Janis L. Dickinson and Rick Bonney (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449116
- eISBN:
- 9780801463952
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449116.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Citizen science enlists members of the public to make and record useful observations, such as counting birds in their backyards. The large numbers of volunteers who participate in such projects ...
More
Citizen science enlists members of the public to make and record useful observations, such as counting birds in their backyards. The large numbers of volunteers who participate in such projects collect valuable research data, which create an enormous body of scientific data on a vast geographic scale. In return, such projects aim to increase participants' connections to science, place, and nature. In this book, experts from a variety of disciplines share their experiences of creating and implementing successful citizen science projects, primarily those that use massive data sets gathered by citizen scientists to better understand the impact of environmental change. The book addresses basic aspects of how to conduct citizen science projects, as well as the nuances of creating a robust digital infrastructure and recruiting a large participant base. An overview of the types of environmental research approaches and techniques demonstrates how to make use of large data sets arising from citizen science projects. A final section focuses on citizen science's impacts and its broad connections to understanding the human dimensions and educational aspects of public participation. The book teaches teams of program developers and researchers how to cross the bridge from success at public engagement to using citizen science data to understand patterns and trends or to test hypotheses about how ecological processes respond to change at large geographic scales.Less
Citizen science enlists members of the public to make and record useful observations, such as counting birds in their backyards. The large numbers of volunteers who participate in such projects collect valuable research data, which create an enormous body of scientific data on a vast geographic scale. In return, such projects aim to increase participants' connections to science, place, and nature. In this book, experts from a variety of disciplines share their experiences of creating and implementing successful citizen science projects, primarily those that use massive data sets gathered by citizen scientists to better understand the impact of environmental change. The book addresses basic aspects of how to conduct citizen science projects, as well as the nuances of creating a robust digital infrastructure and recruiting a large participant base. An overview of the types of environmental research approaches and techniques demonstrates how to make use of large data sets arising from citizen science projects. A final section focuses on citizen science's impacts and its broad connections to understanding the human dimensions and educational aspects of public participation. The book teaches teams of program developers and researchers how to cross the bridge from success at public engagement to using citizen science data to understand patterns and trends or to test hypotheses about how ecological processes respond to change at large geographic scales.
Curtis L. Meinert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742967
- eISBN:
- 9780199897278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742967.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter argues that the trouble with subgroup analyses is not in doing them, but rather in their interpretations. The fact that investigators do not report results of subgroup analyses does not ...
More
This chapter argues that the trouble with subgroup analyses is not in doing them, but rather in their interpretations. The fact that investigators do not report results of subgroup analyses does not mean that they were not done, as some would have you believe in regard to gender as a subgrouping variable. The belief that gender-by-treatment interactions are unrecognized because investigators do not look for them is usually false. Most journals have word and table limits. Authors are not likely to use their word and table budgets reporting subgroup analyses unless they think there is something to report. The best that can be expected is a sentence indicating that subgroup analyses were done for designated variables and that no differences were found.Less
This chapter argues that the trouble with subgroup analyses is not in doing them, but rather in their interpretations. The fact that investigators do not report results of subgroup analyses does not mean that they were not done, as some would have you believe in regard to gender as a subgrouping variable. The belief that gender-by-treatment interactions are unrecognized because investigators do not look for them is usually false. Most journals have word and table limits. Authors are not likely to use their word and table budgets reporting subgroup analyses unless they think there is something to report. The best that can be expected is a sentence indicating that subgroup analyses were done for designated variables and that no differences were found.
Ting Fei Ho
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199572915
- eISBN:
- 9780191595110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572915.003.0021
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
In this chapter, an overview of the prevalence and health problems of childhood obesity in Singapore provides a backdrop to the discussion on the measures of prevention and intervention of childhood ...
More
In this chapter, an overview of the prevalence and health problems of childhood obesity in Singapore provides a backdrop to the discussion on the measures of prevention and intervention of childhood obesity in Singapore and the success and failures of these measures. While there is a lack of major publications on the prevention and management of childhood obesity in Singapore, the various reports and limited publications give us a glimpse into the strategies used, the effectiveness, flaws, and the ongoing programs to combat childhood obesity. In addition, the chapter provides new research data and clinical experience in the areas of childhood obesity and related issues such as eating disorders.Less
In this chapter, an overview of the prevalence and health problems of childhood obesity in Singapore provides a backdrop to the discussion on the measures of prevention and intervention of childhood obesity in Singapore and the success and failures of these measures. While there is a lack of major publications on the prevention and management of childhood obesity in Singapore, the various reports and limited publications give us a glimpse into the strategies used, the effectiveness, flaws, and the ongoing programs to combat childhood obesity. In addition, the chapter provides new research data and clinical experience in the areas of childhood obesity and related issues such as eating disorders.
Heather Hamill
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691180687
- eISBN:
- 9781400836734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691180687.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This introductory chapter illustrates the state of crime and punishment in Belfast. A major by-product of the political and civil conflict in Northern Ireland has been a lack of consensus among the ...
More
This introductory chapter illustrates the state of crime and punishment in Belfast. A major by-product of the political and civil conflict in Northern Ireland has been a lack of consensus among the population over who should police ordinary crime and how. This is clearly evidenced among the predominantly Nationalist and Republican inhabitants of West Belfast, who have consistently sought to prevent crime and punish offenders by employing a variety of informal strategies, rather than rely upon the police service. The most notorious of these informal approaches are shootings, beatings, and exclusions by Republican armed groups. The chapter then discusses the research methods and data behind the succeeding chapters.Less
This introductory chapter illustrates the state of crime and punishment in Belfast. A major by-product of the political and civil conflict in Northern Ireland has been a lack of consensus among the population over who should police ordinary crime and how. This is clearly evidenced among the predominantly Nationalist and Republican inhabitants of West Belfast, who have consistently sought to prevent crime and punish offenders by employing a variety of informal strategies, rather than rely upon the police service. The most notorious of these informal approaches are shootings, beatings, and exclusions by Republican armed groups. The chapter then discusses the research methods and data behind the succeeding chapters.
Omar W. Nasim
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226084374
- eISBN:
- 9780226084404
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226084404.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
There can be little doubt that it was because of the giant telescopes that were being built at the end of the 18th and for most of the 19th century that the modern study of nebulae began. Also of ...
More
There can be little doubt that it was because of the giant telescopes that were being built at the end of the 18th and for most of the 19th century that the modern study of nebulae began. Also of immense significance, however, was the fundamental role-played by paper and pencil. But what role did paper and the hand play in coming to terms with something as mysterious as these deep sky objects? What possibly could these paper implements of the hand contribute to the scientific observation of celestial objects that no hand could ever touch, twist or twirl? And in contrast to pencil and paper, when photography was finally successfully applied to the nebulae very late in the century, how exactly did its methods contrast to the former? In order to answer these and other related questions about the techniques, nature and practices of scientific observation, Observing by Hand investigates the unpublished observing books and paper records of five different nineteenth century observers dedicated to the study of the nebulae: Sir John F. W. Herschel, the third Earl of Rosse, William Lassell, Ebenezer Porter Mason, and Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel. The book argues that rather than being mere aide memoire, hand drawn images operated as tools for seeing better with, for directing observation, for selection and judgement, for stabilizing the image of the phenomena, for consolidating and coordinating hands and eyes, and for making out details otherwise barely perceptible. The work explores the relationship between observing, the act of drawing, and the constitution of scientific phenomena.Less
There can be little doubt that it was because of the giant telescopes that were being built at the end of the 18th and for most of the 19th century that the modern study of nebulae began. Also of immense significance, however, was the fundamental role-played by paper and pencil. But what role did paper and the hand play in coming to terms with something as mysterious as these deep sky objects? What possibly could these paper implements of the hand contribute to the scientific observation of celestial objects that no hand could ever touch, twist or twirl? And in contrast to pencil and paper, when photography was finally successfully applied to the nebulae very late in the century, how exactly did its methods contrast to the former? In order to answer these and other related questions about the techniques, nature and practices of scientific observation, Observing by Hand investigates the unpublished observing books and paper records of five different nineteenth century observers dedicated to the study of the nebulae: Sir John F. W. Herschel, the third Earl of Rosse, William Lassell, Ebenezer Porter Mason, and Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel. The book argues that rather than being mere aide memoire, hand drawn images operated as tools for seeing better with, for directing observation, for selection and judgement, for stabilizing the image of the phenomena, for consolidating and coordinating hands and eyes, and for making out details otherwise barely perceptible. The work explores the relationship between observing, the act of drawing, and the constitution of scientific phenomena.
Jessica W. Berg, Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195126778
- eISBN:
- 9780197561386
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0020
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Medical Ethics
Despite apparent similarities in the issues raised, informed consent in the research setting has evolved quite separately from informed consent to ...
More
Despite apparent similarities in the issues raised, informed consent in the research setting has evolved quite separately from informed consent to treatment. Consent to treatment is largely a creature of case law, with some subsequent statutory modification. Consent to research has been shaped by professional codes, statutes, and administrative regulations, with the courts playing a less important role. Systematic medical research, of course, is a newer phenomenon than medical treatment. The eighteenth century saw some of the first efforts to demonstrate the etiology of diseases. One was Lind’s controlled study of the effects of citrus juices in preventing scurvy (1). Pierre Louis’s classic study, in the 1820s, of the efficacy of bloodletting as a treatment for pneumonia demonstrated the potential of clinical investigation, but his medical colleagues were slow to follow his lead (2). By the turn of the century, the pace of experimentation with human subjects was quickening. The etiologies of beriberi and pellagra, for example, were discovered using human volunteers. In the early years of systematic medical investigation, only sporadic attention was paid to the circumstances under which research should be carried out, including the issue of consent. There are a few statements from leading physicians of the time, such as Paul Ehrlich and William Osier, endorsing the disclosure of information about the risks and benefits of experimental treatment. After a public scandal in Prussia in the 1890s, involving experimentation on unsuspecting patients who were inoculated with the spirochete that causes syphilis, the Prussian government required consent for any further research with human subjects (3). Shortly thereafter, Walter Reed, conducting his famous experiments in Cuba on yellow fever, developed a contract—very much like the modern consent form— for his volunteers to sign, which included a discussion of the risks they would be running (3). Public concern in Germany culminated in the 1931 promulgation of guidelines that required clear explanations of innovative or experimental treatments (4). Interestingly, this pre-war German code of ethics, which addressed human experimentation, was, in some ways, more extensive in its protections and principles than either the post-war Nuremberg Code or Helsinki Declaration (5).
Less
Despite apparent similarities in the issues raised, informed consent in the research setting has evolved quite separately from informed consent to treatment. Consent to treatment is largely a creature of case law, with some subsequent statutory modification. Consent to research has been shaped by professional codes, statutes, and administrative regulations, with the courts playing a less important role. Systematic medical research, of course, is a newer phenomenon than medical treatment. The eighteenth century saw some of the first efforts to demonstrate the etiology of diseases. One was Lind’s controlled study of the effects of citrus juices in preventing scurvy (1). Pierre Louis’s classic study, in the 1820s, of the efficacy of bloodletting as a treatment for pneumonia demonstrated the potential of clinical investigation, but his medical colleagues were slow to follow his lead (2). By the turn of the century, the pace of experimentation with human subjects was quickening. The etiologies of beriberi and pellagra, for example, were discovered using human volunteers. In the early years of systematic medical investigation, only sporadic attention was paid to the circumstances under which research should be carried out, including the issue of consent. There are a few statements from leading physicians of the time, such as Paul Ehrlich and William Osier, endorsing the disclosure of information about the risks and benefits of experimental treatment. After a public scandal in Prussia in the 1890s, involving experimentation on unsuspecting patients who were inoculated with the spirochete that causes syphilis, the Prussian government required consent for any further research with human subjects (3). Shortly thereafter, Walter Reed, conducting his famous experiments in Cuba on yellow fever, developed a contract—very much like the modern consent form— for his volunteers to sign, which included a discussion of the risks they would be running (3). Public concern in Germany culminated in the 1931 promulgation of guidelines that required clear explanations of innovative or experimental treatments (4). Interestingly, this pre-war German code of ethics, which addressed human experimentation, was, in some ways, more extensive in its protections and principles than either the post-war Nuremberg Code or Helsinki Declaration (5).
