Cindy Dell Clark
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195376593
- eISBN:
- 9780199865437
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376593.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
This book provides qualitative researchers with a guide to inquiry that learns from, with and about children. From fieldwork done during participant observation, to focus groups and depth ...
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This book provides qualitative researchers with a guide to inquiry that learns from, with and about children. From fieldwork done during participant observation, to focus groups and depth interviews, to the use of artwork, photography, play and metaphors, viable methods to foreground children’s views are featured. The tools for child-centered research and its interpretation are drawn from both academic and applied qualitative inquiry, providing broad instruction across a range of kid-attuned approaches. The book takes stock of a blossoming world-wide child-centered research movement, and its promise of better grasping children’s lives. Child-focused inquiry, the book insists, has relevance to both academic theory and practical application, including public policy.Less
This book provides qualitative researchers with a guide to inquiry that learns from, with and about children. From fieldwork done during participant observation, to focus groups and depth interviews, to the use of artwork, photography, play and metaphors, viable methods to foreground children’s views are featured. The tools for child-centered research and its interpretation are drawn from both academic and applied qualitative inquiry, providing broad instruction across a range of kid-attuned approaches. The book takes stock of a blossoming world-wide child-centered research movement, and its promise of better grasping children’s lives. Child-focused inquiry, the book insists, has relevance to both academic theory and practical application, including public policy.
Elizabeth Popp Berman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147086
- eISBN:
- 9781400840472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147086.003.0006
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
This chapter examines the development of a new market-logic practice in academic science, namely the creation of university–industry research centers. It begins by reviewing the origins of this ...
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This chapter examines the development of a new market-logic practice in academic science, namely the creation of university–industry research centers. It begins by reviewing the origins of this practice, then tracks its early development as well as limits to its growth and spread. It then goes on to examine policy decisions that removed these limits and replaced them with incentives, and considers how political concern with the economic impact of innovation contributed to these decisions. The chapter concludes with a look at the subsequent takeoff of this practice, followed by a discussion of the conditions that appear to have been necessary for this takeoff to occur.Less
This chapter examines the development of a new market-logic practice in academic science, namely the creation of university–industry research centers. It begins by reviewing the origins of this practice, then tracks its early development as well as limits to its growth and spread. It then goes on to examine policy decisions that removed these limits and replaced them with incentives, and considers how political concern with the economic impact of innovation contributed to these decisions. The chapter concludes with a look at the subsequent takeoff of this practice, followed by a discussion of the conditions that appear to have been necessary for this takeoff to occur.
Adriana Petryna
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151663
- eISBN:
- 9781400845095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151663.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the ethical positions of local scientists and clinicians from the perspective of Soviet and post-Soviet scientific trajectories as well as in relation to international ...
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This chapter examines the ethical positions of local scientists and clinicians from the perspective of Soviet and post-Soviet scientific trajectories as well as in relation to international scientific influences. More specifically, it considers how the radiation research process makes connections between ailments and the Chernobyl disaster real—that is, organic. It also explores how scientific and political pressures at the international level restrict local discourses on the health effects of radiation from the Chernobyl disaster and influence the processes through which the biology of such effects becomes an object of contested scientific understanding and research. Finally, it shows how patients become captives of a new sociality in Ukraine and describes the changing doctor–patient relations, along with the in utero research carried out, at the Radiation Research Center.Less
This chapter examines the ethical positions of local scientists and clinicians from the perspective of Soviet and post-Soviet scientific trajectories as well as in relation to international scientific influences. More specifically, it considers how the radiation research process makes connections between ailments and the Chernobyl disaster real—that is, organic. It also explores how scientific and political pressures at the international level restrict local discourses on the health effects of radiation from the Chernobyl disaster and influence the processes through which the biology of such effects becomes an object of contested scientific understanding and research. Finally, it shows how patients become captives of a new sociality in Ukraine and describes the changing doctor–patient relations, along with the in utero research carried out, at the Radiation Research Center.
Elizabeth Popp Berman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147086
- eISBN:
- 9781400840472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147086.003.0007
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
The preceding three chapters showed how changes in the policy environment, driven by a newfound political concern with innovation, allowed specific market-oriented practices to grow and spread across ...
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The preceding three chapters showed how changes in the policy environment, driven by a newfound political concern with innovation, allowed specific market-oriented practices to grow and spread across universities in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This chapter examines how the market logic embodied in those practices became increasingly influential throughout academic science during the 1980s. The success of biotech entrepreneurship, university patenting, and university-industry research centers encouraged additional experiments with and expansions of market-logic activity, only some of which were successful. The 1980s also saw a new wave of expansion of older market-oriented activities, like research parks, that had stagnated during the 1970s.Less
The preceding three chapters showed how changes in the policy environment, driven by a newfound political concern with innovation, allowed specific market-oriented practices to grow and spread across universities in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This chapter examines how the market logic embodied in those practices became increasingly influential throughout academic science during the 1980s. The success of biotech entrepreneurship, university patenting, and university-industry research centers encouraged additional experiments with and expansions of market-logic activity, only some of which were successful. The 1980s also saw a new wave of expansion of older market-oriented activities, like research parks, that had stagnated during the 1970s.
Gregory J. Feist
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753628
- eISBN:
- 9780199950027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
Since 2006, the psychology of science has become an established discipline. The year 2006 saw the first international conference, from which the International Society for the Psychology of Science ...
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Since 2006, the psychology of science has become an established discipline. The year 2006 saw the first international conference, from which the International Society for the Psychology of Science and Technology was launched. The following year, the first peer-reviewed journal was started, the Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology. The society and journal are still relatively small and young. The question arises, where next? To survive and thrive, graduate training programs, federally funded grants, research centers, undergraduate and graduate courses, and degrees are needed. The society has been working on proposals for training grants and other graduate-student-oriented initiatives, such as awards and scholarships for the best research projects on the psychology of science. This chapter reviews the history of the field and describes some of the initiatives being undertaken to ensure its healthy maturation in the future.Less
Since 2006, the psychology of science has become an established discipline. The year 2006 saw the first international conference, from which the International Society for the Psychology of Science and Technology was launched. The following year, the first peer-reviewed journal was started, the Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology. The society and journal are still relatively small and young. The question arises, where next? To survive and thrive, graduate training programs, federally funded grants, research centers, undergraduate and graduate courses, and degrees are needed. The society has been working on proposals for training grants and other graduate-student-oriented initiatives, such as awards and scholarships for the best research projects on the psychology of science. This chapter reviews the history of the field and describes some of the initiatives being undertaken to ensure its healthy maturation in the future.
Paul Erickson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226097039
- eISBN:
- 9780226097206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226097206.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, game theory became caught up in a heated and chaotic set of debates about nuclear strategy and the possibility of arms control Bertrand Russell and Herman Kahn ...
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In the late 1950s and early 1960s, game theory became caught up in a heated and chaotic set of debates about nuclear strategy and the possibility of arms control Bertrand Russell and Herman Kahn invoked the game of “chicken” in discussions of international brinksmanship, and the “Prisoner’s Dilemma” emerged as a model of the Cold War arms race. Simultaneously, the problem of how to behave rationally when faced with such games became perhaps the central problem of the age. This chapter provides a window onto these debates by examining the use of game theory by a community of social and behavioral scientists affiliated with the University of Michigan’s Mental Health Research Institute and Center for Research on Conflict Resolution during this period. Here, game theory proved a powerful notational device capable of facilitating several interventions of behavioral science into debates over arms control and weapons policy. But while game theory could facilitate conversations across research scales and disciplinary divides, despite the hopes of some, it proved less successful at providing principles of rationality to forge consensus on how to solve problems of conflict resolution and arms control.Less
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, game theory became caught up in a heated and chaotic set of debates about nuclear strategy and the possibility of arms control Bertrand Russell and Herman Kahn invoked the game of “chicken” in discussions of international brinksmanship, and the “Prisoner’s Dilemma” emerged as a model of the Cold War arms race. Simultaneously, the problem of how to behave rationally when faced with such games became perhaps the central problem of the age. This chapter provides a window onto these debates by examining the use of game theory by a community of social and behavioral scientists affiliated with the University of Michigan’s Mental Health Research Institute and Center for Research on Conflict Resolution during this period. Here, game theory proved a powerful notational device capable of facilitating several interventions of behavioral science into debates over arms control and weapons policy. But while game theory could facilitate conversations across research scales and disciplinary divides, despite the hopes of some, it proved less successful at providing principles of rationality to forge consensus on how to solve problems of conflict resolution and arms control.
Eduardo Vasconcellos
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195062526
- eISBN:
- 9780199854905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195062526.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
An evaluation of the processes and outcomes of interdisciplinary type of inquiry in the government research centers of Brazil is conducted in order to capitalize on the strengths and point out ...
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An evaluation of the processes and outcomes of interdisciplinary type of inquiry in the government research centers of Brazil is conducted in order to capitalize on the strengths and point out pitfalls. High- and low-performing projects are contrasted when it comes to conflict management, interpersonal relationships, size, and extent of interdisciplinarity. These explicit and implicit interests in the supervision of interdisciplinary research development are caused by four factors: (1) problems are to be accounted for by variables coming from different fields; (2) some topics are unresolved through departmental perspective, hence identifying them as handled under cross-disciplinary approaches; (3) the need for increased levels of specialization is prevalent; and (4) the importance of the integration of knowledge from various fields has been recognized.Less
An evaluation of the processes and outcomes of interdisciplinary type of inquiry in the government research centers of Brazil is conducted in order to capitalize on the strengths and point out pitfalls. High- and low-performing projects are contrasted when it comes to conflict management, interpersonal relationships, size, and extent of interdisciplinarity. These explicit and implicit interests in the supervision of interdisciplinary research development are caused by four factors: (1) problems are to be accounted for by variables coming from different fields; (2) some topics are unresolved through departmental perspective, hence identifying them as handled under cross-disciplinary approaches; (3) the need for increased levels of specialization is prevalent; and (4) the importance of the integration of knowledge from various fields has been recognized.
Stephanie D. Teasley, Titus Schleyer, Libby Hemphill, and Eric Cook
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262151207
- eISBN:
- 9780262281041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262151207.003.0014
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter examines how distributed biomedical research centres help in initiating biomedical research. It finds that each research centre has set aside funding particularly to support a ...
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This chapter examines how distributed biomedical research centres help in initiating biomedical research. It finds that each research centre has set aside funding particularly to support a collaboratory in the field of biomedical research. These centres play a key role in providing funding for young researchers and in encouraging them to generate pilot data for a specific biomedical research project. They also designate speakers to offer an educational program along with providing cores and services to respective members at affordable prices. These centres have also provided funding and established the necessary infrastructure for facilitating collaboration among members of geographically distributed research centres.Less
This chapter examines how distributed biomedical research centres help in initiating biomedical research. It finds that each research centre has set aside funding particularly to support a collaboratory in the field of biomedical research. These centres play a key role in providing funding for young researchers and in encouraging them to generate pilot data for a specific biomedical research project. They also designate speakers to offer an educational program along with providing cores and services to respective members at affordable prices. These centres have also provided funding and established the necessary infrastructure for facilitating collaboration among members of geographically distributed research centres.
Carol M. Ashton and Nelda P. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199968565
- eISBN:
- 9780199346080
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199968565.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Americans like to believe that the medical care we get from our doctors is based on solid scientific evidence. We hear often that American medical care and medical research are the best in the world. ...
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Americans like to believe that the medical care we get from our doctors is based on solid scientific evidence. We hear often that American medical care and medical research are the best in the world. Yet between 2003 and 2010, three different laws were enacted, the most recent being the Affordable Care Act of 2010, that mandated new federal investments in a type of clinical research called comparative effectiveness research, research into what works best in medical care. In this book, we tell the story of how—and why—the federal government decided to make comparative effectiveness research an important feature of health reform. Despite significant legislative uptake of policy proposals on comparative effectiveness research, support for federal mandates took dramatic twists and turns as bipartisan alliances fell apart, special interests resisted, public opinion was mobilized, and compromises were reached. We examine where comparative effectiveness research fits in the production of scientific evidence about the benefits and harms of treatments for human diseases and conditions, and offer sobering confirmation that contemporary American medical care falls far short of the evidence-based ideal. While more research is needed, payment policy will be required in order to align medical practice with what the evidence shows works best in specific clinical scenarios, improving patients’ outcomes and enhancing the value of health care expenditures. Moreover, if we are to deal constructively with the vast uncertainties in medical care, policies are needed to make the generation of high-quality evidence an inseparable part of routine medical care.Less
Americans like to believe that the medical care we get from our doctors is based on solid scientific evidence. We hear often that American medical care and medical research are the best in the world. Yet between 2003 and 2010, three different laws were enacted, the most recent being the Affordable Care Act of 2010, that mandated new federal investments in a type of clinical research called comparative effectiveness research, research into what works best in medical care. In this book, we tell the story of how—and why—the federal government decided to make comparative effectiveness research an important feature of health reform. Despite significant legislative uptake of policy proposals on comparative effectiveness research, support for federal mandates took dramatic twists and turns as bipartisan alliances fell apart, special interests resisted, public opinion was mobilized, and compromises were reached. We examine where comparative effectiveness research fits in the production of scientific evidence about the benefits and harms of treatments for human diseases and conditions, and offer sobering confirmation that contemporary American medical care falls far short of the evidence-based ideal. While more research is needed, payment policy will be required in order to align medical practice with what the evidence shows works best in specific clinical scenarios, improving patients’ outcomes and enhancing the value of health care expenditures. Moreover, if we are to deal constructively with the vast uncertainties in medical care, policies are needed to make the generation of high-quality evidence an inseparable part of routine medical care.
Steven C. Currall, Ed Frauenheim, Sara Jansen Perry, and Emily M. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199330706
- eISBN:
- 9780199364008
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199330706.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
“Organized” and “innovation” are words rarely heard together. But an organized approach to innovation is precisely what America needs today. This book presents a blueprint for coordinating technology ...
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“Organized” and “innovation” are words rarely heard together. But an organized approach to innovation is precisely what America needs today. This book presents a blueprint for coordinating technology breakthroughs to advance America’s global competitiveness and prosperity. That prosperity is at risk. As other nations bolster technology innovation efforts, America’s research, development, and commercialization enterprise is falling behind. An “innovation gap“ has emerged in recent decades, where US universities focus on basic research and industry concentrates on incremental product development. The country has failed to address the innovation gap because of three myths—innovation is about lone geniuses, the free market, and serendipity. These myths blind us from seeing that we tolerate a dysfunctional system of unorganized innovation. Organized Innovation provides a framework for optimizing the way America creates, develops, and commercializes technology breakthroughs. A roadmap for universities, business, and government, Organized Innovation argues that leaders can purposefully create the conditions that best generate high-impact technologies. The framework’s three pillars—Channeled Curiosity, Boundary-Breaking Collaboration, and Orchestrated Commercialization—provide prescriptions for fostering those conditions. The model is grounded in the authors’ seminal study of the National Science Foundation’s Engineering Research Center program, which has returned to the US economy more than ten times the funding invested in it. For too long, our approach to technology innovation has been unorganized. The authors enable us to turn the page. They show us how to organize innovation for a more prosperous, hopeful future.Less
“Organized” and “innovation” are words rarely heard together. But an organized approach to innovation is precisely what America needs today. This book presents a blueprint for coordinating technology breakthroughs to advance America’s global competitiveness and prosperity. That prosperity is at risk. As other nations bolster technology innovation efforts, America’s research, development, and commercialization enterprise is falling behind. An “innovation gap“ has emerged in recent decades, where US universities focus on basic research and industry concentrates on incremental product development. The country has failed to address the innovation gap because of three myths—innovation is about lone geniuses, the free market, and serendipity. These myths blind us from seeing that we tolerate a dysfunctional system of unorganized innovation. Organized Innovation provides a framework for optimizing the way America creates, develops, and commercializes technology breakthroughs. A roadmap for universities, business, and government, Organized Innovation argues that leaders can purposefully create the conditions that best generate high-impact technologies. The framework’s three pillars—Channeled Curiosity, Boundary-Breaking Collaboration, and Orchestrated Commercialization—provide prescriptions for fostering those conditions. The model is grounded in the authors’ seminal study of the National Science Foundation’s Engineering Research Center program, which has returned to the US economy more than ten times the funding invested in it. For too long, our approach to technology innovation has been unorganized. The authors enable us to turn the page. They show us how to organize innovation for a more prosperous, hopeful future.
William A. Richards and G. William Barnard
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174060
- eISBN:
- 9780231540919
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174060.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Psychopharmacology
The Taboo of Knowing who you Are and the future of psychedelic studies.
The Taboo of Knowing who you Are and the future of psychedelic studies.
Wojciech Kołątaj, Grzegorz Majcherek, and Ewa Parandowska
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774160769
- eISBN:
- 9781936190034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160769.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
The chief objectives of the mosaics conservation project were the conservation, protection, and display of the floor mosaics from the Early Roman Villa alpha, discovered at Kom al-Dikka in ...
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The chief objectives of the mosaics conservation project were the conservation, protection, and display of the floor mosaics from the Early Roman Villa alpha, discovered at Kom al-Dikka in Alexandria. The project had three complementary elements, firstly, conservation of the mosaic floors; secondly, construction of the shelter; and thirdly, landscaping of the surrounding area in order to open up the mosaics to the visiting public. The mosaic floors can be viewed from a footbridge spanning the area above the level of the ancient floors, thus removing the potential threat of damage resulting from visitors walking directly on the floors. The project was financed by the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) under the Egyptian Antiquities Project (EAP), which was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Less
The chief objectives of the mosaics conservation project were the conservation, protection, and display of the floor mosaics from the Early Roman Villa alpha, discovered at Kom al-Dikka in Alexandria. The project had three complementary elements, firstly, conservation of the mosaic floors; secondly, construction of the shelter; and thirdly, landscaping of the surrounding area in order to open up the mosaics to the visiting public. The mosaic floors can be viewed from a footbridge spanning the area above the level of the ancient floors, thus removing the potential threat of damage resulting from visitors walking directly on the floors. The project was financed by the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) under the Egyptian Antiquities Project (EAP), which was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Carol M. Ashton and Nelda P. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199968565
- eISBN:
- 9780199346080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199968565.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to ...
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Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to federally-mandated comparative effectiveness research objected to the policy entirely, proponents of the policy were divided as to where the function should be housed (inside the federal government or outside); how it should be financed (congressional appropriations or fees levied on public and private health insurers and health plans), and how it should be governed (how much representation should each stakeholder have on a governing board). Every specification has its advantages and disadvantages. The two federal mandates currently in force for comparative effectiveness research—the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act and the 2010 Affordable Care Act—differ markedly in placement, financing, governance, research priority-setting methods, and processes, illustrating the fact that every alternative is a balance between advantages and disadvantages.Less
Throughout the legislative odyssey of federal policy on comparative effectiveness research from 2002 to 2008, the specifics of the policy took many different forms. While opponents to federally-mandated comparative effectiveness research objected to the policy entirely, proponents of the policy were divided as to where the function should be housed (inside the federal government or outside); how it should be financed (congressional appropriations or fees levied on public and private health insurers and health plans), and how it should be governed (how much representation should each stakeholder have on a governing board). Every specification has its advantages and disadvantages. The two federal mandates currently in force for comparative effectiveness research—the 2003 Medicare Modernization Act and the 2010 Affordable Care Act—differ markedly in placement, financing, governance, research priority-setting methods, and processes, illustrating the fact that every alternative is a balance between advantages and disadvantages.
Carol M. Ashton and Nelda P. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199968565
- eISBN:
- 9780199346080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199968565.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
The Democrats gained control of Congress in 2007, and the debates about the CHAMP Act’s comparative effectiveness provisions had occurred against the party’s mobilization to win the White House. With ...
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The Democrats gained control of Congress in 2007, and the debates about the CHAMP Act’s comparative effectiveness provisions had occurred against the party’s mobilization to win the White House. With the prospect of a Democratic president came the chance of comprehensive health care reform. In late2007 and early 2008 the US economy began its slide into the Great Recession and was in free-fall when Barack Obama was elected president in November 2008. Within 3 weeks the new administration was presenting its plans for fiscal stimulus. Many pieces of ready-to-go legislation were amalgamated to form the February 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, among them $1.1 billion for comparative effectiveness research. A cliff-hanger battle for health reform culminated in the March 2010 Affordable Care Act, one provision of which was a federal mandate for comparative effectiveness research modelled on a proposal of Senators Max Baucus (D-MT) and Kent Conrad (D-ND).Less
The Democrats gained control of Congress in 2007, and the debates about the CHAMP Act’s comparative effectiveness provisions had occurred against the party’s mobilization to win the White House. With the prospect of a Democratic president came the chance of comprehensive health care reform. In late2007 and early 2008 the US economy began its slide into the Great Recession and was in free-fall when Barack Obama was elected president in November 2008. Within 3 weeks the new administration was presenting its plans for fiscal stimulus. Many pieces of ready-to-go legislation were amalgamated to form the February 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, among them $1.1 billion for comparative effectiveness research. A cliff-hanger battle for health reform culminated in the March 2010 Affordable Care Act, one provision of which was a federal mandate for comparative effectiveness research modelled on a proposal of Senators Max Baucus (D-MT) and Kent Conrad (D-ND).
Ethan Schrum
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501736643
- eISBN:
- 9781501736650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501736643.003.0006
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
Chapter 5 examines how Samuel P. Hayes, Jr., an early Point Four official who later helped design the Peace Corps, tried to “use” the University of Michigan to establish a program of ...
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Chapter 5 examines how Samuel P. Hayes, Jr., an early Point Four official who later helped design the Peace Corps, tried to “use” the University of Michigan to establish a program of multidisciplinary organized research on economic development, the Center for Research on Economic Development (CRED). The resistance he encountered from university administrators and economics department colleagues suggests that traditional academic norms did not always yield completely to interdisciplinary organized research. Yet the establishment of CRED, which had parallels at the University of Chicago, Vanderbilt, and Yale, suggests the importance of economic development as a focus for organized research in the instrumental university. This chapter also provides an account of the new subfield of development economics and of the relationship between the economics discipline and the behavioral science paradigm.Less
Chapter 5 examines how Samuel P. Hayes, Jr., an early Point Four official who later helped design the Peace Corps, tried to “use” the University of Michigan to establish a program of multidisciplinary organized research on economic development, the Center for Research on Economic Development (CRED). The resistance he encountered from university administrators and economics department colleagues suggests that traditional academic norms did not always yield completely to interdisciplinary organized research. Yet the establishment of CRED, which had parallels at the University of Chicago, Vanderbilt, and Yale, suggests the importance of economic development as a focus for organized research in the instrumental university. This chapter also provides an account of the new subfield of development economics and of the relationship between the economics discipline and the behavioral science paradigm.
John C. Rodger
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520240247
- eISBN:
- 9780520930636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520240247.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter examines the application of a variety of laboratory and field disciplines of experimental research to the conservation of endangered marsupials and the management of marsupial pest ...
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This chapter examines the application of a variety of laboratory and field disciplines of experimental research to the conservation of endangered marsupials and the management of marsupial pest control in Australia and New Zealand. It discusses an integrated approach to conservation, illustrating the interaction between researchers and managers at work. It draws on examples from the research and communications programmes of the Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme, which encourages integrated, multidisciplinary research and technology development.Less
This chapter examines the application of a variety of laboratory and field disciplines of experimental research to the conservation of endangered marsupials and the management of marsupial pest control in Australia and New Zealand. It discusses an integrated approach to conservation, illustrating the interaction between researchers and managers at work. It draws on examples from the research and communications programmes of the Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) Programme, which encourages integrated, multidisciplinary research and technology development.
Steven C. Currall, Ed Frauenheim, Sara Jansen Perry, and Emily M. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199330706
- eISBN:
- 9780199364008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199330706.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This chapter begins with the case of the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN), a Rice University research center that a made a big difference in the science of the small. ...
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This chapter begins with the case of the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN), a Rice University research center that a made a big difference in the science of the small. CBEN embodied the key elements of the Organized Innovation framework. The chapter defines the framework and its three pillars: Channeled Curiosity, Boundary-Breaking Collaboration, and Orchestrated Commercialization. We explain the role of universities, government, and industry in this framework and explain how it builds on the latest research on innovation. Organized Innovation amounts to a new blueprint for how universities, government, and business can join forces to create technology revolutions that benefit society.Less
This chapter begins with the case of the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN), a Rice University research center that a made a big difference in the science of the small. CBEN embodied the key elements of the Organized Innovation framework. The chapter defines the framework and its three pillars: Channeled Curiosity, Boundary-Breaking Collaboration, and Orchestrated Commercialization. We explain the role of universities, government, and industry in this framework and explain how it builds on the latest research on innovation. Organized Innovation amounts to a new blueprint for how universities, government, and business can join forces to create technology revolutions that benefit society.
Rodrigo Velazquez Lopez Velarde
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447329152
- eISBN:
- 9781447329176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447329152.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Until the 1990s, the Mexican Congress functioned as a rubber-stamp institution whose main function was the approval of the presidents’ bills. The subordination of Congress to the executive branch ...
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Until the 1990s, the Mexican Congress functioned as a rubber-stamp institution whose main function was the approval of the presidents’ bills. The subordination of Congress to the executive branch produced, among other effects, the hindering of legislative policy analysis. Since government agencies had control over the policy process, it was not necessary for legislators neither to become policy specialists nor to invest resources and time in the development of professional staffs that could carry out policy analysis on diverse areas. However, as the process of democratization advanced, legislators started to create research centers and established civil service systems in order to professionalize the staff that supports legislative work. This chapter provides an assessment of the congressional policy analysis carried out in Mexico by focusing on the lower chamber (Chamber of Deputies) of the federal Congress. It argues that research centres and legislative committees perform three types of policy analysis. The limited functioning of the civil service system, the politicization of legislative staff, and low salaries are the main factors that undermine the quality of policy analysis in the Chamber of Deputies.Less
Until the 1990s, the Mexican Congress functioned as a rubber-stamp institution whose main function was the approval of the presidents’ bills. The subordination of Congress to the executive branch produced, among other effects, the hindering of legislative policy analysis. Since government agencies had control over the policy process, it was not necessary for legislators neither to become policy specialists nor to invest resources and time in the development of professional staffs that could carry out policy analysis on diverse areas. However, as the process of democratization advanced, legislators started to create research centers and established civil service systems in order to professionalize the staff that supports legislative work. This chapter provides an assessment of the congressional policy analysis carried out in Mexico by focusing on the lower chamber (Chamber of Deputies) of the federal Congress. It argues that research centres and legislative committees perform three types of policy analysis. The limited functioning of the civil service system, the politicization of legislative staff, and low salaries are the main factors that undermine the quality of policy analysis in the Chamber of Deputies.
Steven C. Currall, Ed Frauenheim, Sara Jansen Perry, and Emily M. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199330706
- eISBN:
- 9780199364008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199330706.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This appendix begins with the history of the Engineering Research Center program, a National Science Foundation initiative whose roots lie in concerns about American competitiveness in the 1980s. NSF ...
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This appendix begins with the history of the Engineering Research Center program, a National Science Foundation initiative whose roots lie in concerns about American competitiveness in the 1980s. NSF responded to worries about US innovation efforts and engineering education flaws with a program that by design brought together academic researchers and industry leaders. The ERC program also made interdisciplinary collaboration a centerpiece, and introduced a novel organizing tool: the three-plane strategic planning framework. The chapter also highlights the remarkably successful track record of the ERC program. ERCs reaped a return in the tens of billions of dollars for the $1 billion invested in them from 1985 through 2009. The centers have produced graduates much better prepared to make a difference in industry. And the three-plane framework has improved the strategic planning capabilities of many research leaders.Less
This appendix begins with the history of the Engineering Research Center program, a National Science Foundation initiative whose roots lie in concerns about American competitiveness in the 1980s. NSF responded to worries about US innovation efforts and engineering education flaws with a program that by design brought together academic researchers and industry leaders. The ERC program also made interdisciplinary collaboration a centerpiece, and introduced a novel organizing tool: the three-plane strategic planning framework. The chapter also highlights the remarkably successful track record of the ERC program. ERCs reaped a return in the tens of billions of dollars for the $1 billion invested in them from 1985 through 2009. The centers have produced graduates much better prepared to make a difference in industry. And the three-plane framework has improved the strategic planning capabilities of many research leaders.
Abena Dove Osseo-Asare
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226085524
- eISBN:
- 9780226086163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226086163.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Ghanaian scientists and healers vied for rights to a promising treatment for drug-resistant malaria, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. During the colonial period, healers developed therapies for malaria ...
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Ghanaian scientists and healers vied for rights to a promising treatment for drug-resistant malaria, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. During the colonial period, healers developed therapies for malaria even though government did not see the disease as a problem for Africans. Ghanaian scientists then re-examined traditional therapies for malaria and other diseases through a nationalized plant screening exercise in the 1950s and 60s. The co-founders of Ghana’s Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine, the physician Oku Ampofo and pharmacist Albert Nii Tackie led research on roots of Cryptolepis. Given economic and political setbacks in the 1980s and 1990s, the team privatized their research through the US-based firm Phyto-Riker, leading to tensions with healers and other scientists. Because harvesting the plant’s roots is unsustainable, Ghanaian plant experts fear this promising treatment for malaria will flounder, even as the world looks increasingly to plant-based cures for the disease.Less
Ghanaian scientists and healers vied for rights to a promising treatment for drug-resistant malaria, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. During the colonial period, healers developed therapies for malaria even though government did not see the disease as a problem for Africans. Ghanaian scientists then re-examined traditional therapies for malaria and other diseases through a nationalized plant screening exercise in the 1950s and 60s. The co-founders of Ghana’s Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine, the physician Oku Ampofo and pharmacist Albert Nii Tackie led research on roots of Cryptolepis. Given economic and political setbacks in the 1980s and 1990s, the team privatized their research through the US-based firm Phyto-Riker, leading to tensions with healers and other scientists. Because harvesting the plant’s roots is unsustainable, Ghanaian plant experts fear this promising treatment for malaria will flounder, even as the world looks increasingly to plant-based cures for the disease.
