Adam D. Reich
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160405
- eISBN:
- 9781400850372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160405.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter examines PubliCare Hospital's commitment to the practice of medicine as a vocational calling or public service. Many physicians at PubliCare saw care as a right. Their medical work was ...
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This chapter examines PubliCare Hospital's commitment to the practice of medicine as a vocational calling or public service. Many physicians at PubliCare saw care as a right. Their medical work was connected to their commitment to social justice. This was an orientation towards medicine that was reinforced by those who took part in the family medicine residency program. Doctors at PubliCare understood their professional identities in vocational terms; they had come to the profession for reasons of public service and had tried with some success to live out these ideals in their everyday work. The chapter considers the vocational ethic at PubliCare and how its doctors' commitments to public service could elide into medical paternalism or even disdain, when they felt their generosity was being exploited. It also suggests that in the competitive market for health care, the doctors at PubliCare—like their patients—were getting left behind.Less
This chapter examines PubliCare Hospital's commitment to the practice of medicine as a vocational calling or public service. Many physicians at PubliCare saw care as a right. Their medical work was connected to their commitment to social justice. This was an orientation towards medicine that was reinforced by those who took part in the family medicine residency program. Doctors at PubliCare understood their professional identities in vocational terms; they had come to the profession for reasons of public service and had tried with some success to live out these ideals in their everyday work. The chapter considers the vocational ethic at PubliCare and how its doctors' commitments to public service could elide into medical paternalism or even disdain, when they felt their generosity was being exploited. It also suggests that in the competitive market for health care, the doctors at PubliCare—like their patients—were getting left behind.
Nicole M. Piemonte
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037396
- eISBN:
- 9780262344968
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037396.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
While many commentators have pointed to the lack of compassion and empathy in medicine, their critiques, for the most part, have not considered seriously the deeper philosophical, psychological, and ...
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While many commentators have pointed to the lack of compassion and empathy in medicine, their critiques, for the most part, have not considered seriously the deeper philosophical, psychological, and ontological reasons why clinicians and medical students might choose to conceive of medicine as an endeavor concerned solely with the biological workings of the body. Thus, this book examines why it is that existential suffering tends to be overlooked in medical practice and education, as well as the ways in which contemporary medical epistemology and pedagogy not only perpetuate but are indeed shaped by the human tendency to flee from the reality of death and vulnerability. It also explores how students and doctors perceive medicine, including what it means to be a doctor and what responsibilities doctors have toward addressing existential suffering. Contending that the being of the physician is constituted by the other who calls out to her in his suffering, this book argues that the doctor is, in fact, called to attend to suffering that extends beyond the biological. It also discusses how future physicians might be “brought back to themselves” and oriented toward a deeper sense of care through a pedagogy that encourages intentional reflection and values the cultivation of the self, openness to vulnerability, and a fuller conception of what it means to be a healer.Less
While many commentators have pointed to the lack of compassion and empathy in medicine, their critiques, for the most part, have not considered seriously the deeper philosophical, psychological, and ontological reasons why clinicians and medical students might choose to conceive of medicine as an endeavor concerned solely with the biological workings of the body. Thus, this book examines why it is that existential suffering tends to be overlooked in medical practice and education, as well as the ways in which contemporary medical epistemology and pedagogy not only perpetuate but are indeed shaped by the human tendency to flee from the reality of death and vulnerability. It also explores how students and doctors perceive medicine, including what it means to be a doctor and what responsibilities doctors have toward addressing existential suffering. Contending that the being of the physician is constituted by the other who calls out to her in his suffering, this book argues that the doctor is, in fact, called to attend to suffering that extends beyond the biological. It also discusses how future physicians might be “brought back to themselves” and oriented toward a deeper sense of care through a pedagogy that encourages intentional reflection and values the cultivation of the self, openness to vulnerability, and a fuller conception of what it means to be a healer.
Kenneth M. Ludmerer
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195181364
- eISBN:
- 9780199850167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181364.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the years following World War I, medical knowledge, techniques, and practices were growing and changing too rapidly. Even a superior experience in medical school could no longer prepare a person ...
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In the years following World War I, medical knowledge, techniques, and practices were growing and changing too rapidly. Even a superior experience in medical school could no longer prepare a person for private practice. Accordingly, a period of hospital education following graduation—the “internship”—became standard for every physician. In addition, further training was necessary for those who wished to enter specialty practice or pursue academic careers. For these purposes the “residency”—a several-year hospital experience following internship—became the accepted vehicle. In the creation of a system of graduate medical education, the Johns Hopkins Medical School played a seminal role. Nevertheless, the university-based, academic model introduced by Johns Hopkins was never to succeed so completely in graduate medical education as it did in undergraduate medical education. Always, the tension between education and service, between university ideals and apprenticeship traditions, wracked even the best intern and residency programs. Moreover, unlike undergraduate medical education, which remained university-based and regulated, graduate medical education became hospital-based and professionally regulated.Less
In the years following World War I, medical knowledge, techniques, and practices were growing and changing too rapidly. Even a superior experience in medical school could no longer prepare a person for private practice. Accordingly, a period of hospital education following graduation—the “internship”—became standard for every physician. In addition, further training was necessary for those who wished to enter specialty practice or pursue academic careers. For these purposes the “residency”—a several-year hospital experience following internship—became the accepted vehicle. In the creation of a system of graduate medical education, the Johns Hopkins Medical School played a seminal role. Nevertheless, the university-based, academic model introduced by Johns Hopkins was never to succeed so completely in graduate medical education as it did in undergraduate medical education. Always, the tension between education and service, between university ideals and apprenticeship traditions, wracked even the best intern and residency programs. Moreover, unlike undergraduate medical education, which remained university-based and regulated, graduate medical education became hospital-based and professionally regulated.
Kenneth M. Ludmerer
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195181364
- eISBN:
- 9780199850167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181364.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Throughout its history, the American medical school, like the rest of the country's system of higher education, had been shaped by social, economic, and political developments in the larger society. ...
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Throughout its history, the American medical school, like the rest of the country's system of higher education, had been shaped by social, economic, and political developments in the larger society. Thus, it was hardly a surprise that many of the pressures experienced by academic health centers in the 1970s and 1980s arose from outside events. Yet, academic health centers encountered additional dilemmas that could not so clearly be related to external pressures. A number of traditional challenges to medical education grew more intense: the problem of teaching bedside medicine as biomedical research became increasingly molecular, the perpetual difficulty of achieving a suitable institutional balance between teaching and research, and the ongoing dilemmas of residency and fellowship training. These frustrating problems arose mainly from the evolution of medical knowledge and the institutional development of academic health centers rather than from the challenges imposed by a hostile external environment.Less
Throughout its history, the American medical school, like the rest of the country's system of higher education, had been shaped by social, economic, and political developments in the larger society. Thus, it was hardly a surprise that many of the pressures experienced by academic health centers in the 1970s and 1980s arose from outside events. Yet, academic health centers encountered additional dilemmas that could not so clearly be related to external pressures. A number of traditional challenges to medical education grew more intense: the problem of teaching bedside medicine as biomedical research became increasingly molecular, the perpetual difficulty of achieving a suitable institutional balance between teaching and research, and the ongoing dilemmas of residency and fellowship training. These frustrating problems arose mainly from the evolution of medical knowledge and the institutional development of academic health centers rather than from the challenges imposed by a hostile external environment.
LARRY W. YARAK
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221562
- eISBN:
- 9780191678448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221562.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter provides an examination of the imperial residency at Elmina of the senior Asante official, Kwadwo Akyampon, during the period 1822–32. The reconstruction of Akyampon's career given here ...
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This chapter provides an examination of the imperial residency at Elmina of the senior Asante official, Kwadwo Akyampon, during the period 1822–32. The reconstruction of Akyampon's career given here concentrates on the following issues: the nature of the office of resident, the apparent mode of rationality (‘traditional’ or ‘formal’) of Kwadwo Akyampon's recruitment to the position of Elmina resident, the sphere of responsibility entrusted to him, the forms of control retained by his superior authority, and finally, the actual manner in which he executed the tasks attached to his position. The assigned and assumed responsibilities as resident for Elmina are given. In addition, a discussion on the relations with the Elminas before and after the battle of Katamanso is provided. The chapter concludes that the standing of Elmina in the Asante empire was not fixed or given, but subject to the vicissitudes of the entire imperial system.Less
This chapter provides an examination of the imperial residency at Elmina of the senior Asante official, Kwadwo Akyampon, during the period 1822–32. The reconstruction of Akyampon's career given here concentrates on the following issues: the nature of the office of resident, the apparent mode of rationality (‘traditional’ or ‘formal’) of Kwadwo Akyampon's recruitment to the position of Elmina resident, the sphere of responsibility entrusted to him, the forms of control retained by his superior authority, and finally, the actual manner in which he executed the tasks attached to his position. The assigned and assumed responsibilities as resident for Elmina are given. In addition, a discussion on the relations with the Elminas before and after the battle of Katamanso is provided. The chapter concludes that the standing of Elmina in the Asante empire was not fixed or given, but subject to the vicissitudes of the entire imperial system.
LARRY W. YARAK
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221562
- eISBN:
- 9780191678448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221562.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter continues the examination of Asante administrative development, starting with the period of the Elmina residency, and following the changes in administrative practice which may be ...
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This chapter continues the examination of Asante administrative development, starting with the period of the Elmina residency, and following the changes in administrative practice which may be discerned after the residency was abolished in about 1836. The three remaining stages include stage IV between 1817–c.1836, stage V between 1837–69 and stage VI between 1869–73. It concludes with a general critique of Wilks' model of the ‘bureaucratic process’ in Asante on the basis of the available documentary evidence. In general, the documentary evidence regarding the development of Asante administration of Dutch and Elmina affairs during 1744–1873 does not support Wilks' characterization of the Asante ‘bureaucratic process’ as a formal one. Specifically, the innovations in executive government implemented by Asantehene Osei Kwadwo — the so-called ‘Kwadwoan revolution’ — seem not to have had, either as purpose or impact, the creation of a ‘new type of official’ dedicated to service to an abstract conception of the Asante state or the impartial application of abstract rules of behaviour, attributes necessarily associated with formal bureaucracy.Less
This chapter continues the examination of Asante administrative development, starting with the period of the Elmina residency, and following the changes in administrative practice which may be discerned after the residency was abolished in about 1836. The three remaining stages include stage IV between 1817–c.1836, stage V between 1837–69 and stage VI between 1869–73. It concludes with a general critique of Wilks' model of the ‘bureaucratic process’ in Asante on the basis of the available documentary evidence. In general, the documentary evidence regarding the development of Asante administration of Dutch and Elmina affairs during 1744–1873 does not support Wilks' characterization of the Asante ‘bureaucratic process’ as a formal one. Specifically, the innovations in executive government implemented by Asantehene Osei Kwadwo — the so-called ‘Kwadwoan revolution’ — seem not to have had, either as purpose or impact, the creation of a ‘new type of official’ dedicated to service to an abstract conception of the Asante state or the impartial application of abstract rules of behaviour, attributes necessarily associated with formal bureaucracy.
Michael A. Olivas
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814762448
- eISBN:
- 9780814762455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814762448.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Undocumented children graduate from schools, and like others, want to attend college, where they no longer have the safe harbor of Plyler. Several states allowed undocumented college students to ...
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Undocumented children graduate from schools, and like others, want to attend college, where they no longer have the safe harbor of Plyler. Several states allowed undocumented college students to enroll and to gain residency status, which enabled them to pay lower tuition in public colleges. Then, in 1996, in an attempt to head off more stringently restrictionist statutes, President Clinton signed two important laws that tightened up borders and made it more difficult for the undocumented to gain legal status; these also made it more difficult for colleges to provide resident tuition, and the number of undocumented students—always small—dropped even further. Ironically, in 2001, Texas became the first state to accommodate and provide for resident tuition, and the Development, Relief, Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act was introduced into Congress. Although the DREAM Act has passed both houses of Congress, it was never synchronized to actually be enacted into law. Nonetheless, over a dozen states enacted laws that made resident tuition available to undocumented youths, now often referred to as “DREAMers,” and, in a handful of states, financial aid as well. A small number of states have banned these students either from enrolling or from receiving resident tuition.Less
Undocumented children graduate from schools, and like others, want to attend college, where they no longer have the safe harbor of Plyler. Several states allowed undocumented college students to enroll and to gain residency status, which enabled them to pay lower tuition in public colleges. Then, in 1996, in an attempt to head off more stringently restrictionist statutes, President Clinton signed two important laws that tightened up borders and made it more difficult for the undocumented to gain legal status; these also made it more difficult for colleges to provide resident tuition, and the number of undocumented students—always small—dropped even further. Ironically, in 2001, Texas became the first state to accommodate and provide for resident tuition, and the Development, Relief, Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act was introduced into Congress. Although the DREAM Act has passed both houses of Congress, it was never synchronized to actually be enacted into law. Nonetheless, over a dozen states enacted laws that made resident tuition available to undocumented youths, now often referred to as “DREAMers,” and, in a handful of states, financial aid as well. A small number of states have banned these students either from enrolling or from receiving resident tuition.
John M. MacKenzie
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781526145963
- eISBN:
- 9781526152053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526145970.00007
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The extension of empire involved the militarisation of landscapes everywhere. Fortresses of various types became the principal expression of the imperial presence on almost every continent, notably ...
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The extension of empire involved the militarisation of landscapes everywhere. Fortresses of various types became the principal expression of the imperial presence on almost every continent, notably in North America, India (already a country of indigenous forts) and elsewhere in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean islands. Forts came to represent the baleful horrors of the slave trade and also the struggle among European imperial powers for conquest and economic gain. But empire always illustrated the tension between stasis and mobility. Forts were replaced by major military barracks, while the supreme illustration of mobility lay in the extensive use of tents, by the military, administrators and in early settlements. Tents were also vital in ceremonial and diplomacy, particularly in India. Government houses eventually became the major expression of the dispersal of Crown authority since they were, in effect, royal residences (for the representatives of the monarch), created everywhere and performing a whole range of vital functions in diplomacy and the expression of power.Less
The extension of empire involved the militarisation of landscapes everywhere. Fortresses of various types became the principal expression of the imperial presence on almost every continent, notably in North America, India (already a country of indigenous forts) and elsewhere in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean islands. Forts came to represent the baleful horrors of the slave trade and also the struggle among European imperial powers for conquest and economic gain. But empire always illustrated the tension between stasis and mobility. Forts were replaced by major military barracks, while the supreme illustration of mobility lay in the extensive use of tents, by the military, administrators and in early settlements. Tents were also vital in ceremonial and diplomacy, particularly in India. Government houses eventually became the major expression of the dispersal of Crown authority since they were, in effect, royal residences (for the representatives of the monarch), created everywhere and performing a whole range of vital functions in diplomacy and the expression of power.
Miriam Ticktin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520269040
- eISBN:
- 9780520950535
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520269040.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This book explores the unintended consequences of compassion in the world of immigration politics. It focuses on France and its humanitarian immigration practices to argue that a politics based on ...
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This book explores the unintended consequences of compassion in the world of immigration politics. It focuses on France and its humanitarian immigration practices to argue that a politics based on care and protection can lead the state to view issues of immigration and asylum through a medical lens. Examining two “regimes of care”—humanitarianism and the movement to stop violence against women—it asks what it means to permit the sick and sexually violated to cross borders while the impoverished cannot? The book demonstrates how in an inhospitable immigration climate, unusual pathologies can become the means to residency papers, turning conditions such as HIV, cancer, and select experiences of sexual violence into distinct advantages for would-be migrants. It also indicts the inequalities forged by global capitalism that drive people to migrate, and the state practices which criminalize the majority of undocumented migrants at the expense of care for the exceptional few.Less
This book explores the unintended consequences of compassion in the world of immigration politics. It focuses on France and its humanitarian immigration practices to argue that a politics based on care and protection can lead the state to view issues of immigration and asylum through a medical lens. Examining two “regimes of care”—humanitarianism and the movement to stop violence against women—it asks what it means to permit the sick and sexually violated to cross borders while the impoverished cannot? The book demonstrates how in an inhospitable immigration climate, unusual pathologies can become the means to residency papers, turning conditions such as HIV, cancer, and select experiences of sexual violence into distinct advantages for would-be migrants. It also indicts the inequalities forged by global capitalism that drive people to migrate, and the state practices which criminalize the majority of undocumented migrants at the expense of care for the exceptional few.
Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520088962
- eISBN:
- 9780520922037
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520088962.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter begins outlining historical changes in medical practice in rural communities in the region and illustrates how the language of competence became the discourse through which new ...
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This chapter begins outlining historical changes in medical practice in rural communities in the region and illustrates how the language of competence became the discourse through which new specialists and residency-trained family physicians challenged older general practitioners, established alternative forms of medical practice, and promoted new criteria of medical competence. It is a story in progress, filled with intermittent fits and starts and often poor medical service for some communities, while other communities have experienced extraordinary developments in the quality, complexity, costliness, and diversification of medical and hospital services. It is a story about what competence means to community physicians and how local “discourses on physician competence” were generated and shaped by structural changes in the organization and practice of medicine in rural America in the 1980s.Less
This chapter begins outlining historical changes in medical practice in rural communities in the region and illustrates how the language of competence became the discourse through which new specialists and residency-trained family physicians challenged older general practitioners, established alternative forms of medical practice, and promoted new criteria of medical competence. It is a story in progress, filled with intermittent fits and starts and often poor medical service for some communities, while other communities have experienced extraordinary developments in the quality, complexity, costliness, and diversification of medical and hospital services. It is a story about what competence means to community physicians and how local “discourses on physician competence” were generated and shaped by structural changes in the organization and practice of medicine in rural America in the 1980s.
William G. Rothstein
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195041866
- eISBN:
- 9780197559994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195041866.003.0028
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
Training in primary care has received limited attention in medical schools despite state and federal funding to increase its emphasis. Departments of ...
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Training in primary care has received limited attention in medical schools despite state and federal funding to increase its emphasis. Departments of internal medicine, which have been responsible for most training in primary care, have shifted their interests to the medical subspecialties. Departments of family practice, which have been established by most medical schools in response to government pressure, have had a limited role in the undergraduate curriculum. Residency programs in family practice have become widespread and popular with medical students. Primary care has been defined as that type of medicine practiced by the first physician whom the patient contacts. Most primary care has involved well-patient care, the treatment of a wide variety of functional, acute, self-limited, chronic, and emotional disorders in ambulatory patients, and routine hospital care. Primary care physicians have provided continuing care and coordinated the treatment of their patients by specialists. The major specialties providing primary care have been family practice, general internal medicine, and pediatrics. General and family physicians in particular have been major providers of ambulatory care. This was shown in a study of diaries kept in 1977–1978 by office-based physicians in a number of specialties. General and family physicians treated 33 percent or more of the patients in every age group from childhood to old age. They delivered at least 50 percent of the care for 6 of the 15 most common diagnostic clusters and over 20 percent of the care for the remainder. The 15 clusters, which accounted for 50 percent of all outpatient visits to office-based physicians, included activities related to many specialties, including pre- and postnatal care, ischemic heart disease, depression/anxiety, dermatitis/eczema, and fractures and dislocations. According to the study, ambulatory primary care was also provided by many specialists who have not been considered providers of primary care. A substantial part of the total ambulatory workload of general surgeons involved general medical examinations, upper respiratory ailments, and hypertension. Obstetricians/ gynecologists performed many general medical examinations. The work activities of these and other specialists have demonstrated that training in primary care has been essential for every physician who provides patient care, not just those who plan to become family physicians, general internists, or pediatricians.
Less
Training in primary care has received limited attention in medical schools despite state and federal funding to increase its emphasis. Departments of internal medicine, which have been responsible for most training in primary care, have shifted their interests to the medical subspecialties. Departments of family practice, which have been established by most medical schools in response to government pressure, have had a limited role in the undergraduate curriculum. Residency programs in family practice have become widespread and popular with medical students. Primary care has been defined as that type of medicine practiced by the first physician whom the patient contacts. Most primary care has involved well-patient care, the treatment of a wide variety of functional, acute, self-limited, chronic, and emotional disorders in ambulatory patients, and routine hospital care. Primary care physicians have provided continuing care and coordinated the treatment of their patients by specialists. The major specialties providing primary care have been family practice, general internal medicine, and pediatrics. General and family physicians in particular have been major providers of ambulatory care. This was shown in a study of diaries kept in 1977–1978 by office-based physicians in a number of specialties. General and family physicians treated 33 percent or more of the patients in every age group from childhood to old age. They delivered at least 50 percent of the care for 6 of the 15 most common diagnostic clusters and over 20 percent of the care for the remainder. The 15 clusters, which accounted for 50 percent of all outpatient visits to office-based physicians, included activities related to many specialties, including pre- and postnatal care, ischemic heart disease, depression/anxiety, dermatitis/eczema, and fractures and dislocations. According to the study, ambulatory primary care was also provided by many specialists who have not been considered providers of primary care. A substantial part of the total ambulatory workload of general surgeons involved general medical examinations, upper respiratory ailments, and hypertension. Obstetricians/ gynecologists performed many general medical examinations. The work activities of these and other specialists have demonstrated that training in primary care has been essential for every physician who provides patient care, not just those who plan to become family physicians, general internists, or pediatricians.
Ted Maris-Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469620077
- eISBN:
- 9781469620091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469620077.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This prologue considers the expulsion laws implemented in antebellum Virginia, and how free blacks cope with its often unpredictable, inconsistent application in their everyday lives. Free African ...
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This prologue considers the expulsion laws implemented in antebellum Virginia, and how free blacks cope with its often unpredictable, inconsistent application in their everyday lives. Free African Americans felt bound by their freedom; they were subject to laws of the land that specifically circumscribed their liberty in important ways, keeping them off juries, away from polling places, and unable to testify against a white defendant. But at the same time, it turns out many white neighbors, lawyers, and judges also felt bound to support a familiar free black neighbor's claim for legal residency, to represent a free black client in court, or to follow legal processes identical to those that white defendants or petitioners might encounter, even if such everyday actions contradicted personal racial prejudices and generally held racial stereotypes.Less
This prologue considers the expulsion laws implemented in antebellum Virginia, and how free blacks cope with its often unpredictable, inconsistent application in their everyday lives. Free African Americans felt bound by their freedom; they were subject to laws of the land that specifically circumscribed their liberty in important ways, keeping them off juries, away from polling places, and unable to testify against a white defendant. But at the same time, it turns out many white neighbors, lawyers, and judges also felt bound to support a familiar free black neighbor's claim for legal residency, to represent a free black client in court, or to follow legal processes identical to those that white defendants or petitioners might encounter, even if such everyday actions contradicted personal racial prejudices and generally held racial stereotypes.
Ted Maris-Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469620077
- eISBN:
- 9781469620091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469620077.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This introductory chapter discusses the ways in which freed African Americans were able to forge meaningful lives for themselves amid state laws that rendered their residencies illegal. In ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the ways in which freed African Americans were able to forge meaningful lives for themselves amid state laws that rendered their residencies illegal. In particular, it explores the flexible nature of state laws and how blacks were able to circumvent the law by means of the voluntary enslavement law, which allowed free blacks to enslave themselves in a complicated process that involved selecting their own master. Re-enslavement, however, is only a small part of the overall narrative of freed blacks in the upper South. Men and women in the mid-nineteenth century were influenced by the powerful social and political forces of their day, but through their actions, relationships, and commitments to community and family, they also shaped the evolution of those forces, and to some extent, their own destinies.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the ways in which freed African Americans were able to forge meaningful lives for themselves amid state laws that rendered their residencies illegal. In particular, it explores the flexible nature of state laws and how blacks were able to circumvent the law by means of the voluntary enslavement law, which allowed free blacks to enslave themselves in a complicated process that involved selecting their own master. Re-enslavement, however, is only a small part of the overall narrative of freed blacks in the upper South. Men and women in the mid-nineteenth century were influenced by the powerful social and political forces of their day, but through their actions, relationships, and commitments to community and family, they also shaped the evolution of those forces, and to some extent, their own destinies.
Jessica W. Berg, Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195126778
- eISBN:
- 9780197561386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0024
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Medical Ethics
The cornerstone of our approach to informed consent is the belief that the right of patients to authorize their own medical treatment, usually called the ...
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The cornerstone of our approach to informed consent is the belief that the right of patients to authorize their own medical treatment, usually called the right to autonomy in decision making, is a moral value worth promoting. When medical care is required, patients should be met by physicians’ openness and willingness to present and discuss a variety of options, with the clear understanding that patients can play a role, if they desire, in shaping the ultimate decision. Our instinctive assumption that most patients would endorse this approach was confirmed by a large-scale study sponsored by the President’s Commission (1). Patients do want to know about and have the option of influencing the nature of their medical care, even if they may not always exercise that option (2). Our society’s deepseated traditions of respect for the integrity of the individual reinforce the importance of protecting patients’ interests in the medical decisionmaking process. Legal initiatives by themselves are insufficient to accomplish these results (see Chapter 7). Endless proposals to refine the legal mechanisms by which the doctrine of informed consent is enforced are not likely to achieve their goals. The legal rules governing informed consent operate at a level of generality that makes it difficult for physicians to take them into account in dealing with patients. Some surveys have found that physicians are completely ignorant of the operative standard for disclosure in their state (1), and others have found that even when physicians are aware of the standard, they do not apply it properly (3). More significantly, however, the medical setting seems relatively impervious to regulation in this area. Physicians and administrators have control over the structure of medical care and over the content of physician-patient interactions. Regardless of the law of informed consent, if the structure of hospital and office practice provides negligible opportunities for doctor-patient communication, little disclosure or shared decision making will occur. If physicians are resistant to the moral imperatives of informed consent, tinkering with standards of disclosure is unlikely to affect their behavior.
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The cornerstone of our approach to informed consent is the belief that the right of patients to authorize their own medical treatment, usually called the right to autonomy in decision making, is a moral value worth promoting. When medical care is required, patients should be met by physicians’ openness and willingness to present and discuss a variety of options, with the clear understanding that patients can play a role, if they desire, in shaping the ultimate decision. Our instinctive assumption that most patients would endorse this approach was confirmed by a large-scale study sponsored by the President’s Commission (1). Patients do want to know about and have the option of influencing the nature of their medical care, even if they may not always exercise that option (2). Our society’s deepseated traditions of respect for the integrity of the individual reinforce the importance of protecting patients’ interests in the medical decisionmaking process. Legal initiatives by themselves are insufficient to accomplish these results (see Chapter 7). Endless proposals to refine the legal mechanisms by which the doctrine of informed consent is enforced are not likely to achieve their goals. The legal rules governing informed consent operate at a level of generality that makes it difficult for physicians to take them into account in dealing with patients. Some surveys have found that physicians are completely ignorant of the operative standard for disclosure in their state (1), and others have found that even when physicians are aware of the standard, they do not apply it properly (3). More significantly, however, the medical setting seems relatively impervious to regulation in this area. Physicians and administrators have control over the structure of medical care and over the content of physician-patient interactions. Regardless of the law of informed consent, if the structure of hospital and office practice provides negligible opportunities for doctor-patient communication, little disclosure or shared decision making will occur. If physicians are resistant to the moral imperatives of informed consent, tinkering with standards of disclosure is unlikely to affect their behavior.
Jill Timmons
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199861323
- eISBN:
- 9780190268336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199861323.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, Performing Practice/Studies
This concluding chapter summarizes the primary aims of this book, which includes the following: to develop artistry in new and authentic ways; to discover innovation in bringing music to live ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the primary aims of this book, which includes the following: to develop artistry in new and authentic ways; to discover innovation in bringing music to live performance and historic recordings, to offer educational residencies that transform public schools; and to realize in this process a way of prevailing in the music profession. These goals are surely to be realized in the near future if there is to be a continuous flow of wisdom, collaboration, and regeneration from music professionals or the so-called “musician's co-op”.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the primary aims of this book, which includes the following: to develop artistry in new and authentic ways; to discover innovation in bringing music to live performance and historic recordings, to offer educational residencies that transform public schools; and to realize in this process a way of prevailing in the music profession. These goals are surely to be realized in the near future if there is to be a continuous flow of wisdom, collaboration, and regeneration from music professionals or the so-called “musician's co-op”.
Ted Maris-Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469620077
- eISBN:
- 9781469620091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469620077.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter follows the story of Willis and Andrew Doswell—two freed blacks who petitioned for re-enslavement, after appearing in court, the result of allegations of illegal residency in Virginia, ...
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This chapter follows the story of Willis and Andrew Doswell—two freed blacks who petitioned for re-enslavement, after appearing in court, the result of allegations of illegal residency in Virginia, and the implications their story holds for the larger history of Virginia's state legislature. Under the accusations of William Arvin, Sr., the Doswell brothers fought for the right to remain in their community, first as free people, and ultimately as slaves. Together, Andrew and Willis would becme the unlikely fathers of Virginia's first self-enslavement law. This law became the basis of general self-enslavement legislation and the model for other such laws in the mid-nineteenth-century South on the eve of the Civil War.Less
This chapter follows the story of Willis and Andrew Doswell—two freed blacks who petitioned for re-enslavement, after appearing in court, the result of allegations of illegal residency in Virginia, and the implications their story holds for the larger history of Virginia's state legislature. Under the accusations of William Arvin, Sr., the Doswell brothers fought for the right to remain in their community, first as free people, and ultimately as slaves. Together, Andrew and Willis would becme the unlikely fathers of Virginia's first self-enslavement law. This law became the basis of general self-enslavement legislation and the model for other such laws in the mid-nineteenth-century South on the eve of the Civil War.
Emily West
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813136929
- eISBN:
- 9780813141350
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813136929.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This book explores the expulsion and enslavement of free people of color in the antebellum South. It considers why Southern states moved towards expelling and enslaving free blacks in the 1850s, and ...
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This book explores the expulsion and enslavement of free people of color in the antebellum South. It considers why Southern states moved towards expelling and enslaving free blacks in the 1850s, and it situates these legislative debates within the context of a growing number of restrictions imposed upon free people of color over the course of the antebellum era. Explanations about why some free people of color petitioned for residency rights or enslavement are at the heart of this book, which argues that some free people of color placed their families first in “choosing” enslavement over freedom. Anxious about being separated from beloved family members through increasingly repressive expulsion laws. In the face of rising impoverishment, some free blacks took the desperate measure of seeking enslavement for themselves, and sometimes their family members. Legislation on expulsion and enslavement allowed free people of color to petition state legislatures or country courts requesting residency or bondage, and free blacks used the law to seek both during the 1850s. Requests for enslavement, while sometimes motivated largely by the oppressive pressure of whites, were also influenced by the initiative of free people of color themselves.Less
This book explores the expulsion and enslavement of free people of color in the antebellum South. It considers why Southern states moved towards expelling and enslaving free blacks in the 1850s, and it situates these legislative debates within the context of a growing number of restrictions imposed upon free people of color over the course of the antebellum era. Explanations about why some free people of color petitioned for residency rights or enslavement are at the heart of this book, which argues that some free people of color placed their families first in “choosing” enslavement over freedom. Anxious about being separated from beloved family members through increasingly repressive expulsion laws. In the face of rising impoverishment, some free blacks took the desperate measure of seeking enslavement for themselves, and sometimes their family members. Legislation on expulsion and enslavement allowed free people of color to petition state legislatures or country courts requesting residency or bondage, and free blacks used the law to seek both during the 1850s. Requests for enslavement, while sometimes motivated largely by the oppressive pressure of whites, were also influenced by the initiative of free people of color themselves.
Eli Ginzberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300082326
- eISBN:
- 9780300133011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300082326.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter examines the overall impact of Medicare in the U.S. medical care system. It first provides an overview of the passage of Medicare and then describes how Medicare expanded the financing ...
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This chapter examines the overall impact of Medicare in the U.S. medical care system. It first provides an overview of the passage of Medicare and then describes how Medicare expanded the financing of the nation's leading research-oriented academic health centers (AHCs). Medicare's reimbursement policies helped improve the financial position of AHCs. One of the most important of the new financing arrangements under Medicare was the payment that the federal government made to hospitals for the direct and indirect costs connected with the operation of residency and fellowship training programs.Less
This chapter examines the overall impact of Medicare in the U.S. medical care system. It first provides an overview of the passage of Medicare and then describes how Medicare expanded the financing of the nation's leading research-oriented academic health centers (AHCs). Medicare's reimbursement policies helped improve the financial position of AHCs. One of the most important of the new financing arrangements under Medicare was the payment that the federal government made to hospitals for the direct and indirect costs connected with the operation of residency and fellowship training programs.
Roger R. Tamte
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041617
- eISBN:
- 9780252050275
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041617.003.0028
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
Over a two- or three-year period, sports equipment manufacturer and retailer A. G. Spalding & Bros. replaces Wright and Ditson as publisher of American football’s rules and in 1891 begins a new ...
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Over a two- or three-year period, sports equipment manufacturer and retailer A. G. Spalding & Bros. replaces Wright and Ditson as publisher of American football’s rules and in 1891 begins a new publication called Spalding’s Official Football Guide, with Camp as editor and writer. Though possibly wanting to stay above the fray, Camp becomes embroiled in a conflict over the eligibility of graduate players, especially at Pennsylvania, which uses a high percentage of graduate school players. With Penn’s increasing success, students and alumni from Yale and other schools in 1892 and 1893 press the Intercollegiate Football Association to ban graduate school players. As president of the IFA, Yale’s captain, McCormick, leads passage of such a ban. Camp supports McCormick’s action but also suggests a one-year-residency requirement as another way to limit transfer of students just to play football. Pennsylvania and Wesleyan resign from the IFA in November 1893, leaving only Princeton and Yale as members.Less
Over a two- or three-year period, sports equipment manufacturer and retailer A. G. Spalding & Bros. replaces Wright and Ditson as publisher of American football’s rules and in 1891 begins a new publication called Spalding’s Official Football Guide, with Camp as editor and writer. Though possibly wanting to stay above the fray, Camp becomes embroiled in a conflict over the eligibility of graduate players, especially at Pennsylvania, which uses a high percentage of graduate school players. With Penn’s increasing success, students and alumni from Yale and other schools in 1892 and 1893 press the Intercollegiate Football Association to ban graduate school players. As president of the IFA, Yale’s captain, McCormick, leads passage of such a ban. Camp supports McCormick’s action but also suggests a one-year-residency requirement as another way to limit transfer of students just to play football. Pennsylvania and Wesleyan resign from the IFA in November 1893, leaving only Princeton and Yale as members.
Etsuko Takushi Crissey
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780824856489
- eISBN:
- 9780824875619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824856489.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Interviewees included women with successful marriages whose husbands had died, one from the effects of Agent Orange after deployment in Vietnam and another from leukemia. Flashbacks from his ...
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Interviewees included women with successful marriages whose husbands had died, one from the effects of Agent Orange after deployment in Vietnam and another from leukemia. Flashbacks from his deployment in Vietnam also led to alcoholism that eventually incapacitated another woman’s husband. The couple also had a successful marriage and four children who she worked to support after her husband was unable to hold a job. After two children were born, another woman’s husband turned verbally abusive and expelled her from their home. Emotionally devastated, she subsequently struggled to support herself. Another woman married a marine despite her family’s reservations and moved to the U.S. The marriage was going smoothly, but after the birth of their third child, her husband impregnated another woman and, over his objections, she obtained a divorce. Another interviewee whose marriage seemed to be going well divorced her husband after he ran off with a mutual friend. A woman returning with her fiancé to the U.S. discovered that he was already married. Though they eventually married after he obtained a divorce, her husband soon abandoned her after which she struggled to raise her two children and obtain legal residency in the U.S.Less
Interviewees included women with successful marriages whose husbands had died, one from the effects of Agent Orange after deployment in Vietnam and another from leukemia. Flashbacks from his deployment in Vietnam also led to alcoholism that eventually incapacitated another woman’s husband. The couple also had a successful marriage and four children who she worked to support after her husband was unable to hold a job. After two children were born, another woman’s husband turned verbally abusive and expelled her from their home. Emotionally devastated, she subsequently struggled to support herself. Another woman married a marine despite her family’s reservations and moved to the U.S. The marriage was going smoothly, but after the birth of their third child, her husband impregnated another woman and, over his objections, she obtained a divorce. Another interviewee whose marriage seemed to be going well divorced her husband after he ran off with a mutual friend. A woman returning with her fiancé to the U.S. discovered that he was already married. Though they eventually married after he obtained a divorce, her husband soon abandoned her after which she struggled to raise her two children and obtain legal residency in the U.S.
