Erika Balsom
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231176934
- eISBN:
- 9780231543125
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231176934.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Images have never been as freely circulated as they are today. They have also never been so tightly controlled. As with the birth of photography, digital reproduction has created new possibilities ...
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Images have never been as freely circulated as they are today. They have also never been so tightly controlled. As with the birth of photography, digital reproduction has created new possibilities for the duplication and consumption of images, offering greater dissemination and access. But digital reproduction has also stoked new anxieties concerning authenticity and ownership. From this contemporary vantage point, After Uniqueness traces the ambivalence of reproducibility through the intersecting histories of experimental cinema and the moving image in art, examining how artists, filmmakers, and theorists have found in the copy a utopian promise or a dangerous inauthenticity—or both at once. From the sale of film in limited editions on the art market to the downloading of bootlegs, from the singularity of live cinema to video art broadcast on television, Erika Balsom investigates how the reproducibility of the moving image has been embraced, rejected, and negotiated by major figures including Stan Brakhage, Leo Castelli, and Gregory Markopoulos. Through a comparative analysis of selected distribution models and key case studies, she demonstrates how the question of image circulation is central to the history of film and video art. After Uniqueness shows that distribution channels are more than neutral pathways; they determine how we encounter, interpret, and write the history of the moving image as an art form.Less
Images have never been as freely circulated as they are today. They have also never been so tightly controlled. As with the birth of photography, digital reproduction has created new possibilities for the duplication and consumption of images, offering greater dissemination and access. But digital reproduction has also stoked new anxieties concerning authenticity and ownership. From this contemporary vantage point, After Uniqueness traces the ambivalence of reproducibility through the intersecting histories of experimental cinema and the moving image in art, examining how artists, filmmakers, and theorists have found in the copy a utopian promise or a dangerous inauthenticity—or both at once. From the sale of film in limited editions on the art market to the downloading of bootlegs, from the singularity of live cinema to video art broadcast on television, Erika Balsom investigates how the reproducibility of the moving image has been embraced, rejected, and negotiated by major figures including Stan Brakhage, Leo Castelli, and Gregory Markopoulos. Through a comparative analysis of selected distribution models and key case studies, she demonstrates how the question of image circulation is central to the history of film and video art. After Uniqueness shows that distribution channels are more than neutral pathways; they determine how we encounter, interpret, and write the history of the moving image as an art form.
Andrew Benjamin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780748634347
- eISBN:
- 9780748695287
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748634347.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This book provides a highly original approach to the writings of the twentieth-century German philosopher Walter Benjamin by one of his most distinguished readers. It develops the idea of ‘working ...
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This book provides a highly original approach to the writings of the twentieth-century German philosopher Walter Benjamin by one of his most distinguished readers. It develops the idea of ‘working with’ Benjamin, seeking both to read his corpus and to put it to work – to show how a reading of Benjamin can open up issues that may not themselves be immediately at stake in his texts. The defining elements in Benjamin’s writings that the author isolates – history, experience, translation, technical reproducibility, and politics – are put to work; that is, their utility is established in engaging the works of others. The question is how utility is understood. As the author argues, utility involves demonstrating the different ways in which Benjamin is a central thinker within the project of understanding the nature of modernity. This is best achieved by noting connections and points of differentiation between his work and the writings of Adorno and Heidegger. However, the more demanding project is that ‘working with’ Benjamin necessitates deploying the implicit assumptions within his writings as well as demanding of his formulations more than is provided by their initial presentation. What is at stake is not the application of Benjamin’s thought. Rather what counts is its use. The book engages with the themes central to Benjamin’s work while at the same time situating those themes within current academic and cultural debates.Less
This book provides a highly original approach to the writings of the twentieth-century German philosopher Walter Benjamin by one of his most distinguished readers. It develops the idea of ‘working with’ Benjamin, seeking both to read his corpus and to put it to work – to show how a reading of Benjamin can open up issues that may not themselves be immediately at stake in his texts. The defining elements in Benjamin’s writings that the author isolates – history, experience, translation, technical reproducibility, and politics – are put to work; that is, their utility is established in engaging the works of others. The question is how utility is understood. As the author argues, utility involves demonstrating the different ways in which Benjamin is a central thinker within the project of understanding the nature of modernity. This is best achieved by noting connections and points of differentiation between his work and the writings of Adorno and Heidegger. However, the more demanding project is that ‘working with’ Benjamin necessitates deploying the implicit assumptions within his writings as well as demanding of his formulations more than is provided by their initial presentation. What is at stake is not the application of Benjamin’s thought. Rather what counts is its use. The book engages with the themes central to Benjamin’s work while at the same time situating those themes within current academic and cultural debates.
ANGELO GAVEZZOTTI
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198570806
- eISBN:
- 9780191718779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570806.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
Chemical applications of force field simulations, of quantum mechanics, as well as X-ray data processing, lattice dynamics, and molecular dynamics simulations are all made possible by fast and ...
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Chemical applications of force field simulations, of quantum mechanics, as well as X-ray data processing, lattice dynamics, and molecular dynamics simulations are all made possible by fast and reliable numerical computation. Therefore, electronic computers are a theoretical chemist's vital tool, and very few — if any — quantitative results can be obtained without them. Computers handle a very large and very diversified range of tasks on a surprisingly small fundamental basis: the electric representation of only two numbers, zero and one, called binary digits (or bits). Computers use bits to represent numbers in binary notation. In a very successful metaphoric style, all items of the computer world that have to do with programs are called software, while all the rest (electronic parts, wires, input-output devices) are called hardware. This chapter provides an overview of computers, operating systems, computer programming, bugs, program checking and validation, and reproducibility.Less
Chemical applications of force field simulations, of quantum mechanics, as well as X-ray data processing, lattice dynamics, and molecular dynamics simulations are all made possible by fast and reliable numerical computation. Therefore, electronic computers are a theoretical chemist's vital tool, and very few — if any — quantitative results can be obtained without them. Computers handle a very large and very diversified range of tasks on a surprisingly small fundamental basis: the electric representation of only two numbers, zero and one, called binary digits (or bits). Computers use bits to represent numbers in binary notation. In a very successful metaphoric style, all items of the computer world that have to do with programs are called software, while all the rest (electronic parts, wires, input-output devices) are called hardware. This chapter provides an overview of computers, operating systems, computer programming, bugs, program checking and validation, and reproducibility.
Ayelet Shavit
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300209549
- eISBN:
- 9780300228038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300209549.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This epilogue provides a practical flowchart for interpreting the best practices for replication. Taking the specific actions shown in the flowchart will help researchers to bridge, albeit not ...
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This epilogue provides a practical flowchart for interpreting the best practices for replication. Taking the specific actions shown in the flowchart will help researchers to bridge, albeit not completely and permanently close, the gaps inherent in replication. At each branch point, making the “wrong” decision—for example, ignoring (that is, not recording) or conflating (that is, not recording separately) the relevant details—closes the door to replication. Making the “right” decision, however, at best only clarifies and quantifies how much further away we remain from exact replication. Either way, the hubris implicit in any attempt to perfectly replicate a project is fated to fail.Less
This epilogue provides a practical flowchart for interpreting the best practices for replication. Taking the specific actions shown in the flowchart will help researchers to bridge, albeit not completely and permanently close, the gaps inherent in replication. At each branch point, making the “wrong” decision—for example, ignoring (that is, not recording) or conflating (that is, not recording separately) the relevant details—closes the door to replication. Making the “right” decision, however, at best only clarifies and quantifies how much further away we remain from exact replication. Either way, the hubris implicit in any attempt to perfectly replicate a project is fated to fail.
Walter Willett
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122978
- eISBN:
- 9780199864249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.003.06
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter deals with the approaches used to evaluate dietary questionnaires, the design of validation studies, and the analysis and presentation of data from validation studies. The interpretation ...
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This chapter deals with the approaches used to evaluate dietary questionnaires, the design of validation studies, and the analysis and presentation of data from validation studies. The interpretation of any study of diet and disease can be substantially enhanced by quantitative information on the validity of the method used to measure dietary intake. Unless the method employed has been previously studied with respect to validity in a similar population, any major dietary study should include a validation component.Less
This chapter deals with the approaches used to evaluate dietary questionnaires, the design of validation studies, and the analysis and presentation of data from validation studies. The interpretation of any study of diet and disease can be substantially enhanced by quantitative information on the validity of the method used to measure dietary intake. Unless the method employed has been previously studied with respect to validity in a similar population, any major dietary study should include a validation component.
Walter Willett
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122978
- eISBN:
- 9780199864249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.003.10
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter addresses the uses of measures of body size and composition, with special emphasis on epidemiologic applications. It begins with an overview of weight and height, including their ...
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This chapter addresses the uses of measures of body size and composition, with special emphasis on epidemiologic applications. It begins with an overview of weight and height, including their relationships to nutritional status, their use in epidemiologic studies, and the reproducibility and validity of these measurements. The concept of major body compartments is discussed, and methods of measuring them are considered. The main part of the chapter addresses the assessment of relative body composition, specifically fatness, using densitometry, combinations of weight and height, skinfold thicknesses, and the newer methods of bioelectric resistance and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Finally, the evaluation of body fat distribution is reviewed, and the use of such measurements in epidemiologic analyses is examined.Less
This chapter addresses the uses of measures of body size and composition, with special emphasis on epidemiologic applications. It begins with an overview of weight and height, including their relationships to nutritional status, their use in epidemiologic studies, and the reproducibility and validity of these measurements. The concept of major body compartments is discussed, and methods of measuring them are considered. The main part of the chapter addresses the assessment of relative body composition, specifically fatness, using densitometry, combinations of weight and height, skinfold thicknesses, and the newer methods of bioelectric resistance and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Finally, the evaluation of body fat distribution is reviewed, and the use of such measurements in epidemiologic analyses is examined.
Barrie M. Margetts and Michael Nelson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627391
- eISBN:
- 9780191723704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627391.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter sets out the basic principles of nutritional epidemiology as they apply to the study of relationships between diet, nutrition, and health outcomes. It describes the main types of ...
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This chapter sets out the basic principles of nutritional epidemiology as they apply to the study of relationships between diet, nutrition, and health outcomes. It describes the main types of epidemiological studies and their relationships, strengths, and weaknesses; the nature of epidemiological measurements; the relationships between diet and health at international, national, household, and individual level; concepts of validity, reproducibility, calibration, bias, and confounding; and distinguishes between bias, confounding, effect modification, and interaction. Finally, it covers interpretation of findings, systematic reviews and meta-analysis.Less
This chapter sets out the basic principles of nutritional epidemiology as they apply to the study of relationships between diet, nutrition, and health outcomes. It describes the main types of epidemiological studies and their relationships, strengths, and weaknesses; the nature of epidemiological measurements; the relationships between diet and health at international, national, household, and individual level; concepts of validity, reproducibility, calibration, bias, and confounding; and distinguishes between bias, confounding, effect modification, and interaction. Finally, it covers interpretation of findings, systematic reviews and meta-analysis.
Tim J. Cole
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627391
- eISBN:
- 9780191723704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627391.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Precise definitions of study populations and samples are key to the interpretation and generalizability of findings. This chapter describes types of sampling, how to deal with non-response, and ...
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Precise definitions of study populations and samples are key to the interpretation and generalizability of findings. This chapter describes types of sampling, how to deal with non-response, and validity of measures (including problems relating to bias and variance). Details are then given of how sample size relates to the testing of the null hypothesis, and the meaning and definition of significance level and power. This is followed by detailed techniques for the determination of sample size for different types of epidemiological studies (ecological, cross-sectional, case-control studies, cohort studies, and experimental studies). It defines sample size and power in relation to measures of difference between matched and unmatched samples, correlation, odds ratio, and relative risk.Less
Precise definitions of study populations and samples are key to the interpretation and generalizability of findings. This chapter describes types of sampling, how to deal with non-response, and validity of measures (including problems relating to bias and variance). Details are then given of how sample size relates to the testing of the null hypothesis, and the meaning and definition of significance level and power. This is followed by detailed techniques for the determination of sample size for different types of epidemiological studies (ecological, cross-sectional, case-control studies, cohort studies, and experimental studies). It defines sample size and power in relation to measures of difference between matched and unmatched samples, correlation, odds ratio, and relative risk.
David Clayton and Caroline Gill
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627391
- eISBN:
- 9780191723704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627391.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The key problem in epidemiological studies is the identification of relevant exposures and outcomes, and the relationship (and error modelling) between observed and relevant measures, and between ...
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The key problem in epidemiological studies is the identification of relevant exposures and outcomes, and the relationship (and error modelling) between observed and relevant measures, and between relevant measures and relevant outcomes. Measurement errors and bias undermine the ability to detect diet-disease relationships, and the problem is particularly acute in nutritional epidemiological studies because of the difficulties of measuring relevant dietary exposures accurately, and the particular problem of differential misclassification (i.e., the differences in bias in the measurements between individuals, or between one subset of a sample and another). Correcting for measurement error is a controversial topic, but the chapter provides illustrations of the extent of attenuation or misrepresentation of diet-disease associations.Less
The key problem in epidemiological studies is the identification of relevant exposures and outcomes, and the relationship (and error modelling) between observed and relevant measures, and between relevant measures and relevant outcomes. Measurement errors and bias undermine the ability to detect diet-disease relationships, and the problem is particularly acute in nutritional epidemiological studies because of the difficulties of measuring relevant dietary exposures accurately, and the particular problem of differential misclassification (i.e., the differences in bias in the measurements between individuals, or between one subset of a sample and another). Correcting for measurement error is a controversial topic, but the chapter provides illustrations of the extent of attenuation or misrepresentation of diet-disease associations.
Michael Nelson and Sheila A. Bingham
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627391
- eISBN:
- 9780191723704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627391.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter takes a comprehensive look at the techniques, strengths, and weaknesses of approaches to estimating food consumption and nutrient intake at the household and individual level. At the ...
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This chapter takes a comprehensive look at the techniques, strengths, and weaknesses of approaches to estimating food consumption and nutrient intake at the household and individual level. At the household level, it provides a detailed description of the methods available and the ways in which the data can be interpreted for epidemiological purposes, including techniques for estimating the distribution of food consumption and nutrient intake in individuals when data are collected at the household level. Similarly, it describes in detail the techniques for estimating food consumption and nutrient intake at the individual level, and focuses strongly on the repeatability and validity of measures, including an analysis of the sources of error such as portion size estimation, day-to-day variations in diet, estimates of the frequency of consumption, and the determination of current and past (relevant) diet. It addresses issues of under-reporting and energy adjustment, and concludes with an analysis of the effects of measurement error on validity.Less
This chapter takes a comprehensive look at the techniques, strengths, and weaknesses of approaches to estimating food consumption and nutrient intake at the household and individual level. At the household level, it provides a detailed description of the methods available and the ways in which the data can be interpreted for epidemiological purposes, including techniques for estimating the distribution of food consumption and nutrient intake in individuals when data are collected at the household level. Similarly, it describes in detail the techniques for estimating food consumption and nutrient intake at the individual level, and focuses strongly on the repeatability and validity of measures, including an analysis of the sources of error such as portion size estimation, day-to-day variations in diet, estimates of the frequency of consumption, and the determination of current and past (relevant) diet. It addresses issues of under-reporting and energy adjustment, and concludes with an analysis of the effects of measurement error on validity.
Chris J. Bates, David I. Thurnham, Sheila A. Bingham, Barrie M. Margetts, and Michael Nelson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627391
- eISBN:
- 9780191723704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627391.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter takes a look at the utility of biochemical measurements in different body tissues for estimating dietary exposures (as opposed to the determination of nutritional status). Validity ...
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This chapter takes a look at the utility of biochemical measurements in different body tissues for estimating dietary exposures (as opposed to the determination of nutritional status). Validity (accuracy) and reproducibility (precision) are defined in relation to biomarkers in light of natural variations in physiological levels within and between individuals. Definitions are given of measures of nutrients in blood, urine, and other tissues, and compartments (e.g., hair, saliva, adipose tissue, finger nails, toe nails), and the feasibility of predicting intake from each measure. The chapter then describes relevant measures, nutrient by nutrient, for vitamins, minerals, lipids, protein, and energy, and the problems relating to dietary fibre.Less
This chapter takes a look at the utility of biochemical measurements in different body tissues for estimating dietary exposures (as opposed to the determination of nutritional status). Validity (accuracy) and reproducibility (precision) are defined in relation to biomarkers in light of natural variations in physiological levels within and between individuals. Definitions are given of measures of nutrients in blood, urine, and other tissues, and compartments (e.g., hair, saliva, adipose tissue, finger nails, toe nails), and the feasibility of predicting intake from each measure. The chapter then describes relevant measures, nutrient by nutrient, for vitamins, minerals, lipids, protein, and energy, and the problems relating to dietary fibre.
Michael Nelson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627391
- eISBN:
- 9780191723704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627391.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Validation considers the context within which measures are being made (national, household, individual) and helps to describe the extent to which observed values differ from the truth. This chapter ...
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Validation considers the context within which measures are being made (national, household, individual) and helps to describe the extent to which observed values differ from the truth. This chapter outlines the general principles that should be applied in the design of validation studies of dietary measurements, and considers some of the statistical techniques that have been developed to overcome the problems which arise from the absence of a reference measure of ‘true’ dietary intakes. The concepts of validity and reproducibility are reviewed. The context of validation is considered (current or past intake; food consumption or nutrient intake; absolute or relative intakes; group versus individual intakes). Validation techniques, including the identification of relevant reference measures, validation procedures, and factors affecting the design of validation studies are considered. Statistical techniques for interpreting findings from validation studies are described in detail.Less
Validation considers the context within which measures are being made (national, household, individual) and helps to describe the extent to which observed values differ from the truth. This chapter outlines the general principles that should be applied in the design of validation studies of dietary measurements, and considers some of the statistical techniques that have been developed to overcome the problems which arise from the absence of a reference measure of ‘true’ dietary intakes. The concepts of validity and reproducibility are reviewed. The context of validation is considered (current or past intake; food consumption or nutrient intake; absolute or relative intakes; group versus individual intakes). Validation techniques, including the identification of relevant reference measures, validation procedures, and factors affecting the design of validation studies are considered. Statistical techniques for interpreting findings from validation studies are described in detail.
Jeffrey S. Racine
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190900663
- eISBN:
- 9780190933647
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190900663.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book is designed to facilitate reproducibility in Econometrics. It does so by using open source software (R) and recently developed tools (R Markdown and bookdown) that allow the reader to ...
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This book is designed to facilitate reproducibility in Econometrics. It does so by using open source software (R) and recently developed tools (R Markdown and bookdown) that allow the reader to engage in reproducible research. Illustrative examples are provided throughout, and a range of topics are covered. Assignments, exams, slides, and a solution manual are available for instructors.Less
This book is designed to facilitate reproducibility in Econometrics. It does so by using open source software (R) and recently developed tools (R Markdown and bookdown) that allow the reader to engage in reproducible research. Illustrative examples are provided throughout, and a range of topics are covered. Assignments, exams, slides, and a solution manual are available for instructors.
Erika Balsom
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780231176934
- eISBN:
- 9780231543125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231176934.003.0002
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Film theory has largely overlooked the fact that film and video are founded in an economy of the multiple. In this chapter, I outline a theory of the moving image as a reproducible medium that ...
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Film theory has largely overlooked the fact that film and video are founded in an economy of the multiple. In this chapter, I outline a theory of the moving image as a reproducible medium that considers the way an image may be copied repeatedly so as to facilitate circulation across distribution networks. By moving into this domain, one confronts not the questions of indexicality, documentary, and realism that so often get asked in relation to the image’s status as a copy of the profilmic; rather, issues of authority, originality, and authenticity become paramount. This chapter unfolds what is at stake in approaching the moving image in this way and will examine how its reproducibility has been conceived of as both a utopian promise and the site of a dangerous inauthenticity since its emergence in the late nineteenth century.Less
Film theory has largely overlooked the fact that film and video are founded in an economy of the multiple. In this chapter, I outline a theory of the moving image as a reproducible medium that considers the way an image may be copied repeatedly so as to facilitate circulation across distribution networks. By moving into this domain, one confronts not the questions of indexicality, documentary, and realism that so often get asked in relation to the image’s status as a copy of the profilmic; rather, issues of authority, originality, and authenticity become paramount. This chapter unfolds what is at stake in approaching the moving image in this way and will examine how its reproducibility has been conceived of as both a utopian promise and the site of a dangerous inauthenticity since its emergence in the late nineteenth century.
Ivan Raykoff
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199892679
- eISBN:
- 9780199369669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892679.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western, History, American
Photography—beginning with the invention of the daguerreotype in 1839—provides a historical and conceptual context for Franz Liszt’s “invention” of the solo recital that same year. The ritual of the ...
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Photography—beginning with the invention of the daguerreotype in 1839—provides a historical and conceptual context for Franz Liszt’s “invention” of the solo recital that same year. The ritual of the recital enables the Romantic pianist to replay (“recite”) great works of the piano repertoire, not unlike the way photography enables one to capture an image in time and reproduce it further. The solo recital is a technology—a way of reproducing a repertoire, a history, and musical values—that demonstrates Jacques Attali’s conception of music’s representation and reproduction as well as Walter Benjamin’s theory of the artwork’s technological reproducibility. Liszt provides a case study for this phenomenon of cultural reproducibility as it applies to both his music and his image.Less
Photography—beginning with the invention of the daguerreotype in 1839—provides a historical and conceptual context for Franz Liszt’s “invention” of the solo recital that same year. The ritual of the recital enables the Romantic pianist to replay (“recite”) great works of the piano repertoire, not unlike the way photography enables one to capture an image in time and reproduce it further. The solo recital is a technology—a way of reproducing a repertoire, a history, and musical values—that demonstrates Jacques Attali’s conception of music’s representation and reproduction as well as Walter Benjamin’s theory of the artwork’s technological reproducibility. Liszt provides a case study for this phenomenon of cultural reproducibility as it applies to both his music and his image.
Ayelet Shavit and Aaron M. Ellison
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300209549
- eISBN:
- 9780300228038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300209549.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter suggests a taxonomy of the concept of replication that can be used to build bridges among different research cultures in the biological sciences—lab or field-based; observational or ...
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This chapter suggests a taxonomy of the concept of replication that can be used to build bridges among different research cultures in the biological sciences—lab or field-based; observational or experimental; ecological, agricultural, medical, or physiological—while minding the gaps between these cultures. It first defines and characterizes the concept of replication. It then discusses the phases of research and types of replication. Replication is not one type of “thing” in either its definition or its application. The challenges that scientists face in doing replicable research vary with the different phases of their research project. There are five different phases of a project, and in each phase a different type of replication tends to overshadow the practice. The chapter also explains the two different operational concepts of generalization that suggest different approaches to each of the three meanings and the five stages of replication.Less
This chapter suggests a taxonomy of the concept of replication that can be used to build bridges among different research cultures in the biological sciences—lab or field-based; observational or experimental; ecological, agricultural, medical, or physiological—while minding the gaps between these cultures. It first defines and characterizes the concept of replication. It then discusses the phases of research and types of replication. Replication is not one type of “thing” in either its definition or its application. The challenges that scientists face in doing replicable research vary with the different phases of their research project. There are five different phases of a project, and in each phase a different type of replication tends to overshadow the practice. The chapter also explains the two different operational concepts of generalization that suggest different approaches to each of the three meanings and the five stages of replication.
Kristin Vanderbilt and David Blankman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300209549
- eISBN:
- 9780300228038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300209549.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Science has become a data-intensive enterprise. Data sets are commonly being stored in public data repositories and are thus available for others to use in new, often unexpected ways. Such re-use of ...
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Science has become a data-intensive enterprise. Data sets are commonly being stored in public data repositories and are thus available for others to use in new, often unexpected ways. Such re-use of data sets can take the form of reproducing the original analysis, analyzing the data in new ways, or combining multiple data sets into new data sets that are analyzed still further. A scientist who re-uses a data set collected by another must be able to assess its trustworthiness. This chapter reviews the types of errors that are found in metadata referring to data collected manually, data collected by instruments (sensors), and data recovered from specimens in museum collections. It also summarizes methods used to screen these types of data for errors. It stresses the importance of ensuring that metadata associated with a data set thoroughly document the error prevention, detection, and correction methods applied to the data set prior to publication.Less
Science has become a data-intensive enterprise. Data sets are commonly being stored in public data repositories and are thus available for others to use in new, often unexpected ways. Such re-use of data sets can take the form of reproducing the original analysis, analyzing the data in new ways, or combining multiple data sets into new data sets that are analyzed still further. A scientist who re-uses a data set collected by another must be able to assess its trustworthiness. This chapter reviews the types of errors that are found in metadata referring to data collected manually, data collected by instruments (sensors), and data recovered from specimens in museum collections. It also summarizes methods used to screen these types of data for errors. It stresses the importance of ensuring that metadata associated with a data set thoroughly document the error prevention, detection, and correction methods applied to the data set prior to publication.
Emery R. Boose and Barbara S. Lerner
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300209549
- eISBN:
- 9780300228038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300209549.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The metadata that describe how scientific data are created and analyzed are typically limited to a general description of data sources, software used, and statistical tests applied and are presented ...
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The metadata that describe how scientific data are created and analyzed are typically limited to a general description of data sources, software used, and statistical tests applied and are presented in narrative form in the methods section of a scientific paper or a data set description. Recognizing that such narratives are usually inadequate to support reproduction of the analysis of the original work, a growing number of journals now require that authors also publish their data. However, finer-scale metadata that describe exactly how individual items of data were created and transformed and the processes by which this was done are rarely provided, even though such metadata have great potential to improve data set reliability. This chapter focuses on the detailed process metadata, called “data provenance,” required to ensure reproducibility of analyses and reliable re-use of the data.Less
The metadata that describe how scientific data are created and analyzed are typically limited to a general description of data sources, software used, and statistical tests applied and are presented in narrative form in the methods section of a scientific paper or a data set description. Recognizing that such narratives are usually inadequate to support reproduction of the analysis of the original work, a growing number of journals now require that authors also publish their data. However, finer-scale metadata that describe exactly how individual items of data were created and transformed and the processes by which this was done are rarely provided, even though such metadata have great potential to improve data set reliability. This chapter focuses on the detailed process metadata, called “data provenance,” required to ensure reproducibility of analyses and reliable re-use of the data.
Barbara Helm and Ayelet Shavit
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300209549
- eISBN:
- 9780300228038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300209549.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter highlights the importance of careful consideration of time and space for meaningful replication. First, it shows that seemingly straightforward assumptions about variation over time and ...
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This chapter highlights the importance of careful consideration of time and space for meaningful replication. First, it shows that seemingly straightforward assumptions about variation over time and space do not hold. Instead, the many aspects that contribute to an organism's time and space lead to substantial ambiguity and often incompatible practice. In order to tackle this ubiquitous problem, it views the operational meaning of “time” and “space” from three different perspectives—exogenous, endogenous, and interactionist—which should not be conflated. It then illustrates the implications by presenting in a single table a wide range of paradigmatic examples grouped by spatiotemporal descriptors and reviewed sequentially from all three perspectives. Such a reconstruction of “time” and “space” within a general, pluralistic, and multi-faceted table is not only new but also a first important step to be further developed.Less
This chapter highlights the importance of careful consideration of time and space for meaningful replication. First, it shows that seemingly straightforward assumptions about variation over time and space do not hold. Instead, the many aspects that contribute to an organism's time and space lead to substantial ambiguity and often incompatible practice. In order to tackle this ubiquitous problem, it views the operational meaning of “time” and “space” from three different perspectives—exogenous, endogenous, and interactionist—which should not be conflated. It then illustrates the implications by presenting in a single table a wide range of paradigmatic examples grouped by spatiotemporal descriptors and reviewed sequentially from all three perspectives. Such a reconstruction of “time” and “space” within a general, pluralistic, and multi-faceted table is not only new but also a first important step to be further developed.
Aaron M. Ellison
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300209549
- eISBN:
- 9780300228038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300209549.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter suggests a series of best practices for creating replicable research that cross disciplinary boundaries. First, the observational or experimental design should account for variation ...
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This chapter suggests a series of best practices for creating replicable research that cross disciplinary boundaries. First, the observational or experimental design should account for variation within and among sites, whether in the field or in the laboratory. Second, the acceptable levels of Type I and Type II statistical errors should be set before the project begins. Third, investigators should carefully and quantitatively review the literature and/or do a pilot study to determine the expected effect size (e.g., the expected relationship(s) between two or more variables of interest or the difference in outcome between experimental treatments and controls) and its variance. Finally, there should be a clear assessment of resources available.Less
This chapter suggests a series of best practices for creating replicable research that cross disciplinary boundaries. First, the observational or experimental design should account for variation within and among sites, whether in the field or in the laboratory. Second, the acceptable levels of Type I and Type II statistical errors should be set before the project begins. Third, investigators should carefully and quantitatively review the literature and/or do a pilot study to determine the expected effect size (e.g., the expected relationship(s) between two or more variables of interest or the difference in outcome between experimental treatments and controls) and its variance. Finally, there should be a clear assessment of resources available.
