Alexander A. Ivanov
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527596
- eISBN:
- 9780191713163
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527596.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Pure Mathematics
This book illustrates how different methods of finite group theory including representation theory, cohomology theory, combinatorial group theory, and local analysis, are combined to construct one of ...
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This book illustrates how different methods of finite group theory including representation theory, cohomology theory, combinatorial group theory, and local analysis, are combined to construct one of the last of the sporadic finite simple groups — the fourth Janko group J4. This book's approach is based on analysis of group amalgams and the geometry of the complexes of these amalgams with emphasis on the underlying theory.Less
This book illustrates how different methods of finite group theory including representation theory, cohomology theory, combinatorial group theory, and local analysis, are combined to construct one of the last of the sporadic finite simple groups — the fourth Janko group J4. This book's approach is based on analysis of group amalgams and the geometry of the complexes of these amalgams with emphasis on the underlying theory.
Anandi Hattiangadi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199219025
- eISBN:
- 9780191711879
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219025.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This concluding chapter synthesizes the arguments presented in the preceding chapters. It is argued that although we may not yet have an adequate theory of representation, we have no reason to ...
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This concluding chapter synthesizes the arguments presented in the preceding chapters. It is argued that although we may not yet have an adequate theory of representation, we have no reason to believe that none will be forthcoming. The incoherence of the sceptical conclusion gives us some reason to believe that a fully adequate theory of intentionality will be forthcoming.Less
This concluding chapter synthesizes the arguments presented in the preceding chapters. It is argued that although we may not yet have an adequate theory of representation, we have no reason to believe that none will be forthcoming. The incoherence of the sceptical conclusion gives us some reason to believe that a fully adequate theory of intentionality will be forthcoming.
K. M. Jaszczolt
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261987
- eISBN:
- 9780191718656
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261987.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
The book offers an original theory of meaning in discourse that combines a dynamic representation of discourse with an intentional explanation of processing. It contains an exposition of a theory of ...
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The book offers an original theory of meaning in discourse that combines a dynamic representation of discourse with an intentional explanation of processing. It contains an exposition of a theory of default semantics and its application to a range of language constructions. Default semantics provides cognitive foundations of discourse interpretation and does so in a broadly conceived truth-conditional framework where truth conditions are applied to utterances. The theory combines the subject matter of post-Gricean ‘truth-conditional pragmatics’ with the formalism and semanticization of meaning found in discourse representation theory (DRT). It is assumed that pragmatic information can contribute to the truth-conditional representation of an utterance. This information can have the form of (i) conscious inference, or it can have a form of default interpretation conceived of as (ii) cognitive defaults and (iii) social-cultural defaults. From DRT, it borrows the idea of dynamic semantics as context change implemented in semantic representation and the idea that meaning in discourse will, somehow or other, turn out to be compositional, that is, it will turn out to be a function of the parts and the structure. In short, default semantics combines two seemingly incompatible assumptions that (i) pragmatic input contributes to the truth conditions and (ii) the theory of meaning of utterances and discourses is a compositional, semantic theory. Such semantic representations are called merger representations in that they combine (merge) information from word meaning, sentence structure, pragmatic inference, and various kinds of defaults. Predicating compositionality of such merger representations aided by using an extended and amended language of DRT allows for the semanticization of the account of discourse meaning. The book is divided into two parts. Part I contains theoretical foundations and addresses the questions of the semantics/pragmatics boundary, underspecification, logical form, levels of representation, default meanings, and ‘pragmatic’ compositionality of merger representations. Part II contains some applications of the theory, including definite descriptions, propositional attitude reports, temporality, presupposition, sentential connectives, and number terms.Less
The book offers an original theory of meaning in discourse that combines a dynamic representation of discourse with an intentional explanation of processing. It contains an exposition of a theory of default semantics and its application to a range of language constructions. Default semantics provides cognitive foundations of discourse interpretation and does so in a broadly conceived truth-conditional framework where truth conditions are applied to utterances. The theory combines the subject matter of post-Gricean ‘truth-conditional pragmatics’ with the formalism and semanticization of meaning found in discourse representation theory (DRT). It is assumed that pragmatic information can contribute to the truth-conditional representation of an utterance. This information can have the form of (i) conscious inference, or it can have a form of default interpretation conceived of as (ii) cognitive defaults and (iii) social-cultural defaults. From DRT, it borrows the idea of dynamic semantics as context change implemented in semantic representation and the idea that meaning in discourse will, somehow or other, turn out to be compositional, that is, it will turn out to be a function of the parts and the structure. In short, default semantics combines two seemingly incompatible assumptions that (i) pragmatic input contributes to the truth conditions and (ii) the theory of meaning of utterances and discourses is a compositional, semantic theory. Such semantic representations are called merger representations in that they combine (merge) information from word meaning, sentence structure, pragmatic inference, and various kinds of defaults. Predicating compositionality of such merger representations aided by using an extended and amended language of DRT allows for the semanticization of the account of discourse meaning. The book is divided into two parts. Part I contains theoretical foundations and addresses the questions of the semantics/pragmatics boundary, underspecification, logical form, levels of representation, default meanings, and ‘pragmatic’ compositionality of merger representations. Part II contains some applications of the theory, including definite descriptions, propositional attitude reports, temporality, presupposition, sentential connectives, and number terms.
Karen Neander
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036146
- eISBN:
- 9780262339865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036146.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
In chapter 8, the author brings causal, teleosemantic and resemblance theories of content together by extending CT (as presented in chapter 7) to explain how homomorphism (more specifically, analog ...
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In chapter 8, the author brings causal, teleosemantic and resemblance theories of content together by extending CT (as presented in chapter 7) to explain how homomorphism (more specifically, analog relations, or second-order similarity relations) can play a content-constitutive role. While the idea that some systems have the function to model the world might explain why a natural representational system counts as a representational system, it is neutral between iconic mental representation and a more language-like version of Mentalese. The author then addresses traditional objections to resemblance theories of content, to show how they can now be met. She argues that sensory-perceptual systems can have functions to produce inner state changes that are caused by and the analogs of their contents, and that this casts light on the intuitive appeal of resemblance theories of mental representation, and that it permits some sensory-perceptual simples to represent novel and non-existent contents. Chapter 8 also addresses the fourth and fifth content-determinacy challenges: why does R have the content there’s C and not there’s Q, when (iv) C is a determinate of Q, or (v) C is a determinable for Q? In the last few sections, Berkeley’s problem of abstraction and two contemporary strategies for its solution are discussed, insofar as it concerns the representation of perceptible properties (e.g., shape and color).Less
In chapter 8, the author brings causal, teleosemantic and resemblance theories of content together by extending CT (as presented in chapter 7) to explain how homomorphism (more specifically, analog relations, or second-order similarity relations) can play a content-constitutive role. While the idea that some systems have the function to model the world might explain why a natural representational system counts as a representational system, it is neutral between iconic mental representation and a more language-like version of Mentalese. The author then addresses traditional objections to resemblance theories of content, to show how they can now be met. She argues that sensory-perceptual systems can have functions to produce inner state changes that are caused by and the analogs of their contents, and that this casts light on the intuitive appeal of resemblance theories of mental representation, and that it permits some sensory-perceptual simples to represent novel and non-existent contents. Chapter 8 also addresses the fourth and fifth content-determinacy challenges: why does R have the content there’s C and not there’s Q, when (iv) C is a determinate of Q, or (v) C is a determinable for Q? In the last few sections, Berkeley’s problem of abstraction and two contemporary strategies for its solution are discussed, insofar as it concerns the representation of perceptible properties (e.g., shape and color).
Ben Brubaker, Daniel Bump, and Solomon Friedberg
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150659
- eISBN:
- 9781400838998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150659.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter describes Type A Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series. It begins by defining the basic shape of the class of Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series. To do so, the following parameters are ...
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This chapter describes Type A Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series. It begins by defining the basic shape of the class of Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series. To do so, the following parameters are introduced: Φ, a reduced root system; n, a positive integer; F, an algebraic number field containing the group μ₂ₙ of 2n-th roots of unity; S, a finite set of places of F containing all the archimedean places, all places ramified over a ℚ; and an r-tuple of nonzero S-integers. In the language of representation theory, the weight of the basis vector corresponding to the Gelfand-Tsetlin pattern can be read from differences of consecutive row sums in the pattern. The chapter considers in this case expressions of the weight of the pattern up to an affine linear transformation.Less
This chapter describes Type A Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series. It begins by defining the basic shape of the class of Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series. To do so, the following parameters are introduced: Φ, a reduced root system; n, a positive integer; F, an algebraic number field containing the group μ₂ₙ of 2n-th roots of unity; S, a finite set of places of F containing all the archimedean places, all places ramified over a ℚ; and an r-tuple of nonzero S-integers. In the language of representation theory, the weight of the basis vector corresponding to the Gelfand-Tsetlin pattern can be read from differences of consecutive row sums in the pattern. The chapter considers in this case expressions of the weight of the pattern up to an affine linear transformation.
CARLOTA S. SMITH
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199280445
- eISBN:
- 9780191712845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280445.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Event structure in Navajo presents a challenge to generative linguistic analysis. The Navajo verb word has a complex structure with an abstract stem and prefixes that appear in fixed positions. The ...
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Event structure in Navajo presents a challenge to generative linguistic analysis. The Navajo verb word has a complex structure with an abstract stem and prefixes that appear in fixed positions. The positions are traditionally represented by a template. This chapter determines how information about event structure is conveyed in the Navajo verb, and considers how best to represent such structure in a linguistic account. It discusses two different approaches: that of semantically-based syntax, and the surface-structure interpretation of Discourse Representation Theory. It is argued that the latter is preferable on grounds of simplicity and adequacy.Less
Event structure in Navajo presents a challenge to generative linguistic analysis. The Navajo verb word has a complex structure with an abstract stem and prefixes that appear in fixed positions. The positions are traditionally represented by a template. This chapter determines how information about event structure is conveyed in the Navajo verb, and considers how best to represent such structure in a linguistic account. It discusses two different approaches: that of semantically-based syntax, and the surface-structure interpretation of Discourse Representation Theory. It is argued that the latter is preferable on grounds of simplicity and adequacy.
MICHAEL MÜGER
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646296
- eISBN:
- 9780191747847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646296.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This is a review article on modular categories, and related mathematical subjects such as representation theory of loop groups and of quantum groups at root-of-unity deformation parameter. These ...
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This is a review article on modular categories, and related mathematical subjects such as representation theory of loop groups and of quantum groups at root-of-unity deformation parameter. These represent one of the most fruitful places of interaction of ‘pure’ mathematics and mathematical physics.Less
This is a review article on modular categories, and related mathematical subjects such as representation theory of loop groups and of quantum groups at root-of-unity deformation parameter. These represent one of the most fruitful places of interaction of ‘pure’ mathematics and mathematical physics.
Charles Fefferman
Charles Fefferman, Alexandru D. Ionescu, D. H. Phong, Stephen Wainger, Charles Fefferman, Alexandru D. Ionescu, D. H. Phong, and Stephen Wainger (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159416
- eISBN:
- 9781400848935
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159416.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter is an overview of the scope and originality of Eli Stein's contributions to analysis. His work deals with representation theory, classical Fourier analysis, and partial differential ...
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This chapter is an overview of the scope and originality of Eli Stein's contributions to analysis. His work deals with representation theory, classical Fourier analysis, and partial differential equations. He was the first to appreciate the interplay among these subjects, and to perceive the fundamental insights in each field arising from that interplay. No one else really understands all three fields, hence the need for this chapter. However, deep understanding of three fields of mathematics is by no means sufficient to lead to Stein's main ideas. Rather, at crucial points, Stein has shown extraordinary originality, without which no amount of work or knowledge could have succeeded.Less
This chapter is an overview of the scope and originality of Eli Stein's contributions to analysis. His work deals with representation theory, classical Fourier analysis, and partial differential equations. He was the first to appreciate the interplay among these subjects, and to perceive the fundamental insights in each field arising from that interplay. No one else really understands all three fields, hence the need for this chapter. However, deep understanding of three fields of mathematics is by no means sufficient to lead to Stein's main ideas. Rather, at crucial points, Stein has shown extraordinary originality, without which no amount of work or knowledge could have succeeded.
Tanya Khovanova
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691171920
- eISBN:
- 9781400889136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691171920.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter begins with the following teaser about hungry dragons stealing kasha from one another. “Suppose a four-armed dragon is sitting on every face of a cube. Each dragon has a bowl of kasha in ...
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This chapter begins with the following teaser about hungry dragons stealing kasha from one another. “Suppose a four-armed dragon is sitting on every face of a cube. Each dragon has a bowl of kasha in front of him. Dragons are very greedy, so instead of eating their own kasha, they try to steal kasha from their neighbors. Each minute, every dragon extends four arms to the four neighboring faces on the cube and tries to get the kasha from the bowls there. As four arms are fighting for every bowl of kasha, each arm manages to steal one-fourth of what is in the bowl. Thus, each dragon steals one-fourth of the kasha of each of his neighbors, while at the same time all of his own kasha is stolen. Given the initial amounts of kasha in every bowl, what is the asymptotic behavior of the amounts of kasha?” It then arrives at a branch of mathematics called representation theory.Less
This chapter begins with the following teaser about hungry dragons stealing kasha from one another. “Suppose a four-armed dragon is sitting on every face of a cube. Each dragon has a bowl of kasha in front of him. Dragons are very greedy, so instead of eating their own kasha, they try to steal kasha from their neighbors. Each minute, every dragon extends four arms to the four neighboring faces on the cube and tries to get the kasha from the bowls there. As four arms are fighting for every bowl of kasha, each arm manages to steal one-fourth of what is in the bowl. Thus, each dragon steals one-fourth of the kasha of each of his neighbors, while at the same time all of his own kasha is stolen. Given the initial amounts of kasha in every bowl, what is the asymptotic behavior of the amounts of kasha?” It then arrives at a branch of mathematics called representation theory.
Charles Fefferman, Alexandru D. Ionescu, D.H. Phong, and Stephen Wainger
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159416
- eISBN:
- 9781400848935
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159416.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
Princeton University's Elias Stein was the first mathematician to see the profound interconnections that tie classical Fourier analysis to several complex variables and representation theory. His ...
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Princeton University's Elias Stein was the first mathematician to see the profound interconnections that tie classical Fourier analysis to several complex variables and representation theory. His fundamental contributions include the Kunze–Stein phenomenon, the construction of new representations, the Stein interpolation theorem, the idea of a restriction theorem for the Fourier transform, and the theory of Hp Spaces in several variables. Through his great discoveries, through books that have set the highest standard for mathematical exposition, and through his influence on his many collaborators and students, Stein has changed mathematics. Drawing inspiration from Stein's contributions to harmonic analysis and related topics, this book gathers papers from internationally renowned mathematicians, many of whom have been Stein's students. The book also includes expository papers on Stein's work and its influence.Less
Princeton University's Elias Stein was the first mathematician to see the profound interconnections that tie classical Fourier analysis to several complex variables and representation theory. His fundamental contributions include the Kunze–Stein phenomenon, the construction of new representations, the Stein interpolation theorem, the idea of a restriction theorem for the Fourier transform, and the theory of Hp Spaces in several variables. Through his great discoveries, through books that have set the highest standard for mathematical exposition, and through his influence on his many collaborators and students, Stein has changed mathematics. Drawing inspiration from Stein's contributions to harmonic analysis and related topics, this book gathers papers from internationally renowned mathematicians, many of whom have been Stein's students. The book also includes expository papers on Stein's work and its influence.
Kristin Bech
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199860210
- eISBN:
- 9780199949601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860210.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
This chapter explores the connection between word order and discourse relations in Old English (OE), while also taking information structure into account. The focus is on verb-final declarative ...
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This chapter explores the connection between word order and discourse relations in Old English (OE), while also taking information structure into account. The focus is on verb-final declarative clauses. It first introduces framework for the analysis of discourse relations and then presents data showing the development of verb-final word order from Old to Middle English. It then outlines the relation between verb-final word order and information structure. Finally, it analyzes and studies the discourse relations of verb-final clauses in some detail, with reference to the distinction between coordinating and subordinating discourse relations as outlined in Segmented Discourse Representation Theory. The basic idea is that some parts of the text play a subordinate role relative to other parts. The chapter shows that verb-final main clauses in OE are primarily associated with discourse coordination rather than subordination. In other words, verb-final clauses do not contrast with V2 clauses with respect to discourse relations, and it therefore remains unclear whether discourse relations play a role in word order variation in Old English.Less
This chapter explores the connection between word order and discourse relations in Old English (OE), while also taking information structure into account. The focus is on verb-final declarative clauses. It first introduces framework for the analysis of discourse relations and then presents data showing the development of verb-final word order from Old to Middle English. It then outlines the relation between verb-final word order and information structure. Finally, it analyzes and studies the discourse relations of verb-final clauses in some detail, with reference to the distinction between coordinating and subordinating discourse relations as outlined in Segmented Discourse Representation Theory. The basic idea is that some parts of the text play a subordinate role relative to other parts. The chapter shows that verb-final main clauses in OE are primarily associated with discourse coordination rather than subordination. In other words, verb-final clauses do not contrast with V2 clauses with respect to discourse relations, and it therefore remains unclear whether discourse relations play a role in word order variation in Old English.
Jessica Smartt Gullion
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029766
- eISBN:
- 9780262329798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029766.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical and methodological approaches that were used to conduct an ethnographic study of natural gas drilling activism in the Barnett Shale, a natural gas ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical and methodological approaches that were used to conduct an ethnographic study of natural gas drilling activism in the Barnett Shale, a natural gas field located beneath the populated Dallas Fort Worth Metroplex. Included is discussion of conceptualizations of the environment and how those conceptualizations impact human relationships in the natural environment. Also included are details about the ethnographic practice of this project, data collection and analysis, reflexivity, and the ethical considerations that went in to this work.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical and methodological approaches that were used to conduct an ethnographic study of natural gas drilling activism in the Barnett Shale, a natural gas field located beneath the populated Dallas Fort Worth Metroplex. Included is discussion of conceptualizations of the environment and how those conceptualizations impact human relationships in the natural environment. Also included are details about the ethnographic practice of this project, data collection and analysis, reflexivity, and the ethical considerations that went in to this work.
Anthony J. Sanford and Linda M. Moxey
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015127
- eISBN:
- 9780262295888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015127.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter presents the results of various experiments that investigated how different determiners and quantifiers make different sets of entities available for reference. It also reviews numerous ...
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This chapter presents the results of various experiments that investigated how different determiners and quantifiers make different sets of entities available for reference. It also reviews numerous accounts of a phenomenon known as complement set reference (compset reference) and shows that it is part of a cluster of phenomena related to negative and positive quantifiers. It then considers various attempts to explore the phenomenon in the context of discourse semantics and presents a number of psychological experiments linking the phenomenon to aspects of negativity and denial of a supposition. It shows that negative quantifiers such as few appear to allow reference to a complement set, contrary to Discourse Representation Theory.Less
This chapter presents the results of various experiments that investigated how different determiners and quantifiers make different sets of entities available for reference. It also reviews numerous accounts of a phenomenon known as complement set reference (compset reference) and shows that it is part of a cluster of phenomena related to negative and positive quantifiers. It then considers various attempts to explore the phenomenon in the context of discourse semantics and presents a number of psychological experiments linking the phenomenon to aspects of negativity and denial of a supposition. It shows that negative quantifiers such as few appear to allow reference to a complement set, contrary to Discourse Representation Theory.
Heath Brown
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704833
- eISBN:
- 9781501705922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704833.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter operationalizes the grounded theoretical model discussed in the previous chapter with an empirical measurement of the various factors it focuses on. It explains the survey methodology ...
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This chapter operationalizes the grounded theoretical model discussed in the previous chapter with an empirical measurement of the various factors it focuses on. It explains the survey methodology used to field a questionnaire to eleven hundred nonprofit organizations in the six states, then analyzes the data collected from survey respondents with a particular focus on the first part of the theory of immigrant-serving nonprofit engagement. The evidence shows that aspects of mission, organizational resources, and policy relate to which electoral tactics an immigrant-serving nonprofit makes use of. Most significantly, the new law to tighten voting procedures in Florida reduced the likelihood that organizations in that state held voter registration drives.Less
This chapter operationalizes the grounded theoretical model discussed in the previous chapter with an empirical measurement of the various factors it focuses on. It explains the survey methodology used to field a questionnaire to eleven hundred nonprofit organizations in the six states, then analyzes the data collected from survey respondents with a particular focus on the first part of the theory of immigrant-serving nonprofit engagement. The evidence shows that aspects of mission, organizational resources, and policy relate to which electoral tactics an immigrant-serving nonprofit makes use of. Most significantly, the new law to tighten voting procedures in Florida reduced the likelihood that organizations in that state held voter registration drives.
David Kemmerer
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190682620
- eISBN:
- 9780190682651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190682620.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This final chapter addresses the following question: Do the highest levels of mental representation—in particular, concepts and the thoughts they enter into—ever achieve consciousness when activated? ...
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This final chapter addresses the following question: Do the highest levels of mental representation—in particular, concepts and the thoughts they enter into—ever achieve consciousness when activated? Two competing positions have been taken on this issue. The liberal view holds that the contents of experience include not only sensory, motor, and affective states, but also whatever concepts happen to be engaged. In contrast, the conservative view maintains that concepts lack intrinsic qualia and always perform their functions beneath the surface of awareness. This chapter argues that the conservative view is more plausible than the liberal view, and that this has significant implications for three contemporary neuroscientific theories of consciousness. Specifically, it shows that the conservative view raises serious problems for Stanislas Dehaene’s Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and Giulio Tononi’s Integrated Information Theory, but is consistent with Jesse Prinz’s Attended Intermediate-Level Representation Theory.Less
This final chapter addresses the following question: Do the highest levels of mental representation—in particular, concepts and the thoughts they enter into—ever achieve consciousness when activated? Two competing positions have been taken on this issue. The liberal view holds that the contents of experience include not only sensory, motor, and affective states, but also whatever concepts happen to be engaged. In contrast, the conservative view maintains that concepts lack intrinsic qualia and always perform their functions beneath the surface of awareness. This chapter argues that the conservative view is more plausible than the liberal view, and that this has significant implications for three contemporary neuroscientific theories of consciousness. Specifically, it shows that the conservative view raises serious problems for Stanislas Dehaene’s Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and Giulio Tononi’s Integrated Information Theory, but is consistent with Jesse Prinz’s Attended Intermediate-Level Representation Theory.
Emar Maier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198713265
- eISBN:
- 9780191781711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198713265.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The communication of de se attitudes poses a problem for “participant-neutral” analyses of communication in terms of propositions expressed or proposed updates to the common ground: when you tell me ...
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The communication of de se attitudes poses a problem for “participant-neutral” analyses of communication in terms of propositions expressed or proposed updates to the common ground: when you tell me “I am an idiot”, you express a first person de se attitude, but as a result I form a different, second person attitude, viz. that you are an idiot. When we take seriously the asymmetry between speaker and hearer in semantics this problem disappears. This chapter proposes a concrete model of communication as the transmission of information from the speaker’s mental state to the hearer’s. The analysis is couched in Discourse Representation Theory, a formal semantic framework that linguists use for modeling conversational common ground updates, but that can also be applied to describe the individual speech participants’ dynamically changing mental states.Less
The communication of de se attitudes poses a problem for “participant-neutral” analyses of communication in terms of propositions expressed or proposed updates to the common ground: when you tell me “I am an idiot”, you express a first person de se attitude, but as a result I form a different, second person attitude, viz. that you are an idiot. When we take seriously the asymmetry between speaker and hearer in semantics this problem disappears. This chapter proposes a concrete model of communication as the transmission of information from the speaker’s mental state to the hearer’s. The analysis is couched in Discourse Representation Theory, a formal semantic framework that linguists use for modeling conversational common ground updates, but that can also be applied to describe the individual speech participants’ dynamically changing mental states.
Heath Brown
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501704833
- eISBN:
- 9781501705922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501704833.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter articulates a new model of electoral engagement for immigrant-serving nonprofits. In the political and financial landscape leading up to the 2012 election, nonprofits faced opportunities ...
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This chapter articulates a new model of electoral engagement for immigrant-serving nonprofits. In the political and financial landscape leading up to the 2012 election, nonprofits faced opportunities and barriers to engaging in electoral politics. The chapter uses the reflective electoral representation theory to identify several factors associated with the level of nonprofit engagement in electioneering, and the electoral venue choice theory to argue that a different set of political factors will be involved in which venue (local, state, or national) an immigrant-serving nonprofit focuses its work. In particular, the chapter focuses on the cases of the MinKwon Center for Community Action in New York, Korean American Community Center of Princeton (KCCP) in New Jersey, Alliance of Filipinos for Immigrant Rights and Empowerment (AFIRE) in Illinois, and Latino Advocacy Coalition (LAC) in North Carolina.Less
This chapter articulates a new model of electoral engagement for immigrant-serving nonprofits. In the political and financial landscape leading up to the 2012 election, nonprofits faced opportunities and barriers to engaging in electoral politics. The chapter uses the reflective electoral representation theory to identify several factors associated with the level of nonprofit engagement in electioneering, and the electoral venue choice theory to argue that a different set of political factors will be involved in which venue (local, state, or national) an immigrant-serving nonprofit focuses its work. In particular, the chapter focuses on the cases of the MinKwon Center for Community Action in New York, Korean American Community Center of Princeton (KCCP) in New Jersey, Alliance of Filipinos for Immigrant Rights and Empowerment (AFIRE) in Illinois, and Latino Advocacy Coalition (LAC) in North Carolina.
Mark Steedman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017077
- eISBN:
- 9780262301404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017077.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter looks at a number of approaches related to the present theory, including Discourse Representation Theory (DRT), which assumes that discourse referents are object symbols and generalized ...
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This chapter looks at a number of approaches related to the present theory, including Discourse Representation Theory (DRT), which assumes that discourse referents are object symbols and generalized Skolem terms. One similarity between the present theory and DRT is the property of treating donkey pronouns as standard discourse pronouns instead of bound-variable pronouns or more exotic objects such as definites or functional entities. The chapter also discusses E-Type pronouns, underspecified Skolem terms and the anytime operation of specification, the concept of storage, and the “call-by-name” method of passing argument values to functions or procedures.Less
This chapter looks at a number of approaches related to the present theory, including Discourse Representation Theory (DRT), which assumes that discourse referents are object symbols and generalized Skolem terms. One similarity between the present theory and DRT is the property of treating donkey pronouns as standard discourse pronouns instead of bound-variable pronouns or more exotic objects such as definites or functional entities. The chapter also discusses E-Type pronouns, underspecified Skolem terms and the anytime operation of specification, the concept of storage, and the “call-by-name” method of passing argument values to functions or procedures.
Jean Decety and Claus Lamm
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262012973
- eISBN:
- 9780262255295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
This chapter examines empathy as a construct, with an emphasis on a sense of similarity in feelings experienced by the self and the other. It explains how confusion between self and other can turn ...
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This chapter examines empathy as a construct, with an emphasis on a sense of similarity in feelings experienced by the self and the other. It explains how confusion between self and other can turn empathy into sympathy or even personal distress. It reviews the results of recent social neuroscience research that investigated the behavioral and neural responses of people to the pain of others. These studies show that a person who perceives another individual in pain results in the activation of the former’s neural network involved in the processing of firsthand experience of pain. The chapter also looks at the neural circuits responsible for a person’s ability to perceive the pain of others in the context of the shared-representation theory of social cognition. In addition, it discusses perspective taking and the ability to differentiate the self from the other.Less
This chapter examines empathy as a construct, with an emphasis on a sense of similarity in feelings experienced by the self and the other. It explains how confusion between self and other can turn empathy into sympathy or even personal distress. It reviews the results of recent social neuroscience research that investigated the behavioral and neural responses of people to the pain of others. These studies show that a person who perceives another individual in pain results in the activation of the former’s neural network involved in the processing of firsthand experience of pain. The chapter also looks at the neural circuits responsible for a person’s ability to perceive the pain of others in the context of the shared-representation theory of social cognition. In addition, it discusses perspective taking and the ability to differentiate the self from the other.
John J. Lowe
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198701361
- eISBN:
- 9780191770630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701361.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter provides a concise yet valuable introduction to the formal grammatical framework utilized in the work, Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). It first explains the two original components of ...
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This chapter provides a concise yet valuable introduction to the formal grammatical framework utilized in the work, Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). It first explains the two original components of the theory, constituent structure and functional structure, discussing the cross-linguistic variation attested in c-structure configuration in contrast with the cross-linguistic uniformity of f-structure. Secondly, the semantic formalism, glue semantics, is introduced, and the particular combination of glue with Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) is explained. Finally, the remaining components of the LFG architecture are introduced, with particular focus on information structure, the string, and prosodic structure.Less
This chapter provides a concise yet valuable introduction to the formal grammatical framework utilized in the work, Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). It first explains the two original components of the theory, constituent structure and functional structure, discussing the cross-linguistic variation attested in c-structure configuration in contrast with the cross-linguistic uniformity of f-structure. Secondly, the semantic formalism, glue semantics, is introduced, and the particular combination of glue with Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) is explained. Finally, the remaining components of the LFG architecture are introduced, with particular focus on information structure, the string, and prosodic structure.
