James Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264294
- eISBN:
- 9780191734335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter discusses the developments in terms of research grants and research funding of the newly established AHRB. By 2002 to 2003, during its fifth year, the AHRB's total budget had increased ...
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This chapter discusses the developments in terms of research grants and research funding of the newly established AHRB. By 2002 to 2003, during its fifth year, the AHRB's total budget had increased from £17.9 million to £64.8 million. During this period, non-programmed costs were capped at five per cent. Putting aside its administrative costs, the AHRB in its fifth year had programmatic expenditures of £61.7 million, a 20 per cent increase from the initially predicted expenditure. Of the £61.7 million, £9 million was allocated to the operation of museums and galleries of English institutions and the rest was equally divided between postgraduate awards and research awards throughout the UK. As funding rose, intellectual ambitions also increased. Several ambitious projects were initiated such as the editing of Francis Bacon's works, the creation of public policy concerning the film and television of Britain and Europe, the pursuing of the long-delayed multinational Romanian project, and several other projects. During this period, the AHRB garnered a distinct sense of direction and momentum. Over three years, the applications of research funding increased to 58 per cent. The applications for the postgraduate awards increased to 20 per cent in a year and the four year doctoral submission rate for arts and humanities students increased to 78 per cent.Less
This chapter discusses the developments in terms of research grants and research funding of the newly established AHRB. By 2002 to 2003, during its fifth year, the AHRB's total budget had increased from £17.9 million to £64.8 million. During this period, non-programmed costs were capped at five per cent. Putting aside its administrative costs, the AHRB in its fifth year had programmatic expenditures of £61.7 million, a 20 per cent increase from the initially predicted expenditure. Of the £61.7 million, £9 million was allocated to the operation of museums and galleries of English institutions and the rest was equally divided between postgraduate awards and research awards throughout the UK. As funding rose, intellectual ambitions also increased. Several ambitious projects were initiated such as the editing of Francis Bacon's works, the creation of public policy concerning the film and television of Britain and Europe, the pursuing of the long-delayed multinational Romanian project, and several other projects. During this period, the AHRB garnered a distinct sense of direction and momentum. Over three years, the applications of research funding increased to 58 per cent. The applications for the postgraduate awards increased to 20 per cent in a year and the four year doctoral submission rate for arts and humanities students increased to 78 per cent.
Norma Morris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590193
- eISBN:
- 9780191723445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590193.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Knowledge Management
The UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) is a periodic nationwide exercise that assesses the research performance of any university in the UK that opts to put itself forward, and a prime example of ...
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The UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) is a periodic nationwide exercise that assesses the research performance of any university in the UK that opts to put itself forward, and a prime example of a fully institutionalized strong Research Evaluation System. Research infrastructure funds are awarded selectively to universities as a block grant on the basis of the scores achieved by their individual departments — or, more accurately ‘units of assessment’. Although the RAE has been around for nearly thirty years and many areas of its design, operation, and effects have been intensely explored, little attention has been given to its differential impact in different academic fields. This chapter focuses on interactions at the level of research performers (drawing on previously collected empirical data, published articles, and archival sources) to provide a practical illustration of how differences in pre-existing authority relations in different academic fields, particularly natural science and arts/social sciences fields, significantly shaped their intellectual organization and policy-adaptability, and hence how the RAE was perceived and its effects managed within universities.Less
The UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) is a periodic nationwide exercise that assesses the research performance of any university in the UK that opts to put itself forward, and a prime example of a fully institutionalized strong Research Evaluation System. Research infrastructure funds are awarded selectively to universities as a block grant on the basis of the scores achieved by their individual departments — or, more accurately ‘units of assessment’. Although the RAE has been around for nearly thirty years and many areas of its design, operation, and effects have been intensely explored, little attention has been given to its differential impact in different academic fields. This chapter focuses on interactions at the level of research performers (drawing on previously collected empirical data, published articles, and archival sources) to provide a practical illustration of how differences in pre-existing authority relations in different academic fields, particularly natural science and arts/social sciences fields, significantly shaped their intellectual organization and policy-adaptability, and hence how the RAE was perceived and its effects managed within universities.
James Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264294
- eISBN:
- 9780191734335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
In general, modern governments invest only a small portion of the national income to the generation of new knowledge. In the United Kingdom, the Department of Science and Industrial Research carried ...
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In general, modern governments invest only a small portion of the national income to the generation of new knowledge. In the United Kingdom, the Department of Science and Industrial Research carried out this task until 1965. Then the Science and Technology Act changed responsibility for the curiosity-driven research to five Research Councils which are funded through the Department of Education and Science. In 1993, a White Paper, Realizing Our Potential called for the reorganization of the Research Councils. This chapter discusses the struggles of the establishment and recognition of the need for Council for Research in the Humanities. In 1961, the British Academy suggested for the creation of Council for Research in the Humanities, however it was not granted in the legislation made in 1965. Instead, a separate Research Council for social science was established, which opened up the possibility of creating a separate Research Council for Humanities. In 1990s, discussions on the reorganization of UK research funding reopened the question of how the government funds and supports research in humanities. It also opened talks for the establishment of a freestanding Humanities Research Council. Sometime in 1992, after deliberate considerations of the possible contributions of a separate research council on humanities, a recommendation for the establishment of Humanities Research Council was made. However, on the same year, the government decided not to set up an agency that would support humanities, and, in 1993, the government made a firm decision not to include humanities in any form to the circle of Research Councils — a decision which irked humanities scholars and academy members.Less
In general, modern governments invest only a small portion of the national income to the generation of new knowledge. In the United Kingdom, the Department of Science and Industrial Research carried out this task until 1965. Then the Science and Technology Act changed responsibility for the curiosity-driven research to five Research Councils which are funded through the Department of Education and Science. In 1993, a White Paper, Realizing Our Potential called for the reorganization of the Research Councils. This chapter discusses the struggles of the establishment and recognition of the need for Council for Research in the Humanities. In 1961, the British Academy suggested for the creation of Council for Research in the Humanities, however it was not granted in the legislation made in 1965. Instead, a separate Research Council for social science was established, which opened up the possibility of creating a separate Research Council for Humanities. In 1990s, discussions on the reorganization of UK research funding reopened the question of how the government funds and supports research in humanities. It also opened talks for the establishment of a freestanding Humanities Research Council. Sometime in 1992, after deliberate considerations of the possible contributions of a separate research council on humanities, a recommendation for the establishment of Humanities Research Council was made. However, on the same year, the government decided not to set up an agency that would support humanities, and, in 1993, the government made a firm decision not to include humanities in any form to the circle of Research Councils — a decision which irked humanities scholars and academy members.
David E. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262016032
- eISBN:
- 9780262298957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262016032.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
There is a large range of national public funding support for health research across countries. By contrast, allocations for overall funding for health literacy and related research areas are ...
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There is a large range of national public funding support for health research across countries. By contrast, allocations for overall funding for health literacy and related research areas are limited. Health research agendas and resource allocation are policy decisions that involve the use of power. There are strong incentives to maintain the status quo, especially in the face of level or declining funding. Many macro- and microlevel factors influence research agendas and funding support. These range from broader societal values and health care delivery systems, to the individuals themselves who make decisions. There is a great need for more research in areas such as implementation of simple interventions in “real-world” settings and the effects of communication technologies on receipt, processing, and seeking of health information by the public. There is some reason for optimism: awareness and support for more transdisciplinary and applied research relevant to health literacy is increasing, and some countries have adopted effective approaches to assess new health technology and treatment prior to introduction into clinical and public health practice.Less
There is a large range of national public funding support for health research across countries. By contrast, allocations for overall funding for health literacy and related research areas are limited. Health research agendas and resource allocation are policy decisions that involve the use of power. There are strong incentives to maintain the status quo, especially in the face of level or declining funding. Many macro- and microlevel factors influence research agendas and funding support. These range from broader societal values and health care delivery systems, to the individuals themselves who make decisions. There is a great need for more research in areas such as implementation of simple interventions in “real-world” settings and the effects of communication technologies on receipt, processing, and seeking of health information by the public. There is some reason for optimism: awareness and support for more transdisciplinary and applied research relevant to health literacy is increasing, and some countries have adopted effective approaches to assess new health technology and treatment prior to introduction into clinical and public health practice.
Dean O. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199793259
- eISBN:
- 9780199896813
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793259.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This book provides a comprehensive background and discussion of all major topics encountered routinely in managing the academic research enterprise. In a sense, it serves as a surrogate mentor with ...
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This book provides a comprehensive background and discussion of all major topics encountered routinely in managing the academic research enterprise. In a sense, it serves as a surrogate mentor with advice and guidance on best practices that set professional standards for academic research leadership. Personnel management sets the framework for effective administration. The book concentrates on clearly defined reporting lines that effectively couple responsibility and authority. Moreover, it stresses the practical need and legal requirements for proper training in assigned areas of responsibility. The financial aspects of academic research are analyzed from an accounting perspective, with an emphasis on sponsored research administration. Methods for increasing research funding supplement this analysis. These include federal and corporate grants and contracts, gifts, and income from university-owned intellectual property. Investment comprises a major element of research administration. How can administrators maximize returns from public, private, and institutional resources invested in the academic research enterprise? This recurrent theme weaves through nearly all chapters in the book. Attention centers primarily on creating an environment that inspires researchers to increase productivity. To protect public health and national security and to ensure proper accountability for its investment in academic research, the federal government has promulgated myriad rules and regulations. Thus, the book examines the ethical basis and rationale for various regulations to provide a pragmatic understanding of regulatory compliance. The book concludes by exploring methods of assessment and evaluation of research performance at an institutional and personal level.Less
This book provides a comprehensive background and discussion of all major topics encountered routinely in managing the academic research enterprise. In a sense, it serves as a surrogate mentor with advice and guidance on best practices that set professional standards for academic research leadership. Personnel management sets the framework for effective administration. The book concentrates on clearly defined reporting lines that effectively couple responsibility and authority. Moreover, it stresses the practical need and legal requirements for proper training in assigned areas of responsibility. The financial aspects of academic research are analyzed from an accounting perspective, with an emphasis on sponsored research administration. Methods for increasing research funding supplement this analysis. These include federal and corporate grants and contracts, gifts, and income from university-owned intellectual property. Investment comprises a major element of research administration. How can administrators maximize returns from public, private, and institutional resources invested in the academic research enterprise? This recurrent theme weaves through nearly all chapters in the book. Attention centers primarily on creating an environment that inspires researchers to increase productivity. To protect public health and national security and to ensure proper accountability for its investment in academic research, the federal government has promulgated myriad rules and regulations. Thus, the book examines the ethical basis and rationale for various regulations to provide a pragmatic understanding of regulatory compliance. The book concludes by exploring methods of assessment and evaluation of research performance at an institutional and personal level.
James Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264294
- eISBN:
- 9780191734335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter discusses how the government agreed to the commitment of establishing an Arts and Humanities Research Council. Following the achievement, aspiration, and resistance in the early years of ...
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This chapter discusses how the government agreed to the commitment of establishing an Arts and Humanities Research Council. Following the achievement, aspiration, and resistance in the early years of the AHRB, Margaret Hodge, who was the Minister of Lifelong Learning and Higher Education in the UK Department of Education and Skills, formulated a Review of Arts and Humanities Research Funding. This review was carried out on behalf of the Ministers responsible for the higher education in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. The review aimed to recommend how to enhance support for arts and humanities, including how to encourage government support on such relevant issues. Of the 117 responses from the formal consultations, 114 – 97 per cent – agreed to the need for an organisation dedicated to arts and humanities. The review was subjected to the deliberations and considerations of the Steering Group. The report made by the group was eventually given to the Education Ministers. The Report of the Steering Group lauded the AHRB which despite its provisional start and status made contributions to society and the sciences. Whilst the government made slow progress on the approval of the creation of the AHRB, in January 22, 2003 the government approved the establishment of an Arts and Humanities Research Council which according to the government should be a fully functioning and statutory research council by 2005.Less
This chapter discusses how the government agreed to the commitment of establishing an Arts and Humanities Research Council. Following the achievement, aspiration, and resistance in the early years of the AHRB, Margaret Hodge, who was the Minister of Lifelong Learning and Higher Education in the UK Department of Education and Skills, formulated a Review of Arts and Humanities Research Funding. This review was carried out on behalf of the Ministers responsible for the higher education in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland. The review aimed to recommend how to enhance support for arts and humanities, including how to encourage government support on such relevant issues. Of the 117 responses from the formal consultations, 114 – 97 per cent – agreed to the need for an organisation dedicated to arts and humanities. The review was subjected to the deliberations and considerations of the Steering Group. The report made by the group was eventually given to the Education Ministers. The Report of the Steering Group lauded the AHRB which despite its provisional start and status made contributions to society and the sciences. Whilst the government made slow progress on the approval of the creation of the AHRB, in January 22, 2003 the government approved the establishment of an Arts and Humanities Research Council which according to the government should be a fully functioning and statutory research council by 2005.
James Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264294
- eISBN:
- 9780191734335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter discusses the existence of support for the AHRB during its struggle for recognition and acceptance. In January 22, 2003, the White Paper on the Future of Higher Education created uproar. ...
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This chapter discusses the existence of support for the AHRB during its struggle for recognition and acceptance. In January 22, 2003, the White Paper on the Future of Higher Education created uproar. This furore over the White Paper was due to concerns over the government's proposal to allow universities to raise fees and to provide deferred loans by which the students might meet those charges. The uproar was also heightened by the government's declared intention to concentrate on research funding. Amidst the din over the AHRB's establishment and the government's intention of giving research funds to research councils, the AHRB found immense support from various groups. Iain Gray, Scotland's Minister For Enterprise and Lifelong Learning, expressed support for the creation of the AHRB. The same warm response to the White Paper and to the prospect of the creation of the AHRB was also expressed by the RCUK Strategy Group which emphasized the importance of arts and humanities as equal to those of engineering, science, and technology. The same response was also accorded by the House of Commons. In addition to the positive responses to the proposal of creating a humanities research council, UK government and political officials were beginning to include the White Paper recommendations into their debates. By mid-summer, widespread support for the AHRB was garnered and on January 27 2004, a second reading of the Higher Education Bill approved the creation of the Arts and Humanities Research Council.Less
This chapter discusses the existence of support for the AHRB during its struggle for recognition and acceptance. In January 22, 2003, the White Paper on the Future of Higher Education created uproar. This furore over the White Paper was due to concerns over the government's proposal to allow universities to raise fees and to provide deferred loans by which the students might meet those charges. The uproar was also heightened by the government's declared intention to concentrate on research funding. Amidst the din over the AHRB's establishment and the government's intention of giving research funds to research councils, the AHRB found immense support from various groups. Iain Gray, Scotland's Minister For Enterprise and Lifelong Learning, expressed support for the creation of the AHRB. The same warm response to the White Paper and to the prospect of the creation of the AHRB was also expressed by the RCUK Strategy Group which emphasized the importance of arts and humanities as equal to those of engineering, science, and technology. The same response was also accorded by the House of Commons. In addition to the positive responses to the proposal of creating a humanities research council, UK government and political officials were beginning to include the White Paper recommendations into their debates. By mid-summer, widespread support for the AHRB was garnered and on January 27 2004, a second reading of the Higher Education Bill approved the creation of the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
James W. Dean Jr. and Deborah Y. Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469653419
- eISBN:
- 9781469653433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653419.003.0008
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
This chapter explains the nature and importance of university research in various fields, how and what research is funded, and the management and monetization of intellectual property.
This chapter explains the nature and importance of university research in various fields, how and what research is funded, and the management and monetization of intellectual property.
Ruth G. McRoy, Jerry P. Flanzer, and Joan Levy Zlotnik
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195399646
- eISBN:
- 9780199932757
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399646.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
McRoy, Flanzer and Zlotnik (and contributing author Lewis) in Building Research Culture and Infrastructure Tools for Social Workers provide information for social work schools and ...
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McRoy, Flanzer and Zlotnik (and contributing author Lewis) in Building Research Culture and Infrastructure Tools for Social Workers provide information for social work schools and departments at various levels of research capacity, to not only examine or re-examine their research climate and culture, but to also assess their readiness to further enhance their research environment. A summary of the historical background of the development of social work research in colleges and universities is provided as well as very specific resources and tips for enhancing involvement of BSW, MSW and PhD social work faculty in research. The authors report on the current climate and status of research infrastructures and enterprise in social work education programs, weaving in information provided by faculty, deans and research administrators, obtained through a questionnaire and interview process. Faculty scenarios illustrating barriers to achieving their research funding goals are addressed along with current examples of specific steps to address these barriers at selected universities. Clear differences between PhD and non-PhD granting institutions in the types of opportunities and strategies for engaging in research, and related issues of financing and administrative support are addressed. Practical tips for grant writing, and seeking federal, state and foundation support make this book not only a guide for building research infrastructure for faculty, deans and university administrators, but it is also a good “ how to” resource for seeking research support itself. Less
McRoy, Flanzer and Zlotnik (and contributing author Lewis) in Building Research Culture and Infrastructure Tools for Social Workers provide information for social work schools and departments at various levels of research capacity, to not only examine or re-examine their research climate and culture, but to also assess their readiness to further enhance their research environment. A summary of the historical background of the development of social work research in colleges and universities is provided as well as very specific resources and tips for enhancing involvement of BSW, MSW and PhD social work faculty in research. The authors report on the current climate and status of research infrastructures and enterprise in social work education programs, weaving in information provided by faculty, deans and research administrators, obtained through a questionnaire and interview process. Faculty scenarios illustrating barriers to achieving their research funding goals are addressed along with current examples of specific steps to address these barriers at selected universities. Clear differences between PhD and non-PhD granting institutions in the types of opportunities and strategies for engaging in research, and related issues of financing and administrative support are addressed. Practical tips for grant writing, and seeking federal, state and foundation support make this book not only a guide for building research infrastructure for faculty, deans and university administrators, but it is also a good “ how to” resource for seeking research support itself.
Julia Brannen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529208566
- eISBN:
- 9781529208610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529208566.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter focuses on the author's experiences of the conditions under which externally funded research is done by looking at a particular research workplace, the work practices that predominated, ...
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This chapter focuses on the author's experiences of the conditions under which externally funded research is done by looking at a particular research workplace, the work practices that predominated, and the significance of research teams and mentors. There appear to be few references in the literature to the significance of the research workplace and its environs, even in texts devoted to the topic of researcher careers. Yet the research workplace — the organisational structures and cultures (which includes formal employment conditions) in which the researcher and the research project are embedded — is critical to the conduct of research, its quality, and its ethical practice. Most externally funded research is team based. Research teams are organised in different ways even within a research unit or department, with some more hierarchical in structure and culture than others. The chapter then explains that team leaders are crucial in determining whether team members are able to make an input into the study's ideas, methodological practices, written outputs, and the oral communication of the research findings.Less
This chapter focuses on the author's experiences of the conditions under which externally funded research is done by looking at a particular research workplace, the work practices that predominated, and the significance of research teams and mentors. There appear to be few references in the literature to the significance of the research workplace and its environs, even in texts devoted to the topic of researcher careers. Yet the research workplace — the organisational structures and cultures (which includes formal employment conditions) in which the researcher and the research project are embedded — is critical to the conduct of research, its quality, and its ethical practice. Most externally funded research is team based. Research teams are organised in different ways even within a research unit or department, with some more hierarchical in structure and culture than others. The chapter then explains that team leaders are crucial in determining whether team members are able to make an input into the study's ideas, methodological practices, written outputs, and the oral communication of the research findings.
Gerd Gigerenzer and J. A. Muir Gray
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262016032
- eISBN:
- 9780262298957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262016032.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
Efficient health care requires informed doctors and patients. The health care system inherited from the 20th century falls short on both counts. Many doctors and most patients do not understand the ...
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Efficient health care requires informed doctors and patients. The health care system inherited from the 20th century falls short on both counts. Many doctors and most patients do not understand the available medical evidence. Seven “sins” are identified which have contributed to this lack of knowledge: biased funding; biased reporting in medical journals; biased patient pamphlets; biased reporting in the media; conflicts of interest; defensive medicine; and medical curricula that fail to teach doctors how to comprehend health statistics. These flaws have generated a partially inefficient system that wastes taxpayers’ money on unnecessary or even potentially harmful tests and treatments as well as on medical research that is of limited relevance to the patient. Raising taxes or rationing care is often seen as the only viable alternative to exploding health care costs. Yet there is a third option: by promoting health literacy, better care is possible for less money. The 21st century should become the century of the patient. Governments and health institutions need to change course and provide honest and transparent information to enable better doctors, better patients, and, ultimately, better health care.Less
Efficient health care requires informed doctors and patients. The health care system inherited from the 20th century falls short on both counts. Many doctors and most patients do not understand the available medical evidence. Seven “sins” are identified which have contributed to this lack of knowledge: biased funding; biased reporting in medical journals; biased patient pamphlets; biased reporting in the media; conflicts of interest; defensive medicine; and medical curricula that fail to teach doctors how to comprehend health statistics. These flaws have generated a partially inefficient system that wastes taxpayers’ money on unnecessary or even potentially harmful tests and treatments as well as on medical research that is of limited relevance to the patient. Raising taxes or rationing care is often seen as the only viable alternative to exploding health care costs. Yet there is a third option: by promoting health literacy, better care is possible for less money. The 21st century should become the century of the patient. Governments and health institutions need to change course and provide honest and transparent information to enable better doctors, better patients, and, ultimately, better health care.
Paula Stephan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226286723
- eISBN:
- 9780226286860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226286860.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines and documents how the Endless Frontier changed the research landscape at universities and how universities responded to the initiative. I show that the agencies it established ...
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This chapter examines and documents how the Endless Frontier changed the research landscape at universities and how universities responded to the initiative. I show that the agencies it established and funded initially recruited research proposals from faculty and applications from students for fellowships and scholarships. By the 1960s, universities began to push for more resources from the federal government for research, support for faculty salary and research assistants and higher indirect costs. The process transformed the relationship between universities and federal funders; it also transformed the relationship between universities and faculty. The university research system that has grown and evolved faces a number of challenges that threaten the health of universities and the research enterprise and have implications for discovery and innovation. Five are discussed in the closing section. They are (1) a proclivity on the part of faculty and funding agencies to be risk averse; (2) the tendency to produce more PhDs than the market for research positions demands; (3) a heavy concentration of research in the biomedical sciences; (4) a continued expansion on the part of universities that may place universities at increased financial risk and (5) a flat or declining amount of federal funds for research.Less
This chapter examines and documents how the Endless Frontier changed the research landscape at universities and how universities responded to the initiative. I show that the agencies it established and funded initially recruited research proposals from faculty and applications from students for fellowships and scholarships. By the 1960s, universities began to push for more resources from the federal government for research, support for faculty salary and research assistants and higher indirect costs. The process transformed the relationship between universities and federal funders; it also transformed the relationship between universities and faculty. The university research system that has grown and evolved faces a number of challenges that threaten the health of universities and the research enterprise and have implications for discovery and innovation. Five are discussed in the closing section. They are (1) a proclivity on the part of faculty and funding agencies to be risk averse; (2) the tendency to produce more PhDs than the market for research positions demands; (3) a heavy concentration of research in the biomedical sciences; (4) a continued expansion on the part of universities that may place universities at increased financial risk and (5) a flat or declining amount of federal funds for research.
Sheila Riddell
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781474404587
- eISBN:
- 9781474418775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474404587.003.0008
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
Across the developed world, the UK is at the forefront of creating a competitive and marketised research system, driven by the belief that this will contribute to the overall effectiveness and ...
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Across the developed world, the UK is at the forefront of creating a competitive and marketised research system, driven by the belief that this will contribute to the overall effectiveness and efficiency of universities and the wider economy. Universities have embraced the entrepreneurial research agenda on the grounds that independently earned income provides a certain degree of freedom from ‘state dependence’. At the same time, it is evident that efforts by the state to control research activity have intensified to ensure that funded research produces practical social and economic benefits. The broad approach to university research in Scotland, and the extent to which this differs from UK research policy, is the central focus of this chapter. We discuss the way in which research featured in the referendum debate, noting areas of agreement and disagreement between the Scottish and UK Governments and the universities. In conclusion, we consider whether research policy in Scotland is consistent with the Scottish Government’s claim that higher education north of the border embodies a different set of social values from those which are found within the wider UK system.Less
Across the developed world, the UK is at the forefront of creating a competitive and marketised research system, driven by the belief that this will contribute to the overall effectiveness and efficiency of universities and the wider economy. Universities have embraced the entrepreneurial research agenda on the grounds that independently earned income provides a certain degree of freedom from ‘state dependence’. At the same time, it is evident that efforts by the state to control research activity have intensified to ensure that funded research produces practical social and economic benefits. The broad approach to university research in Scotland, and the extent to which this differs from UK research policy, is the central focus of this chapter. We discuss the way in which research featured in the referendum debate, noting areas of agreement and disagreement between the Scottish and UK Governments and the universities. In conclusion, we consider whether research policy in Scotland is consistent with the Scottish Government’s claim that higher education north of the border embodies a different set of social values from those which are found within the wider UK system.
Charles Husband (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447314899
- eISBN:
- 9781447314929
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447314899.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This book provides a critical discussion of the fault lines in the contemporary relationship between university based researchers, research funders, and the policy sector in the production and ...
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This book provides a critical discussion of the fault lines in the contemporary relationship between university based researchers, research funders, and the policy sector in the production and utilisation of research to inform policy and practice in ethnic relations. Drawing upon an international range of expert contributions from academics, those working in NGOs and the public sector the detailed case studies, and theoretical analysis, provide challenges to both academics and policy makers to think differently about how to develop better policy agendas in this complex field. The book explores the dynamics of the use and abuse of minority ethnic researchers in the urgent political pursuit of answers to urgent questions about current ethnic relations in diverse societies. The challenges faced by research funders and NGOs seeking to initiate, fund and exploit policy relevant research are explored through the experience of a national and an international case study; and though an examination of state intervention in the research and policy environment informing ethnic relations policy. The book critically explores the impact of the commodification of knowledge on contemporary ethnic relations research and policy.Less
This book provides a critical discussion of the fault lines in the contemporary relationship between university based researchers, research funders, and the policy sector in the production and utilisation of research to inform policy and practice in ethnic relations. Drawing upon an international range of expert contributions from academics, those working in NGOs and the public sector the detailed case studies, and theoretical analysis, provide challenges to both academics and policy makers to think differently about how to develop better policy agendas in this complex field. The book explores the dynamics of the use and abuse of minority ethnic researchers in the urgent political pursuit of answers to urgent questions about current ethnic relations in diverse societies. The challenges faced by research funders and NGOs seeking to initiate, fund and exploit policy relevant research are explored through the experience of a national and an international case study; and though an examination of state intervention in the research and policy environment informing ethnic relations policy. The book critically explores the impact of the commodification of knowledge on contemporary ethnic relations research and policy.
Carol M. Ashton and Nelda P. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199968565
- eISBN:
- 9780199346080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199968565.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to ...
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Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to federally-mandated comparative effectiveness research objected to the policy entirely, proponents of the policy were divided as to where the function should be housed (inside the federal government or outside); how it should be financed (congressional appropriations or fees levied on public and private health insurers and health plans), and how it should be governed (how much representation should each stakeholder have on a governing board). Every specification has its advantages and disadvantages. The two federal mandates currently in force for comparative effectiveness research—the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act and the 2010 Affordable Care Act—differ markedly in placement, financing, governance, research priority-setting methods, and processes, illustrating the fact that every alternative is a balance between advantages and disadvantages.Less
Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to federally-mandated comparative effectiveness research objected to the policy entirely, proponents of the policy were divided as to where the function should be housed (inside the federal government or outside); how it should be financed (congressional appropriations or fees levied on public and private health insurers and health plans), and how it should be governed (how much representation should each stakeholder have on a governing board). Every specification has its advantages and disadvantages. The two federal mandates currently in force for comparative effectiveness research—the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act and the 2010 Affordable Care Act—differ markedly in placement, financing, governance, research priority-setting methods, and processes, illustrating the fact that every alternative is a balance between advantages and disadvantages.
Julia Brannen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529208566
- eISBN:
- 9781529208610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529208566.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This introductory chapter provides a brief biography of the author, offering a glimpse of the author's beginnings in the field of social research. This story is not intended to be a tale of ...
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This introductory chapter provides a brief biography of the author, offering a glimpse of the author's beginnings in the field of social research. This story is not intended to be a tale of individual endeavour but an examination of the times, concerns, and conditions in which the work of one sociologist develops and how a career reliant on research that is externally funded is forged. The research that the author discusses concerns the family and working lives of mothers and fathers, and also the lives of children, both across the life course and over historical time. The book has two main themes that will be interwoven throughout the text. A central theme is how social research matters in relation to historical context. A second theme focuses on the practice of social research; research is a craft that is learned with and from others as well as through reading methodological texts and training. Although the expertise of the researcher is crucial to all phases of the research process, much of the success of funded research is dependent on collaboration and the creation of conditions that are conducive to team-based research.Less
This introductory chapter provides a brief biography of the author, offering a glimpse of the author's beginnings in the field of social research. This story is not intended to be a tale of individual endeavour but an examination of the times, concerns, and conditions in which the work of one sociologist develops and how a career reliant on research that is externally funded is forged. The research that the author discusses concerns the family and working lives of mothers and fathers, and also the lives of children, both across the life course and over historical time. The book has two main themes that will be interwoven throughout the text. A central theme is how social research matters in relation to historical context. A second theme focuses on the practice of social research; research is a craft that is learned with and from others as well as through reading methodological texts and training. Although the expertise of the researcher is crucial to all phases of the research process, much of the success of funded research is dependent on collaboration and the creation of conditions that are conducive to team-based research.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226101644
- eISBN:
- 9780226101668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226101668.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Federal funding has been the driving force behind most basic research in the United States for well over half a century. The results of that research have proven to be critical to scientific and ...
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Federal funding has been the driving force behind most basic research in the United States for well over half a century. The results of that research have proven to be critical to scientific and biomedical advances as well as to economic development. As funding agencies have matured and grown, so have their requirements. This chapter discusses the following: grants as a funding mechanism; available recourse if a grant is not awarded; the terms and conditions of a grant; administration of grant economics; challenging post-award decisions; procurement contracts; cooperative agreements; and the False Claims Act and other sanctions. Case studies are included at the end of the chapter.Less
Federal funding has been the driving force behind most basic research in the United States for well over half a century. The results of that research have proven to be critical to scientific and biomedical advances as well as to economic development. As funding agencies have matured and grown, so have their requirements. This chapter discusses the following: grants as a funding mechanism; available recourse if a grant is not awarded; the terms and conditions of a grant; administration of grant economics; challenging post-award decisions; procurement contracts; cooperative agreements; and the False Claims Act and other sanctions. Case studies are included at the end of the chapter.
Joan A. Steitz
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300102567
- eISBN:
- 9780300130485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300102567.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter examines how American democracy might contribute to the country's status as the world leader in basic scientific research. It compares research in the United States and the Pacific and ...
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This chapter examines how American democracy might contribute to the country's status as the world leader in basic scientific research. It compares research in the United States and the Pacific and European countries, where national bureaucracies and autocratic laboratory directors set top-down research agendas. In the United States, by contrast, competitive research funding, allocated by multiple public and private sources according to highly meritocratic criteria, makes bottom-up initiative the core of the research process. The institutional advantages of the United States do not mean that the government stays out of research; instead, by fostering a competitive and merit-based system of funding, federal policy makes research less rather than more top-down. All this chimes with American cultural habits: self-confident dissent and the compulsion to distinguish oneself from the crowd.Less
This chapter examines how American democracy might contribute to the country's status as the world leader in basic scientific research. It compares research in the United States and the Pacific and European countries, where national bureaucracies and autocratic laboratory directors set top-down research agendas. In the United States, by contrast, competitive research funding, allocated by multiple public and private sources according to highly meritocratic criteria, makes bottom-up initiative the core of the research process. The institutional advantages of the United States do not mean that the government stays out of research; instead, by fostering a competitive and merit-based system of funding, federal policy makes research less rather than more top-down. All this chimes with American cultural habits: self-confident dissent and the compulsion to distinguish oneself from the crowd.
Jie Qi and Ben Levin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447306207
- eISBN:
- 9781447310990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447306207.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter is organised around different dimensions related to research mobilisation in Canada, focusing on the field of education and the role of universities. As background, major features of ...
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This chapter is organised around different dimensions related to research mobilisation in Canada, focusing on the field of education and the role of universities. As background, major features of Canada are described, then the role of government is introduced, including research funding agencies, quality indicators and capacity building. The chapter then looks at the strategies and mechanisms used by universities to share their research and concludes with a discussion about the key debates and considerations around education research mobilisation and identifies unresolved issues to guide future research.Less
This chapter is organised around different dimensions related to research mobilisation in Canada, focusing on the field of education and the role of universities. As background, major features of Canada are described, then the role of government is introduced, including research funding agencies, quality indicators and capacity building. The chapter then looks at the strategies and mechanisms used by universities to share their research and concludes with a discussion about the key debates and considerations around education research mobilisation and identifies unresolved issues to guide future research.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226101644
- eISBN:
- 9780226101668
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226101668.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter focuses on the three types of financial conflict of interest laws affecting the scientific research community. The first section examines personal financial conflicts pertaining to those ...
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This chapter focuses on the three types of financial conflict of interest laws affecting the scientific research community. The first section examines personal financial conflicts pertaining to those who are conducting federally funded or Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-regulated research, as well as the Public Health Service and FDA rules, the National Science Foundation policy, and the disclosures that prudence dictates ought to be included in an informed consent. The second section explores institutional financial conflicts likely to arise when a university or nonprofit research institute enters into a long-term agreement with a profit-making entity, under which the entity provides research funding in exchange for an option to license a significant portion of the inventions in a given field. The third section reviews the complex web of federal criminal statutes and regulations that govern the activities of federal employees, including those scientists who serve on advisory committees and study sections. Case studies are included at the end of the chapter.Less
This chapter focuses on the three types of financial conflict of interest laws affecting the scientific research community. The first section examines personal financial conflicts pertaining to those who are conducting federally funded or Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-regulated research, as well as the Public Health Service and FDA rules, the National Science Foundation policy, and the disclosures that prudence dictates ought to be included in an informed consent. The second section explores institutional financial conflicts likely to arise when a university or nonprofit research institute enters into a long-term agreement with a profit-making entity, under which the entity provides research funding in exchange for an option to license a significant portion of the inventions in a given field. The third section reviews the complex web of federal criminal statutes and regulations that govern the activities of federal employees, including those scientists who serve on advisory committees and study sections. Case studies are included at the end of the chapter.