mobilize domestic support for the use of force: when leaders are able to frame an international conflict in reputational terms, a segment of the population that would not otherwise be convinced about the use of force is likely to become more supportive of military engagement.
Keren Yarhi-Milo
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181288
- eISBN:
- 9781400889983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181288.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines Jimmy Carter and several of the international crises he faced during his presidency that many observers argue risked the United States' reputation for resolve. Unlike those of ...
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This chapter examines Jimmy Carter and several of the international crises he faced during his presidency that many observers argue risked the United States' reputation for resolve. Unlike those of most of his predecessors or successors, Carter's discourse and policies seem to show that he was not motivated by projecting resolve for the sake of reassuring allies or intimidating adversaries. In fact, evidence from primary documents reveals that Carter's behavior during international crises corresponds closely to the reputation critic ideal-type. The chapter then reinforces the classification of Carter as a reputation critic using additional qualitative evidence in the form of Carter's personal diary and prepresidential speeches, memoirs written by his advisors, and other secondary literature. It also uses available biographical evidence to illuminate the self-monitoring tendencies of Carter's closest advisors: National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance.Less
This chapter examines Jimmy Carter and several of the international crises he faced during his presidency that many observers argue risked the United States' reputation for resolve. Unlike those of most of his predecessors or successors, Carter's discourse and policies seem to show that he was not motivated by projecting resolve for the sake of reassuring allies or intimidating adversaries. In fact, evidence from primary documents reveals that Carter's behavior during international crises corresponds closely to the reputation critic ideal-type. The chapter then reinforces the classification of Carter as a reputation critic using additional qualitative evidence in the form of Carter's personal diary and prepresidential speeches, memoirs written by his advisors, and other secondary literature. It also uses available biographical evidence to illuminate the self-monitoring tendencies of Carter's closest advisors: National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance.
Ana S. Trbovich
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333435
- eISBN:
- 9780199868834
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333435.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This book provides a detailed analysis of Yugoslavia's disintegration and the region's subsequent integration into the European Union within the wider context of the development of the right to ...
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This book provides a detailed analysis of Yugoslavia's disintegration and the region's subsequent integration into the European Union within the wider context of the development of the right to self-determination and its role in resolving conflicts. It explains the legal context of Yugoslavia's disintegration in the context of sovereignty and the self-determination of the Yugoslav people. It describes the pre-1914 administrative boundaries and the birth of Yugoslavia before outlining the administrative boundaries after World War I, the changes made during the Second World War, and up to 1991. The book goes on to discuss international recognition of the former Yugoslav Republics. The issue of changing borders by force is covered with detailed analysis of international military intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995 and in Serbia and Montenegro in 1999. The book concludes with an assessment of the European integration of the former Yugoslavia.Less
This book provides a detailed analysis of Yugoslavia's disintegration and the region's subsequent integration into the European Union within the wider context of the development of the right to self-determination and its role in resolving conflicts. It explains the legal context of Yugoslavia's disintegration in the context of sovereignty and the self-determination of the Yugoslav people. It describes the pre-1914 administrative boundaries and the birth of Yugoslavia before outlining the administrative boundaries after World War I, the changes made during the Second World War, and up to 1991. The book goes on to discuss international recognition of the former Yugoslav Republics. The issue of changing borders by force is covered with detailed analysis of international military intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995 and in Serbia and Montenegro in 1999. The book concludes with an assessment of the European integration of the former Yugoslavia.
Patricia L. Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199878338
- eISBN:
- 9780199950294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199878338.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical and policy implications of the book's argument and empirical results. The theory of armed conflict outcomes developed attempts to unify previous ...
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This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical and policy implications of the book's argument and empirical results. The theory of armed conflict outcomes developed attempts to unify previous theoretical work on the effects of military capability, resolve, and strategic selection on violent conflict outcomes. The policy implications of this approach are not as straightforward or prescriptive as decision-makers might like them to be. Nevertheless, it is hoped that recognizing how the utility of military force is dependent on the nature of one's political objectives will help leaders avoid steering their countries into wars that are unlikely to achieve their aims.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical and policy implications of the book's argument and empirical results. The theory of armed conflict outcomes developed attempts to unify previous theoretical work on the effects of military capability, resolve, and strategic selection on violent conflict outcomes. The policy implications of this approach are not as straightforward or prescriptive as decision-makers might like them to be. Nevertheless, it is hoped that recognizing how the utility of military force is dependent on the nature of one's political objectives will help leaders avoid steering their countries into wars that are unlikely to achieve their aims.
Herbert C. Kelman
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195166439
- eISBN:
- 9780199849796
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166439.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter looks at reconciliation from the perspective of an emerging process of resolving conflict that involves particular cases such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, conflicts of identity, ...
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This chapter looks at reconciliation from the perspective of an emerging process of resolving conflict that involves particular cases such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, conflicts of identity, and other such conflicts that involve incomplete, fragile, or poorly established peace agreements. The nature of reconciliation depends on the stage in which the conflict has already developed to, and it is important that the differences in nature should be taken into account via a comprehensive reconciliation theory. This chapter asserts that reconciliation in a realist view of a nation's interest, is a consequence of a successful attempt of resolving conflict. Also, the chapter introduces a conceptual model that involves conflict settlement, conflict resolution, and reconciliation.Less
This chapter looks at reconciliation from the perspective of an emerging process of resolving conflict that involves particular cases such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, conflicts of identity, and other such conflicts that involve incomplete, fragile, or poorly established peace agreements. The nature of reconciliation depends on the stage in which the conflict has already developed to, and it is important that the differences in nature should be taken into account via a comprehensive reconciliation theory. This chapter asserts that reconciliation in a realist view of a nation's interest, is a consequence of a successful attempt of resolving conflict. Also, the chapter introduces a conceptual model that involves conflict settlement, conflict resolution, and reconciliation.
Joseph E. Stiglitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578788
- eISBN:
- 9780191723049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578788.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on what lessons might be drawn for sovereign insolvency from the principles underlying national policies for corporate or personal bankruptcy. It then develops a framework to ...
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This chapter focuses on what lessons might be drawn for sovereign insolvency from the principles underlying national policies for corporate or personal bankruptcy. It then develops a framework to analyze alternative mechanisms for sovereign debt restructuring. It draws parallels between private and government bankruptcy and finds that the special nature of governments makes it complicated, but not impossible, to define an attractive sovereign counterpart to national bankruptcy laws. It notes that different processes for dealing with insolvency, as well as their outcomes, can be more or less efficient and fair. It argues that countries adopt domestic bankruptcy laws for both efficiency and equity reasons, and that the goal of an effective bankruptcy regime should therefore be both ex ante and ex post, efficient and equitableLess
This chapter focuses on what lessons might be drawn for sovereign insolvency from the principles underlying national policies for corporate or personal bankruptcy. It then develops a framework to analyze alternative mechanisms for sovereign debt restructuring. It draws parallels between private and government bankruptcy and finds that the special nature of governments makes it complicated, but not impossible, to define an attractive sovereign counterpart to national bankruptcy laws. It notes that different processes for dealing with insolvency, as well as their outcomes, can be more or less efficient and fair. It argues that countries adopt domestic bankruptcy laws for both efficiency and equity reasons, and that the goal of an effective bankruptcy regime should therefore be both ex ante and ex post, efficient and equitable
Joshua D. Kertzer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691171609
- eISBN:
- 9781400883646
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691171609.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Why do some leaders and segments of the public display remarkable persistence in confrontations in international politics, while others cut and run? The answer given by policymakers, pundits, and ...
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Why do some leaders and segments of the public display remarkable persistence in confrontations in international politics, while others cut and run? The answer given by policymakers, pundits, and political scientists usually relates to issues of resolve. Yet, though we rely on resolve to explain almost every phenomenon in international politics—from prevailing at the bargaining table to winning on the battlefield—we don't understand what it is, how it works, or where it comes from. This book draws on a growing body of research in psychology and behavioral economics to explore the foundations of this important idea. It argues that political will is more than just a metaphor or figure of speech: the same traits that social scientists and decision-making scholars use to comprehend willpower in our daily lives also shape how we respond to the costs of war and conflict. The book shows how time and risk preferences, honor orientation, and self-control help explain the ways by which leaders and members of the public define the situations they face and weigh the trade-offs between the costs of fighting and the costs of backing down. Offering a novel in-depth look at how willpower functions in international relations, the book has critical implications for understanding political psychology, public opinion about foreign policy, leaders in military interventions, and international security.Less
Why do some leaders and segments of the public display remarkable persistence in confrontations in international politics, while others cut and run? The answer given by policymakers, pundits, and political scientists usually relates to issues of resolve. Yet, though we rely on resolve to explain almost every phenomenon in international politics—from prevailing at the bargaining table to winning on the battlefield—we don't understand what it is, how it works, or where it comes from. This book draws on a growing body of research in psychology and behavioral economics to explore the foundations of this important idea. It argues that political will is more than just a metaphor or figure of speech: the same traits that social scientists and decision-making scholars use to comprehend willpower in our daily lives also shape how we respond to the costs of war and conflict. The book shows how time and risk preferences, honor orientation, and self-control help explain the ways by which leaders and members of the public define the situations they face and weigh the trade-offs between the costs of fighting and the costs of backing down. Offering a novel in-depth look at how willpower functions in international relations, the book has critical implications for understanding political psychology, public opinion about foreign policy, leaders in military interventions, and international security.
G. A. D. Briggs and O. V. Kolosov
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199232734
- eISBN:
- 9780191716355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232734.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
In principle it is possible to reconstruct the reflectance function of a surface from V(z) data. This requires either that V(z) should be measured as a complex‐valued function, or that phase ...
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In principle it is possible to reconstruct the reflectance function of a surface from V(z) data. This requires either that V(z) should be measured as a complex‐valued function, or that phase reconstruction techniques should be used. In practice the highest accuracy is obtained by measuring the period of oscillations in V(z), and using ray analysis. The highest accuracy is obtained from a cylindrical line‐focus‐beam lens, which also gives directionality in anisotropic surfaces. Accuracy better than one part in 104 can be obtained. Stress fields can be imaged and measured. Time‐resolved techniques, enhanced if necessary by a maximum entropy method, give quantitative measurements by separating the echoes from the top and bottom of thin layers.Less
In principle it is possible to reconstruct the reflectance function of a surface from V(z) data. This requires either that V(z) should be measured as a complex‐valued function, or that phase reconstruction techniques should be used. In practice the highest accuracy is obtained by measuring the period of oscillations in V(z), and using ray analysis. The highest accuracy is obtained from a cylindrical line‐focus‐beam lens, which also gives directionality in anisotropic surfaces. Accuracy better than one part in 104 can be obtained. Stress fields can be imaged and measured. Time‐resolved techniques, enhanced if necessary by a maximum entropy method, give quantitative measurements by separating the echoes from the top and bottom of thin layers.
Raymond Brun
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199552689
- eISBN:
- 9780191720277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552689.003.0014
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
The first part of this chapter presents experimental data on vibrational relaxation times and vibrational populations obtained in shock tubes and shock tunnels. The corresponding methods of ...
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The first part of this chapter presents experimental data on vibrational relaxation times and vibrational populations obtained in shock tubes and shock tunnels. The corresponding methods of measurement such as interferometry, Raman diffusion spectroscopy, infra-red absorption, and emission are described. The TV and VV relaxation times and non-equilibrium vibrational populations deduced from these measurements are then analysed, and measurements of accommodation and exchange coefficients are described. In the second part, values of dissociation rate constants for various species are proposed. Time-resolved spectra of radiating species (CN, C2) behind strong shock waves are presented; they allow for the analysis of the kinetics of mixtures characteristic of planetary atmospheres. Experimental results of shock stand-off distances over blunt bodies obtained in shock and gun tunnels are compared to computed results. Experimental data on chemical catalycity are discussed. Finally, in the appendices, kinetic models for relaxing and/or reactive mixtures, simulation methods of emission spectra, and precursor radiation measurement in shock tube are discussed.Less
The first part of this chapter presents experimental data on vibrational relaxation times and vibrational populations obtained in shock tubes and shock tunnels. The corresponding methods of measurement such as interferometry, Raman diffusion spectroscopy, infra-red absorption, and emission are described. The TV and VV relaxation times and non-equilibrium vibrational populations deduced from these measurements are then analysed, and measurements of accommodation and exchange coefficients are described. In the second part, values of dissociation rate constants for various species are proposed. Time-resolved spectra of radiating species (CN, C2) behind strong shock waves are presented; they allow for the analysis of the kinetics of mixtures characteristic of planetary atmospheres. Experimental results of shock stand-off distances over blunt bodies obtained in shock and gun tunnels are compared to computed results. Experimental data on chemical catalycity are discussed. Finally, in the appendices, kinetic models for relaxing and/or reactive mixtures, simulation methods of emission spectra, and precursor radiation measurement in shock tube are discussed.
David J. Meltzer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226293226
- eISBN:
- 9780226293363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226293363.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This final chapter explores the overarching themes and underlying dimensions that help explain why controversy developed, so long defied solution, was so often bitter, and yet ultimately was ...
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This final chapter explores the overarching themes and underlying dimensions that help explain why controversy developed, so long defied solution, was so often bitter, and yet ultimately was resolved. Organized thematically rather than chronologically, it begins with the core empirical and conceptual issues that drove dispute such as the relationship of form (artifacts and skeletal remains) to antiquity, the challenges of resolving context and chronology, how change was perceived, why conflict arose between and within disciplines, and addresses the paradox of why thoroughgoing evolutionists denied change over time and viewed the past as flat. It then moves outward to consider broader non-epistemic influences and context, for at the outset of controversy the field was broadly defined, open and inclusive, centered in museums and local scientific societies, and largely the purview of amateurs. By the first decades of the 20th century it had become a highly focused, closed and exclusive professional discipline, one rooted in universities, and with sharply defined boundaries of scientific status. This process led to clashes, as those on both sides of the controversy sought to establish their relative status and authority over the issues in dispute, but ultimately provided the means by which controversy could be resolved.Less
This final chapter explores the overarching themes and underlying dimensions that help explain why controversy developed, so long defied solution, was so often bitter, and yet ultimately was resolved. Organized thematically rather than chronologically, it begins with the core empirical and conceptual issues that drove dispute such as the relationship of form (artifacts and skeletal remains) to antiquity, the challenges of resolving context and chronology, how change was perceived, why conflict arose between and within disciplines, and addresses the paradox of why thoroughgoing evolutionists denied change over time and viewed the past as flat. It then moves outward to consider broader non-epistemic influences and context, for at the outset of controversy the field was broadly defined, open and inclusive, centered in museums and local scientific societies, and largely the purview of amateurs. By the first decades of the 20th century it had become a highly focused, closed and exclusive professional discipline, one rooted in universities, and with sharply defined boundaries of scientific status. This process led to clashes, as those on both sides of the controversy sought to establish their relative status and authority over the issues in dispute, but ultimately provided the means by which controversy could be resolved.
H. A. Prichard
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250196
- eISBN:
- 9780191598265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250197.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
A promise to do some action seems to create a binding obligation to do that action. And yet, paradoxically, an obligation seems not to be a fact that we can create or bring into existence; we can ...
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A promise to do some action seems to create a binding obligation to do that action. And yet, paradoxically, an obligation seems not to be a fact that we can create or bring into existence; we can create an obligation only by creating or bringing into existence something else. The only way to avoid the paradox is to show that the act of promising creates something other than an obligation, which nonetheless binds us to perform the action in question. After considering and rejecting various options such as the promisee's expectation and the promisor's resolve, Prichard locates the bindingness of a promise in a prior general promise, which allows the noises we make when promising to generate an obligation to perform the promised action.Less
A promise to do some action seems to create a binding obligation to do that action. And yet, paradoxically, an obligation seems not to be a fact that we can create or bring into existence; we can create an obligation only by creating or bringing into existence something else. The only way to avoid the paradox is to show that the act of promising creates something other than an obligation, which nonetheless binds us to perform the action in question. After considering and rejecting various options such as the promisee's expectation and the promisor's resolve, Prichard locates the bindingness of a promise in a prior general promise, which allows the noises we make when promising to generate an obligation to perform the promised action.
