George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0018
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter presents an alternative approach to reputations based on a long-lived player who endeavors to separate himself from an undesirable (or inept) type, in contrast to the traditional models ...
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This chapter presents an alternative approach to reputations based on a long-lived player who endeavors to separate himself from an undesirable (or inept) type, in contrast to the traditional models based on pooling with desirable commitment types. The long-lived player faces a continuum of long-lived idiosyncratic players. The goal is a more flexible model in which reputations have the properties of productive assets, requiring investments to build and maintain. The chapter provides an extensive discussion of the relationship between this model and previous analyses, as well as bad reputations and the role of the market for reputations.Less
This chapter presents an alternative approach to reputations based on a long-lived player who endeavors to separate himself from an undesirable (or inept) type, in contrast to the traditional models based on pooling with desirable commitment types. The long-lived player faces a continuum of long-lived idiosyncratic players. The goal is a more flexible model in which reputations have the properties of productive assets, requiring investments to build and maintain. The chapter provides an extensive discussion of the relationship between this model and previous analyses, as well as bad reputations and the role of the market for reputations.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter introduces the adverse-selection approach to reputations. The chapter considers a long-lived player facing a sequence of short-lived players. If there is some (perhaps very small) chance ...
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This chapter introduces the adverse-selection approach to reputations. The chapter considers a long-lived player facing a sequence of short-lived players. If there is some (perhaps very small) chance that the long-lived players is a commitment (or action) type, then the payoff for a sufficiently patient long-lived player (in any Nash equilibrium of the repeated game) must be close to the payoff he would receive if he was known to be that commitment type (the Stackelberg payoff). This result is established for perfect monitoring games using arguments based on Bayes’ rule and for imperfect monitoring games using martingale arguments (merging). A characterization of asymptotic play shows that for imperfect monitoring games, reputations are temporary.Less
This chapter introduces the adverse-selection approach to reputations. The chapter considers a long-lived player facing a sequence of short-lived players. If there is some (perhaps very small) chance that the long-lived players is a commitment (or action) type, then the payoff for a sufficiently patient long-lived player (in any Nash equilibrium of the repeated game) must be close to the payoff he would receive if he was known to be that commitment type (the Stackelberg payoff). This result is established for perfect monitoring games using arguments based on Bayes’ rule and for imperfect monitoring games using martingale arguments (merging). A characterization of asymptotic play shows that for imperfect monitoring games, reputations are temporary.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This book begins with a careful development of fundamental concepts, including the notions of a repeated game, strategy, and equilibrium. It synthesizes and unifies the vast body of work in repeated ...
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This book begins with a careful development of fundamental concepts, including the notions of a repeated game, strategy, and equilibrium. It synthesizes and unifies the vast body of work in repeated games and reputations, bringing the reader to the research frontier. Detailed arguments and proofs are given throughout; they are interwoven with examples, discussions of how the theory is to be used in the study of relationships, and economic applications of the theory. The book will be useful to those doing basic research in the theory of repeated games as well as those using repeated games as tools in more applied research. The classic folk theorem and reputation results for games of perfect and imperfect public monitoring are presented, with the benefit of the modern analytical tools of decomposability and self-generation. More recent developments are also presented, including results beyond folk theorems and recent work in games of private monitoring and alternative approaches to reputations. The book provides an integration of game theory and economics, moving from the theory of repeated games to the study of economic relationships.Less
This book begins with a careful development of fundamental concepts, including the notions of a repeated game, strategy, and equilibrium. It synthesizes and unifies the vast body of work in repeated games and reputations, bringing the reader to the research frontier. Detailed arguments and proofs are given throughout; they are interwoven with examples, discussions of how the theory is to be used in the study of relationships, and economic applications of the theory. The book will be useful to those doing basic research in the theory of repeated games as well as those using repeated games as tools in more applied research. The classic folk theorem and reputation results for games of perfect and imperfect public monitoring are presented, with the benefit of the modern analytical tools of decomposability and self-generation. More recent developments are also presented, including results beyond folk theorems and recent work in games of private monitoring and alternative approaches to reputations. The book provides an integration of game theory and economics, moving from the theory of repeated games to the study of economic relationships.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter introduces the basic unifying principle of work in repeated games and reputations, namely that continuation play in repeated interactions can be used to create intertemporal incentives ...
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This chapter introduces the basic unifying principle of work in repeated games and reputations, namely that continuation play in repeated interactions can be used to create intertemporal incentives (incentives that could not arise in an isolated interaction). The prisoners’ dilemma, oligopoly and “product-choice” game illustrate.Less
This chapter introduces the basic unifying principle of work in repeated games and reputations, namely that continuation play in repeated interactions can be used to create intertemporal incentives (incentives that could not arise in an isolated interaction). The prisoners’ dilemma, oligopoly and “product-choice” game illustrate.
Kenneth H. Craik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195330922
- eISBN:
- 9780199868292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330922.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter summarizes the array of major conceptual distinctions generated by a network interpretation of reputation. They include small village versus small world, reputational information flow ...
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This chapter summarizes the array of major conceptual distinctions generated by a network interpretation of reputation. They include small village versus small world, reputational information flow versus storage, discursive versus distributive facets of reputation, reputational parameters versus content claims, reputational accuracy versus validity, reputational networks within personality versus social systems, and lifetime versus transitional versus posthumous reputational networks. Three areas of unfinished business are identified: character and reputation, rumor and reputation, and corporate reputation. The network interpretation provides a comprehensive model for linking the most disparate issues raised by the phenomenon of reputation and demonstrates the potential for a productive and wide-ranging program of interdisciplinary research.Less
This chapter summarizes the array of major conceptual distinctions generated by a network interpretation of reputation. They include small village versus small world, reputational information flow versus storage, discursive versus distributive facets of reputation, reputational parameters versus content claims, reputational accuracy versus validity, reputational networks within personality versus social systems, and lifetime versus transitional versus posthumous reputational networks. Three areas of unfinished business are identified: character and reputation, rumor and reputation, and corporate reputation. The network interpretation provides a comprehensive model for linking the most disparate issues raised by the phenomenon of reputation and demonstrates the potential for a productive and wide-ranging program of interdisciplinary research.
Lawrence McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199231454
- eISBN:
- 9780191710858
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231454.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
The first study of what reputation is, how it functions, and how it is and should be protected under the law, Reputation and Defamation addresses the inconsistencies and failures of the common law ...
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The first study of what reputation is, how it functions, and how it is and should be protected under the law, Reputation and Defamation addresses the inconsistencies and failures of the common law that have been observed for over a century. It develops a theory of reputation and uses it to analyse, evaluate and propose a revision of the law. Using the concept of reputation as the vehicle for a study of the history and theory of libel, slander and honour it becomes apparent that, contrary to the legal orthodoxy, defamation law did not aim and function to protect reputation until the early 19th century. Consequently, the historically derived tests for what is defamatory do not always protect reputation adequately or appropriately. The ‘shun and avoid’ and ‘ridicule’ tests should be discarded. The principal ‘lowering the estimation’ test is more appropriate but needs re-working. Christian tradition and Victorian moralism are embedded in the idea of ‘the right-thinking person’ that provides the test's conceptual foundations, but these are problematic in an era of moral diversity. Instead, ‘the right-thinking person’ should be associated with an inclusive liberal premise of equal moral worth and a shared commitment to moral diversity; any departure from this must be justified on sound, expressly stated ethical grounds. That demand serves to protect reputation appropriately and effectively in an age of moral diversity.Less
The first study of what reputation is, how it functions, and how it is and should be protected under the law, Reputation and Defamation addresses the inconsistencies and failures of the common law that have been observed for over a century. It develops a theory of reputation and uses it to analyse, evaluate and propose a revision of the law. Using the concept of reputation as the vehicle for a study of the history and theory of libel, slander and honour it becomes apparent that, contrary to the legal orthodoxy, defamation law did not aim and function to protect reputation until the early 19th century. Consequently, the historically derived tests for what is defamatory do not always protect reputation adequately or appropriately. The ‘shun and avoid’ and ‘ridicule’ tests should be discarded. The principal ‘lowering the estimation’ test is more appropriate but needs re-working. Christian tradition and Victorian moralism are embedded in the idea of ‘the right-thinking person’ that provides the test's conceptual foundations, but these are problematic in an era of moral diversity. Instead, ‘the right-thinking person’ should be associated with an inclusive liberal premise of equal moral worth and a shared commitment to moral diversity; any departure from this must be justified on sound, expressly stated ethical grounds. That demand serves to protect reputation appropriately and effectively in an age of moral diversity.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This argument extends the reputation results of the previous chapter to games in which both players are long-lived. The argument here is complicated by the intertemporal incentives that now appear in ...
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This argument extends the reputation results of the previous chapter to games in which both players are long-lived. The argument here is complicated by the intertemporal incentives that now appear in the choices of the (long-lived) uninformed player. While the results are accordingly somewhat weaker, they again take the form of lower bounds on the payoff of a sufficiently patient long-lived player whose type is subject to some uncertainty. Relatively strong payoff bounds are obtained for games with conflicting interests, games of imperfect monitoring, and games with sophisticated commitment types.Less
This argument extends the reputation results of the previous chapter to games in which both players are long-lived. The argument here is complicated by the intertemporal incentives that now appear in the choices of the (long-lived) uninformed player. While the results are accordingly somewhat weaker, they again take the form of lower bounds on the payoff of a sufficiently patient long-lived player whose type is subject to some uncertainty. Relatively strong payoff bounds are obtained for games with conflicting interests, games of imperfect monitoring, and games with sophisticated commitment types.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter presents examples of finitely repeated perfect-monitoring games of the type in which reputation arguments were first introduced, including the prisoners’ dilemma with a tit-for-tat ...
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This chapter presents examples of finitely repeated perfect-monitoring games of the type in which reputation arguments were first introduced, including the prisoners’ dilemma with a tit-for-tat commitment type and the chain store game. It also presents an example of a reputation result for a finitely repeated game of imperfect monitoring.Less
This chapter presents examples of finitely repeated perfect-monitoring games of the type in which reputation arguments were first introduced, including the prisoners’ dilemma with a tit-for-tat commitment type and the chain store game. It also presents an example of a reputation result for a finitely repeated game of imperfect monitoring.
Michael Millgate
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183662
- eISBN:
- 9780191674099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183662.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Many writers of the last two centuries looked at Sir Walter Scott as a supreme model of career closure and of noble dying. In his last years, aware of the immensity of his reputation, he collaborated ...
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Many writers of the last two centuries looked at Sir Walter Scott as a supreme model of career closure and of noble dying. In his last years, aware of the immensity of his reputation, he collaborated in the production of his final comprehensive edition of novels, his magnum-opus. This book examines the different ways and strategies in which writers and authors in their old age exert some degree of posthumous control over their personal and literary reputations. In this book, their strategies in keeping their personal and creative privacy and in maintaining the interpretation and textual integrity of their published works are discussed. The four authors examined are Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Henry James and Thomas Hardy, all of whom maintained and etched a pattern of conscious career conclusion by deliberately and passionately ensuring the maintenance of their personal and creative privacy up to and beyond the moment of their death and directed the future conceptions of their work by either preserving personal papers, revising earlier works and providing new prefaces and annotations, publishing so-called ‘collected’ editions, and destroying unwanted works.Less
Many writers of the last two centuries looked at Sir Walter Scott as a supreme model of career closure and of noble dying. In his last years, aware of the immensity of his reputation, he collaborated in the production of his final comprehensive edition of novels, his magnum-opus. This book examines the different ways and strategies in which writers and authors in their old age exert some degree of posthumous control over their personal and literary reputations. In this book, their strategies in keeping their personal and creative privacy and in maintaining the interpretation and textual integrity of their published works are discussed. The four authors examined are Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Henry James and Thomas Hardy, all of whom maintained and etched a pattern of conscious career conclusion by deliberately and passionately ensuring the maintenance of their personal and creative privacy up to and beyond the moment of their death and directed the future conceptions of their work by either preserving personal papers, revising earlier works and providing new prefaces and annotations, publishing so-called ‘collected’ editions, and destroying unwanted works.
Dawn R. Gilpin and Priscilla J. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328721
- eISBN:
- 9780199869930
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328721.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Managers, business owners, public relations practitioners, and others grapple daily with issues that have the potential to radically redefine the reputation of a person, company, or industry. They ...
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Managers, business owners, public relations practitioners, and others grapple daily with issues that have the potential to radically redefine the reputation of a person, company, or industry. They confront a fundamental question about contemporary crisis management: to what extent is it possible to control events and stakeholder responses to them, in order to contain escalating crises or safeguard an organization's reputation? This book addresses this question head-on. This book operates from a strong theoretical orientation. This book pairs real-world examples from across the globe with theory-based analysis to show why simplification often fails to alleviate crises, and can even intensify them. The book proposes a complexity-based approach to organizational learning that can allow organizations to adapt quickly to changing circumstances.Less
Managers, business owners, public relations practitioners, and others grapple daily with issues that have the potential to radically redefine the reputation of a person, company, or industry. They confront a fundamental question about contemporary crisis management: to what extent is it possible to control events and stakeholder responses to them, in order to contain escalating crises or safeguard an organization's reputation? This book addresses this question head-on. This book operates from a strong theoretical orientation. This book pairs real-world examples from across the globe with theory-based analysis to show why simplification often fails to alleviate crises, and can even intensify them. The book proposes a complexity-based approach to organizational learning that can allow organizations to adapt quickly to changing circumstances.
Masayuki Tanimoto
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter looks at the role brewers played in financing new businesses during the early stages of industrialization. Since brewing was relatively capital-intensive among the traditional ...
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This chapter looks at the role brewers played in financing new businesses during the early stages of industrialization. Since brewing was relatively capital-intensive among the traditional industries, brewers were likely to have accumulated capital and regarded as local notables. The investment pattern of a certain soy-sauce brewer is examined. It is shown that the desire to maintain their status as notables in regional communities motivated brewers to invest in newly established businesses that were highly risky, but nonetheless strategically important for regional development.Less
This chapter looks at the role brewers played in financing new businesses during the early stages of industrialization. Since brewing was relatively capital-intensive among the traditional industries, brewers were likely to have accumulated capital and regarded as local notables. The investment pattern of a certain soy-sauce brewer is examined. It is shown that the desire to maintain their status as notables in regional communities motivated brewers to invest in newly established businesses that were highly risky, but nonetheless strategically important for regional development.
Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay begins with a discussion of the Samuelson-Stolper Theorem, which states that if a labor-abundant country is opened to trade with a labor-scarce country, laborers in the first country and ...
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This essay begins with a discussion of the Samuelson-Stolper Theorem, which states that if a labor-abundant country is opened to trade with a labor-scarce country, laborers in the first country and the employers in the second will profit at the expense of the workers in the second country and the employers in the first. It then looks at the trade following World War II under the supervision of the newly created guardians of the world trading system: the World Bank, the IMF, and the GATT, as well as trade liberalization in Mexico, Latin America, and Asia. It discusses the issue of reputation: what it means to countries and how it determines what a country ends up exporting to the world.Less
This essay begins with a discussion of the Samuelson-Stolper Theorem, which states that if a labor-abundant country is opened to trade with a labor-scarce country, laborers in the first country and the employers in the second will profit at the expense of the workers in the second country and the employers in the first. It then looks at the trade following World War II under the supervision of the newly created guardians of the world trading system: the World Bank, the IMF, and the GATT, as well as trade liberalization in Mexico, Latin America, and Asia. It discusses the issue of reputation: what it means to countries and how it determines what a country ends up exporting to the world.
Andrew T Guzman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195305562
- eISBN:
- 9780199867004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305562.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter presents a theory of reputation to complement that discussion in Chapter 2. Here, the way in which reputation is acquired and lost is presented. It is explained that the reputational ...
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This chapter presents a theory of reputation to complement that discussion in Chapter 2. Here, the way in which reputation is acquired and lost is presented. It is explained that the reputational impact of state actions depends critically on the expectations of other states as well as the non‐reputational payoffs faced by the acting state. In order to understand the role of reputation, then, one must consider both reputational and non‐reputational payoffs. The extent to which reputations are compartmentalized (by issue area, by governing regime, by dyad) also impacts the force of reputational concerns, and the chapter clarifies how alternative categories of reputation can affect outcomes.Less
This chapter presents a theory of reputation to complement that discussion in Chapter 2. Here, the way in which reputation is acquired and lost is presented. It is explained that the reputational impact of state actions depends critically on the expectations of other states as well as the non‐reputational payoffs faced by the acting state. In order to understand the role of reputation, then, one must consider both reputational and non‐reputational payoffs. The extent to which reputations are compartmentalized (by issue area, by governing regime, by dyad) also impacts the force of reputational concerns, and the chapter clarifies how alternative categories of reputation can affect outcomes.
Dawn R. Gilpin and Priscilla J. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328721
- eISBN:
- 9780199869930
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328721.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the primary objective of the book, which is to address the question: to what extent can communicators actually perform their expected role ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the primary objective of the book, which is to address the question: to what extent can communicators actually perform their expected role to anticipate and head off crises or to guide their organizations through crises with the least possible damage to reputation? It argues that successful crisis management is not guaranteed by scientific planning and prescriptive decision making, but by the nature of the organization, the crisis, and the environment. The book's complexity-based approach to crisis management is then described.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the primary objective of the book, which is to address the question: to what extent can communicators actually perform their expected role to anticipate and head off crises or to guide their organizations through crises with the least possible damage to reputation? It argues that successful crisis management is not guaranteed by scientific planning and prescriptive decision making, but by the nature of the organization, the crisis, and the environment. The book's complexity-based approach to crisis management is then described.
Lawrence McNamara
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199231454
- eISBN:
- 9780191710858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231454.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
The question this study set out to answer was: if reputation is the interest to be protected by defamation law then what should be the test(s) for what is defamatory? The stated aim was to fill a gap ...
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The question this study set out to answer was: if reputation is the interest to be protected by defamation law then what should be the test(s) for what is defamatory? The stated aim was to fill a gap in the common law by providing a principled, theoretically coherent statement of law regarding what is defamatory. This chapter proposes a new legal framework that aims to meet that goal. Only the principal test for what is defamatory should be retained because it is the only one that meaningfully protects reputation. However, the common law should dispose of the traditional, exclusive presumptions that form the content of ‘the right-thinking person’ and instead use inclusive presumptions that are premised upon an acceptance of equal moral worth. Any displacement of these presumptions should be controversial. A departure from the commitment to equal moral worth should be made only with great care and caution.Less
The question this study set out to answer was: if reputation is the interest to be protected by defamation law then what should be the test(s) for what is defamatory? The stated aim was to fill a gap in the common law by providing a principled, theoretically coherent statement of law regarding what is defamatory. This chapter proposes a new legal framework that aims to meet that goal. Only the principal test for what is defamatory should be retained because it is the only one that meaningfully protects reputation. However, the common law should dispose of the traditional, exclusive presumptions that form the content of ‘the right-thinking person’ and instead use inclusive presumptions that are premised upon an acceptance of equal moral worth. Any displacement of these presumptions should be controversial. A departure from the commitment to equal moral worth should be made only with great care and caution.
Kenneth H. Craik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195330922
- eISBN:
- 9780199868292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330922.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter identifies theoretical elements that generate two major aspects of reputation—the discursive facet, dealing with information actively flowing through the person’s reputational network, ...
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This chapter identifies theoretical elements that generate two major aspects of reputation—the discursive facet, dealing with information actively flowing through the person’s reputational network, and the distributive facet, dealing with latent information stored within the network’s person bins. They constitute the two distinct forms in which the common knowledge of the specific person is socially represented. The term fama was a culturally rich concept in medieval Europe that referred to what was generally said about events or actions, as well as what was generally said about a person. Within modern social psychology, the theory of social representation holds that everyday talk and common knowledge continue to play a central and pervasive role in contemporary culture.Less
This chapter identifies theoretical elements that generate two major aspects of reputation—the discursive facet, dealing with information actively flowing through the person’s reputational network, and the distributive facet, dealing with latent information stored within the network’s person bins. They constitute the two distinct forms in which the common knowledge of the specific person is socially represented. The term fama was a culturally rich concept in medieval Europe that referred to what was generally said about events or actions, as well as what was generally said about a person. Within modern social psychology, the theory of social representation holds that everyday talk and common knowledge continue to play a central and pervasive role in contemporary culture.
Kenneth H. Craik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195330922
- eISBN:
- 9780199868292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330922.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Chapter 6 considers the person as both agent and resultant of reputation. The person seeks to convey a particular social image to others while using feedback from others as a source of ...
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Chapter 6 considers the person as both agent and resultant of reputation. The person seeks to convey a particular social image to others while using feedback from others as a source of self-knowledge. General renown and approbation are seen as sources of social acceptance and social capital within a person’s community. This chapter examines the craft wisdom to be found in the professional realm of reputation management that is increasingly available to public figures, celebrities, and corporations. Publicity agencies offer proactive services to mold, circulate, and protect public visibility and image. False assertions may threaten our reputation, but we might also actually engage in undeniably disreputable conduct. For either case, a guild of specialists is ready to come to the rescue and provide reputation damage control.Less
Chapter 6 considers the person as both agent and resultant of reputation. The person seeks to convey a particular social image to others while using feedback from others as a source of self-knowledge. General renown and approbation are seen as sources of social acceptance and social capital within a person’s community. This chapter examines the craft wisdom to be found in the professional realm of reputation management that is increasingly available to public figures, celebrities, and corporations. Publicity agencies offer proactive services to mold, circulate, and protect public visibility and image. False assertions may threaten our reputation, but we might also actually engage in undeniably disreputable conduct. For either case, a guild of specialists is ready to come to the rescue and provide reputation damage control.
Kenneth H. Craik
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195330922
- eISBN:
- 9780199868292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195330922.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Chapter 8 mobilizes the network interpretation to analyze in detail a classic venue for taking action in defense of one’s reputation—the libel courts. A network interpretation is implicit in key ...
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Chapter 8 mobilizes the network interpretation to analyze in detail a classic venue for taking action in defense of one’s reputation—the libel courts. A network interpretation is implicit in key elements of the rationale and structure of common-law actions for defamation. Anywhere throughout the members and linkages of one’s reputational network, an assertion potentially damaging to reputation can enter and circulate narrowly or broadly and in ways difficult to predict or track. Psychological research indicates that attributions of disreputable acts appear to be much more difficult to disconfirm than attributions of virtuous and socially desirable acts, thereby presenting a challenge for rehabilitating the reputation of vindicated plaintiffs. This chapter reviews the changing and expanding concepts of reputation within the common-law tradition of libel from the fifteenth century to the contemporary era of Internet defamation.Less
Chapter 8 mobilizes the network interpretation to analyze in detail a classic venue for taking action in defense of one’s reputation—the libel courts. A network interpretation is implicit in key elements of the rationale and structure of common-law actions for defamation. Anywhere throughout the members and linkages of one’s reputational network, an assertion potentially damaging to reputation can enter and circulate narrowly or broadly and in ways difficult to predict or track. Psychological research indicates that attributions of disreputable acts appear to be much more difficult to disconfirm than attributions of virtuous and socially desirable acts, thereby presenting a challenge for rehabilitating the reputation of vindicated plaintiffs. This chapter reviews the changing and expanding concepts of reputation within the common-law tradition of libel from the fifteenth century to the contemporary era of Internet defamation.
Giandomenico Majone
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294719
- eISBN:
- 9780191599361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294719.003.0026
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
Provides an account of the transformation of policy‐making. From the top‐down state‐centric approach and from the bottom‐up grassroots popularism of the 60s and 70s, policy‐making now reflects an ...
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Provides an account of the transformation of policy‐making. From the top‐down state‐centric approach and from the bottom‐up grassroots popularism of the 60s and 70s, policy‐making now reflects an increasing emphasis on the importance of ideas and institutions. How can we understand this shift in emphasis? Offers an account of the contracting approach, on the basis of the growing need for efficiency in public policy, credibility and reputation maintenance, and the rediscovery of the importance of institutions. Theoretical implications of the contracting approach are outlined.Less
Provides an account of the transformation of policy‐making. From the top‐down state‐centric approach and from the bottom‐up grassroots popularism of the 60s and 70s, policy‐making now reflects an increasing emphasis on the importance of ideas and institutions. How can we understand this shift in emphasis? Offers an account of the contracting approach, on the basis of the growing need for efficiency in public policy, credibility and reputation maintenance, and the rediscovery of the importance of institutions. Theoretical implications of the contracting approach are outlined.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195178111
- eISBN:
- 9780199783670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178111.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The folk theorem shows that cooperative behavior can be sustained as a Nash equilibrium in indefinitely repeated games — a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism. The same theorem offers a solution ...
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The folk theorem shows that cooperative behavior can be sustained as a Nash equilibrium in indefinitely repeated games — a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism. The same theorem offers a solution to various other social mysteries. Who guards the guardians? How are authority, blame, courtesy, dignity, envy, friendship, guilt, honor, integrity, justice, loyalty, modesty, ownership, pride, reputation, status, trust, virtue, and the like to be explained as emergent phenomena? How do beliefs that many people privately know to be false survive?Less
The folk theorem shows that cooperative behavior can be sustained as a Nash equilibrium in indefinitely repeated games — a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism. The same theorem offers a solution to various other social mysteries. Who guards the guardians? How are authority, blame, courtesy, dignity, envy, friendship, guilt, honor, integrity, justice, loyalty, modesty, ownership, pride, reputation, status, trust, virtue, and the like to be explained as emergent phenomena? How do beliefs that many people privately know to be false survive?
