Dimitris Assimakopoulos, Rebecca Marschan-Piekkari, and Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241057
- eISBN:
- 9780191714290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241057.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Established in 1983, the European Strategic Program for Research in Information Technologies (ESPRIT) is the oldest of the European Commission's research and technology development (RTD) programmes. ...
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Established in 1983, the European Strategic Program for Research in Information Technologies (ESPRIT) is the oldest of the European Commission's research and technology development (RTD) programmes. ESPRIT came into being as a result of the fear that Europe was lagging far behind the United States and Japan in vital information technologies. Collaboration, rather than competition, among Europe's IT companies, it was imagined would yield synergies, the flexibility to adapt in volatile markets, and the shorter product cycles essential for international competitiveness. The chapter explores the significance of external linkages for innovation in ESPRIT in the light of the reality of collaboration. Empirical data focus on ten ESPRIT projects, examined as case studies. Particular attention is given to the informal networks that link members of the ESPRIT projects to the most dynamic parts of the IT world in the United States and beyond.Less
Established in 1983, the European Strategic Program for Research in Information Technologies (ESPRIT) is the oldest of the European Commission's research and technology development (RTD) programmes. ESPRIT came into being as a result of the fear that Europe was lagging far behind the United States and Japan in vital information technologies. Collaboration, rather than competition, among Europe's IT companies, it was imagined would yield synergies, the flexibility to adapt in volatile markets, and the shorter product cycles essential for international competitiveness. The chapter explores the significance of external linkages for innovation in ESPRIT in the light of the reality of collaboration. Empirical data focus on ten ESPRIT projects, examined as case studies. Particular attention is given to the informal networks that link members of the ESPRIT projects to the most dynamic parts of the IT world in the United States and beyond.
David B. Audretsch
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195183504
- eISBN:
- 9780199783885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183504.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The view regarding the role of universities has changed dramatically in the entrepreneurial society. There are several reasons for the emergence of the university as an engine of economic growth. The ...
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The view regarding the role of universities has changed dramatically in the entrepreneurial society. There are several reasons for the emergence of the university as an engine of economic growth. The first is the shift away from the managed economy. A consequence of globalization in the most developed countries has been to shift the comparative advantage away from traditional manufacturing industries and towards new knowledge-based economic activity. But where is this knowledge to come from? The university serves as a vital source of new economic knowledge. As research and knowledge become perhaps the most crucial component to generating economic growth and competitive jobs in globally-linked markets, universities emerge as a key factor in determining the future well-being of the United States.Less
The view regarding the role of universities has changed dramatically in the entrepreneurial society. There are several reasons for the emergence of the university as an engine of economic growth. The first is the shift away from the managed economy. A consequence of globalization in the most developed countries has been to shift the comparative advantage away from traditional manufacturing industries and towards new knowledge-based economic activity. But where is this knowledge to come from? The university serves as a vital source of new economic knowledge. As research and knowledge become perhaps the most crucial component to generating economic growth and competitive jobs in globally-linked markets, universities emerge as a key factor in determining the future well-being of the United States.
Lynn Bye, Michelle E. Alvarez, Janet Haynes, and Cindy E. Sweigart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398496
- eISBN:
- 9780199777402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398496.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter reviews resources for identifying research-based programs that address truancy prevention, criteria to consider when selecting a program, readiness for program implementation, and offers ...
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This chapter reviews resources for identifying research-based programs that address truancy prevention, criteria to consider when selecting a program, readiness for program implementation, and offers a case study that examines the program implementation process. The chapter describes the Response to Intervention (RtI) system, which addresses student needs by monitoring student progress; that is, following an intervention to ensure positive student outcomes.Less
This chapter reviews resources for identifying research-based programs that address truancy prevention, criteria to consider when selecting a program, readiness for program implementation, and offers a case study that examines the program implementation process. The chapter describes the Response to Intervention (RtI) system, which addresses student needs by monitoring student progress; that is, following an intervention to ensure positive student outcomes.
Cees van der Vleuten, Diana Dolmans, and Jeroen van Merriënboer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199583447
- eISBN:
- 9780191594519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583447.003.0023
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
From the time of the foundation of Maastricht University in 1974, educational innovation has been explicitly incorporated in its mission statement. In 1982 the education research programme was ...
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From the time of the foundation of Maastricht University in 1974, educational innovation has been explicitly incorporated in its mission statement. In 1982 the education research programme was mandated. The research has supplied evidence to the educational experiment that the Maastricht programme embodied, especially in the early years. Over the years, the research programme has developed into a well-established research strand within the FHML. The two organizational conditions — academic status for educationalists and a recognized research programme — have been critical for education research in Maastricht. This chapter discusses the aims and rationale of the research programme, description of the research programme, critical success factors, risk factors, and future challenges.Less
From the time of the foundation of Maastricht University in 1974, educational innovation has been explicitly incorporated in its mission statement. In 1982 the education research programme was mandated. The research has supplied evidence to the educational experiment that the Maastricht programme embodied, especially in the early years. Over the years, the research programme has developed into a well-established research strand within the FHML. The two organizational conditions — academic status for educationalists and a recognized research programme — have been critical for education research in Maastricht. This chapter discusses the aims and rationale of the research programme, description of the research programme, critical success factors, risk factors, and future challenges.
DAVID PAPINEAU
- Published in print:
- 1979
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198245858
- eISBN:
- 9780191680908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198245858.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter turns away from meanings and considers Lakatos's ‘methodology of scientific research programmes’. After making various criticisms and corrections, it is argued that the resulting ...
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This chapter turns away from meanings and considers Lakatos's ‘methodology of scientific research programmes’. After making various criticisms and corrections, it is argued that the resulting methodology is, and can be justified as, a satisfactory account of how to choose between scientific views. However, this account is not so much independent of meanings as implicitly committed to a holist view thereof.Less
This chapter turns away from meanings and considers Lakatos's ‘methodology of scientific research programmes’. After making various criticisms and corrections, it is argued that the resulting methodology is, and can be justified as, a satisfactory account of how to choose between scientific views. However, this account is not so much independent of meanings as implicitly committed to a holist view thereof.
Carl F. Craver
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199299317
- eISBN:
- 9780191715075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299317.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Science
This chapter uses the view of multilevel mechanistic explanation developed in the preceding chapters to construct a model of the mosaic unity of neuroscience. To develop the mosaic model, a ...
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This chapter uses the view of multilevel mechanistic explanation developed in the preceding chapters to construct a model of the mosaic unity of neuroscience. To develop the mosaic model, a historical example of progress toward the unity of neuroscience is considered: the LM research program. It is argued that the mosaic model of the unity of neuroscience is better suited than reduction to the descriptive, explanatory, and epistemic projects for which these classic models were designed.Less
This chapter uses the view of multilevel mechanistic explanation developed in the preceding chapters to construct a model of the mosaic unity of neuroscience. To develop the mosaic model, a historical example of progress toward the unity of neuroscience is considered: the LM research program. It is argued that the mosaic model of the unity of neuroscience is better suited than reduction to the descriptive, explanatory, and epistemic projects for which these classic models were designed.
Dean O. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199793259
- eISBN:
- 9780199896813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793259.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
In most developed countries, current standards for the responsible conduct of research with human subjects derive from the Nuremberg Code. It has been amplified in the Belmont Report, which is the ...
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In most developed countries, current standards for the responsible conduct of research with human subjects derive from the Nuremberg Code. It has been amplified in the Belmont Report, which is the basis of federal guidelines (known as the common rule) for research using human subjects. Each institution that conducts research on human subjects must submit an assurance that guarantees compliance with federal policy. No research project involving human subjects may proceed without an approved assurance on file. Federal policy also requires the establishment of an institutional review board (IRB) to review all proposed and ongoing research projects involving human subjects. The IRB has the authority to approve human subject research protocols. Federal policy dictates IRB membership criteria. Some universities use independent, for-profit IRBs to review protocols. Guidelines for expedited and exempt protocol reviews are described. The Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs, Inc. (AAHRPP) accredits institutional human research protection programs, including IRB activities. The chapter concludes with an analysis of current federal regulations on research using human embryonic stem cells.Less
In most developed countries, current standards for the responsible conduct of research with human subjects derive from the Nuremberg Code. It has been amplified in the Belmont Report, which is the basis of federal guidelines (known as the common rule) for research using human subjects. Each institution that conducts research on human subjects must submit an assurance that guarantees compliance with federal policy. No research project involving human subjects may proceed without an approved assurance on file. Federal policy also requires the establishment of an institutional review board (IRB) to review all proposed and ongoing research projects involving human subjects. The IRB has the authority to approve human subject research protocols. Federal policy dictates IRB membership criteria. Some universities use independent, for-profit IRBs to review protocols. Guidelines for expedited and exempt protocol reviews are described. The Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs, Inc. (AAHRPP) accredits institutional human research protection programs, including IRB activities. The chapter concludes with an analysis of current federal regulations on research using human embryonic stem cells.
Michael C. Rea
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199247608
- eISBN:
- 9780191601804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247609.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Introduces several of the concepts and assumptions that will occupy center stage in the book's main argument. In particular, introduces the notion of a research programme, and provides ...
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Introduces several of the concepts and assumptions that will occupy center stage in the book's main argument. In particular, introduces the notion of a research programme, and provides characterizations of realism about material objects and its rival, constructivism. Also defends the conclusion that it is impossible to adopt a research programme on the basis of evidence. This constitutes the author's argument for the conditional claim that if naturalism is a research programme, its status as orthodoxy is without rational foundation. Introduces the central thesis of the book – that naturalists are committed to rejecting realism about material objects, materialism, and perhaps realism about other minds – and goes on to provide a brief outline of the remaining chapters.Less
Introduces several of the concepts and assumptions that will occupy center stage in the book's main argument. In particular, introduces the notion of a research programme, and provides characterizations of realism about material objects and its rival, constructivism. Also defends the conclusion that it is impossible to adopt a research programme on the basis of evidence. This constitutes the author's argument for the conditional claim that if naturalism is a research programme, its status as orthodoxy is without rational foundation. Introduces the central thesis of the book – that naturalists are committed to rejecting realism about material objects, materialism, and perhaps realism about other minds – and goes on to provide a brief outline of the remaining chapters.
Katharina Steiner
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226672762
- eISBN:
- 9780226673097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226673097.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This article introduces the Naples Zoological Station’s research program. It offers a new perspective on the Station’s practices of knowledge production, spanning laboratory and field. Against the ...
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This article introduces the Naples Zoological Station’s research program. It offers a new perspective on the Station’s practices of knowledge production, spanning laboratory and field. Against the backdrop of the Station’s monograph-series, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und seiner angrenzenden Meeresgebiete, representing the program in published form, I focus on the work of Wilhelm Giesbrecht, a longstanding researcher at the Station, to explore the program’s epistemic and institutional dimensions. I argue that the Station’s sampling operations, while representing a service infrastructure for guest researchers, was primarily built around its research program. I also show that within the Station, sampling marine invertebrates not only served guest researchers’ needs but was developed to pursue the program’s goal of systematic sampling the Tyrrhenian Sea. This involved ecology as part of a new taxonomy done at the Station.Less
This article introduces the Naples Zoological Station’s research program. It offers a new perspective on the Station’s practices of knowledge production, spanning laboratory and field. Against the backdrop of the Station’s monograph-series, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und seiner angrenzenden Meeresgebiete, representing the program in published form, I focus on the work of Wilhelm Giesbrecht, a longstanding researcher at the Station, to explore the program’s epistemic and institutional dimensions. I argue that the Station’s sampling operations, while representing a service infrastructure for guest researchers, was primarily built around its research program. I also show that within the Station, sampling marine invertebrates not only served guest researchers’ needs but was developed to pursue the program’s goal of systematic sampling the Tyrrhenian Sea. This involved ecology as part of a new taxonomy done at the Station.
Michael Szenberg, Lall Ramrattan, Aron A. Gottesman, and Kenneth J. Arrow
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199298839
- eISBN:
- 9780191711480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298839.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This introductory chapter looks at the various ways in which Paul Samuelson was appraised by the contributors. The features that stand out bear close correspondence with scientific, mathematical ...
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This introductory chapter looks at the various ways in which Paul Samuelson was appraised by the contributors. The features that stand out bear close correspondence with scientific, mathematical techniques, and the genius of a craftsman. Paradigm, scientific research program, anthology, and epistemological viewpoints can be read into the program. Samuelson is renowned as one who puts heavy weight on reality in his mathematical models, exhibiting great regards for facts. He has been presented as a leader in the neoclassical framework, building models that share constant assumptions, dependent and independent variables with various laws that put the models into motion. The area of international trade is a solid example of the fruits of his research, where the theory of factor price equalization and the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem are now textbook paradigms. The Cambridge Controversy on the theory of capital came alive through Samuelson's surrogate production function. Samuelson is also responsible for introducing Keynes to the practitioners of economics through his neoclassical synthesis.Less
This introductory chapter looks at the various ways in which Paul Samuelson was appraised by the contributors. The features that stand out bear close correspondence with scientific, mathematical techniques, and the genius of a craftsman. Paradigm, scientific research program, anthology, and epistemological viewpoints can be read into the program. Samuelson is renowned as one who puts heavy weight on reality in his mathematical models, exhibiting great regards for facts. He has been presented as a leader in the neoclassical framework, building models that share constant assumptions, dependent and independent variables with various laws that put the models into motion. The area of international trade is a solid example of the fruits of his research, where the theory of factor price equalization and the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem are now textbook paradigms. The Cambridge Controversy on the theory of capital came alive through Samuelson's surrogate production function. Samuelson is also responsible for introducing Keynes to the practitioners of economics through his neoclassical synthesis.
John Welshman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348357
- eISBN:
- 9781447302384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348357.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter explores the establishment of the Joint Working Party, including the DHSS and SSRC personnel. It surveys the setting up of the Research Programme, from the first discussions between the ...
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This chapter explores the establishment of the Joint Working Party, including the DHSS and SSRC personnel. It surveys the setting up of the Research Programme, from the first discussions between the DHSS and SSRC in the summer of 1971, to the publication of the First Report by the Joint Working Party in August 1974. It explores the informal discussions between the DHSS and SSRC that took place in advance of the cycle speech, the first formal meetings of the Joint Working Party, and the composition of its membership. It traces the conceptual difficulties encountered by the members of the Joint Working Party in attempting to define ‘deprivation’, reflected in an important early paper ‘Approaches to research on transmitted deprivation’, and a conference held at the LSE on 15 April 1973.Less
This chapter explores the establishment of the Joint Working Party, including the DHSS and SSRC personnel. It surveys the setting up of the Research Programme, from the first discussions between the DHSS and SSRC in the summer of 1971, to the publication of the First Report by the Joint Working Party in August 1974. It explores the informal discussions between the DHSS and SSRC that took place in advance of the cycle speech, the first formal meetings of the Joint Working Party, and the composition of its membership. It traces the conceptual difficulties encountered by the members of the Joint Working Party in attempting to define ‘deprivation’, reflected in an important early paper ‘Approaches to research on transmitted deprivation’, and a conference held at the LSE on 15 April 1973.
John Welshman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348357
- eISBN:
- 9781447302384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348357.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter surveys the final years of the Research Programme, from the publication of the Third Report of the Joint Working Party, to the appearance of the first books in the Heinemann series in ...
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This chapter surveys the final years of the Research Programme, from the publication of the Third Report of the Joint Working Party, to the appearance of the first books in the Heinemann series in the early 1980s. It explores attempts by the Joint Working Party to respond to referees' reports on the projects that had been funded, and evaluate the Research Programme as a whole. It traces efforts to compare projects across the two main themes of familial processes and socioeconomic factors, and the commissioning of the final report from Muriel Brown and Nicola Madge. It further explores the attitude of the DHSS to the Research Programme, and the broader reaction to it through reviews of the early Heinemann books in academic journals, newspapers, and other periodicals.Less
This chapter surveys the final years of the Research Programme, from the publication of the Third Report of the Joint Working Party, to the appearance of the first books in the Heinemann series in the early 1980s. It explores attempts by the Joint Working Party to respond to referees' reports on the projects that had been funded, and evaluate the Research Programme as a whole. It traces efforts to compare projects across the two main themes of familial processes and socioeconomic factors, and the commissioning of the final report from Muriel Brown and Nicola Madge. It further explores the attitude of the DHSS to the Research Programme, and the broader reaction to it through reviews of the early Heinemann books in academic journals, newspapers, and other periodicals.
Paul F. A. Bartha
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195325539
- eISBN:
- 9780199776313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325539.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter is devoted to the special class of mathematical analogies. Following Poincaré, it is argued that analogical arguments in mathematics provide clear support for a link between good ...
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This chapter is devoted to the special class of mathematical analogies. Following Poincaré, it is argued that analogical arguments in mathematics provide clear support for a link between good analogies and fruitful generalization. At the same time, a consideration of mathematical examples serves to refine and deepen the theory of chapter 4. Specifically, the chapter addresses the role of similarity in mathematical analogies, the philosophical basis of analogical arguments, and the use of analogy in extended mathematical research programs.Less
This chapter is devoted to the special class of mathematical analogies. Following Poincaré, it is argued that analogical arguments in mathematics provide clear support for a link between good analogies and fruitful generalization. At the same time, a consideration of mathematical examples serves to refine and deepen the theory of chapter 4. Specifically, the chapter addresses the role of similarity in mathematical analogies, the philosophical basis of analogical arguments, and the use of analogy in extended mathematical research programs.
Michael C. Rea
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199247608
- eISBN:
- 9780191601804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247609.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Argues that characterizing naturalism as a view rather than a research programme and inevitably portrays naturalism either as a self‐defeating thesis or as a view commitment to which would be ...
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Argues that characterizing naturalism as a view rather than a research programme and inevitably portrays naturalism either as a self‐defeating thesis or as a view commitment to which would be inconsistent with the core dispositions of the tradition. Thus, the fairest and most plausible characterization of naturalism treats it as a research programme – in particular, a research programme wherein one treats the methods of science and those methods alone as basic sources of evidence.Less
Argues that characterizing naturalism as a view rather than a research programme and inevitably portrays naturalism either as a self‐defeating thesis or as a view commitment to which would be inconsistent with the core dispositions of the tradition. Thus, the fairest and most plausible characterization of naturalism treats it as a research programme – in particular, a research programme wherein one treats the methods of science and those methods alone as basic sources of evidence.
John Welshman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348357
- eISBN:
- 9781447302384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348357.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter traces early attempts to commission research, some of the applications that were received, and reports by referees. It looks in particular at the efforts that were made to correct the ...
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This chapter traces early attempts to commission research, some of the applications that were received, and reports by referees. It looks in particular at the efforts that were made to correct the perceived imbalance of the Research Programme, away from the emphasis on familial processes, to take more account of socioeconomic factors. It also traces the attitude of the DHSS civil servants towards the Research Programme, and their growing exasperation with it. It argues that a full understanding of the direction taken by the Research Programme, and in particular the shift from the behavioural focus of the cycle hypothesis to the structural emphasis favoured by many researchers, is only possible through analysis of the available archival sources, supplemented by oral interviews.Less
This chapter traces early attempts to commission research, some of the applications that were received, and reports by referees. It looks in particular at the efforts that were made to correct the perceived imbalance of the Research Programme, away from the emphasis on familial processes, to take more account of socioeconomic factors. It also traces the attitude of the DHSS civil servants towards the Research Programme, and their growing exasperation with it. It argues that a full understanding of the direction taken by the Research Programme, and in particular the shift from the behavioural focus of the cycle hypothesis to the structural emphasis favoured by many researchers, is only possible through analysis of the available archival sources, supplemented by oral interviews.
Michael Burawoy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520259003
- eISBN:
- 9780520943384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520259003.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
Sociology has founded its scientific credentials on imitating the method of the physical sciences as understood by philosophers. Regulative principles such as Mill's “canons of induction,” Hempel's ...
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Sociology has founded its scientific credentials on imitating the method of the physical sciences as understood by philosophers. Regulative principles such as Mill's “canons of induction,” Hempel's “deductive-nomological explanation,” or Popper's falsificationism are laid down as the scientific method. However, these principles evolved more from philosophical speculation than from a careful empirical examination of the “hard sciences” from which they derived their legitimacy. Indeed, when philosophers turned to history and the actual practice of science, they found their principles violated. New understandings of science emerged, motivated less by the search for a single abstract universal method and more by the need to explain the growth of scientific knowledge. This chapter explores the implications for sociology of adopting one of these historically rooted conceptions of science, namely, the methodology of scientific research programs proposed by Imre Lakatos, by comparing it with the standard methodology of induction.Less
Sociology has founded its scientific credentials on imitating the method of the physical sciences as understood by philosophers. Regulative principles such as Mill's “canons of induction,” Hempel's “deductive-nomological explanation,” or Popper's falsificationism are laid down as the scientific method. However, these principles evolved more from philosophical speculation than from a careful empirical examination of the “hard sciences” from which they derived their legitimacy. Indeed, when philosophers turned to history and the actual practice of science, they found their principles violated. New understandings of science emerged, motivated less by the search for a single abstract universal method and more by the need to explain the growth of scientific knowledge. This chapter explores the implications for sociology of adopting one of these historically rooted conceptions of science, namely, the methodology of scientific research programs proposed by Imre Lakatos, by comparing it with the standard methodology of induction.
Kathryn Maxson Jones
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226672762
- eISBN:
- 9780226673097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226673097.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter explores the career of neuroscientist Francis O. Schmitt (1903-1995): how his experimental research relied on marine organisms and marine laboratories, and more generally how this ...
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This chapter explores the career of neuroscientist Francis O. Schmitt (1903-1995): how his experimental research relied on marine organisms and marine laboratories, and more generally how this earlier phase in his career related to his foundation of the Neurosciences Research Program at MIT from 1962 to 1963. From the 1930s through the 1950s, a network of marine stations, especially the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, offered brick-and-mortar places where Schmitt and his colleagues could adopt new experimental systems for studying action potentials. Working from these labs, Schmitt and his colleagues could obtain their choice experimental organisms, squid, which in turn supplied the materials necessary for their work: the abnormally large axons of squid neurons. More theoretically, Schmitt’s research with squid required and facilitated comparative studies, expanding physiologists’ understandings of the varieties of neurons existing in the natural world. Placed into historical context, moreover, Schmitt’s story demonstrates how other neurophysiologists of his era approached such diversity differently than he did, and how finding unifying principles, including amongst the multiplicity of neurons in marine organisms, has always challenged neurobiologists.Less
This chapter explores the career of neuroscientist Francis O. Schmitt (1903-1995): how his experimental research relied on marine organisms and marine laboratories, and more generally how this earlier phase in his career related to his foundation of the Neurosciences Research Program at MIT from 1962 to 1963. From the 1930s through the 1950s, a network of marine stations, especially the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA, offered brick-and-mortar places where Schmitt and his colleagues could adopt new experimental systems for studying action potentials. Working from these labs, Schmitt and his colleagues could obtain their choice experimental organisms, squid, which in turn supplied the materials necessary for their work: the abnormally large axons of squid neurons. More theoretically, Schmitt’s research with squid required and facilitated comparative studies, expanding physiologists’ understandings of the varieties of neurons existing in the natural world. Placed into historical context, moreover, Schmitt’s story demonstrates how other neurophysiologists of his era approached such diversity differently than he did, and how finding unifying principles, including amongst the multiplicity of neurons in marine organisms, has always challenged neurobiologists.
John C. Rodger
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520240247
- eISBN:
- 9780520930636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520240247.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter examines the application of a variety of laboratory and field disciplines of experimental research to the conservation of endangered marsupials and the management of marsupial pest ...
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This chapter examines the application of a variety of laboratory and field disciplines of experimental research to the conservation of endangered marsupials and the management of marsupial pest control in Australia and New Zealand. It discusses an integrated approach to conservation, illustrating the interaction between researchers and managers at work. It draws on examples from the research and communications programmes of the Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme, which encourages integrated, multidisciplinary research and technology development.Less
This chapter examines the application of a variety of laboratory and field disciplines of experimental research to the conservation of endangered marsupials and the management of marsupial pest control in Australia and New Zealand. It discusses an integrated approach to conservation, illustrating the interaction between researchers and managers at work. It draws on examples from the research and communications programmes of the Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme, which encourages integrated, multidisciplinary research and technology development.
Laura Senier, Benjamin Hudson, Sarah Fort, Elizabeth Hoover, Rebecca Tillson, and Phil Brown
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520270206
- eISBN:
- 9780520950429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520270206.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses a case study of the Brown University Superfund Research Program, in which academic researchers and state agency personnel collaborated with community activists in developing ...
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This chapter discusses a case study of the Brown University Superfund Research Program, in which academic researchers and state agency personnel collaborated with community activists in developing legislation to give temporary financial relief to residents of a contaminated neighborhood while they awaited cleanup. Relationships between stakeholders in cases involving contaminated sites are often contentious, in part because biomedical and engineering scientists are not trained to recognize and address the social problems that accompany the environmental hazards. By creating opportunities for cooperation, outreach efforts that make the research results more accessible can begin to repair trust among stakeholders and thus may pave the way for speedier site cleanup and reuse. This case study also shows how the inclusion of social scientists in a research translation and outreach program can contribute to a broader understanding of the social and political contexts that shape interactions between professionals and affected communities.Less
This chapter discusses a case study of the Brown University Superfund Research Program, in which academic researchers and state agency personnel collaborated with community activists in developing legislation to give temporary financial relief to residents of a contaminated neighborhood while they awaited cleanup. Relationships between stakeholders in cases involving contaminated sites are often contentious, in part because biomedical and engineering scientists are not trained to recognize and address the social problems that accompany the environmental hazards. By creating opportunities for cooperation, outreach efforts that make the research results more accessible can begin to repair trust among stakeholders and thus may pave the way for speedier site cleanup and reuse. This case study also shows how the inclusion of social scientists in a research translation and outreach program can contribute to a broader understanding of the social and political contexts that shape interactions between professionals and affected communities.
Antonio M. Gotto and Jennifer Moon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781501702136
- eISBN:
- 9781501703676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702136.003.0005
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
This chapter shows how the end of military hostilities led to an economic boom and renewed prosperity throughout the country. Postwar economic growth triggered an exponential increase in federal ...
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This chapter shows how the end of military hostilities led to an economic boom and renewed prosperity throughout the country. Postwar economic growth triggered an exponential increase in federal funding for research at medical schools. Cornell's research program experienced a corresponding expansion. The influx of funds allowed Cornell to build its research infrastructure, recruit new investigators, and direct additional resources toward finding better treatments for disease. However, Cornell University Medical College experienced a few more obstacles in the following years: anxieties regarding the spread of communism, the advent of the Cold War, demands for a larger supply of doctors, and the shift towards specialization. In addition, the period of time between entering medical school and starting the practice of medicine had lengthened. Still, despite the cost and extensive training, increasing numbers of applicants flocked to Cornell.Less
This chapter shows how the end of military hostilities led to an economic boom and renewed prosperity throughout the country. Postwar economic growth triggered an exponential increase in federal funding for research at medical schools. Cornell's research program experienced a corresponding expansion. The influx of funds allowed Cornell to build its research infrastructure, recruit new investigators, and direct additional resources toward finding better treatments for disease. However, Cornell University Medical College experienced a few more obstacles in the following years: anxieties regarding the spread of communism, the advent of the Cold War, demands for a larger supply of doctors, and the shift towards specialization. In addition, the period of time between entering medical school and starting the practice of medicine had lengthened. Still, despite the cost and extensive training, increasing numbers of applicants flocked to Cornell.
