Sarah Dadush
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199658244
- eISBN:
- 9780199949915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658244.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter takes a look at the development and use of indicators and related reporting systems in social impact investing. It introduces the Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS) and the ...
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This chapter takes a look at the development and use of indicators and related reporting systems in social impact investing. It introduces the Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS) and the Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS). It then studies the concept of ‘investment impact’ indicators, which are considered as important bridging and blurring devices. This chapter also identifies the advantages and costs of this system, which include a move away from local self-expression of distinct community initiatives.Less
This chapter takes a look at the development and use of indicators and related reporting systems in social impact investing. It introduces the Global Impact Investment Rating System (GIIRS) and the Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS). It then studies the concept of ‘investment impact’ indicators, which are considered as important bridging and blurring devices. This chapter also identifies the advantages and costs of this system, which include a move away from local self-expression of distinct community initiatives.
Nicole M. Aulerich, Scott H. Irwin, and Philip Garcia
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226128924
- eISBN:
- 9780226129082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226129082.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The “Masters Hypothesis” claims that unprecedented buying pressures from new financial index investors created a massive bubble in agricultural futures prices at various times in recent years. This ...
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The “Masters Hypothesis” claims that unprecedented buying pressures from new financial index investors created a massive bubble in agricultural futures prices at various times in recent years. This chapter analyzes the market impact of financial index investment in agricultural futures markets using non-public data from the Large Trader Reporting System (LTRS) maintained by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The LTRS data is superior to publicly-available data because commodity index trader (CIT) positions are available on a daily basis, positions are disaggregated by contract maturity, and positions before 2006 can be reliably estimated. The null hypothesis of no impact of aggregate CIT positions on daily returns is rejected in only 3 of the 12 markets. Point estimates of the cumulative impact of a one standard deviation increase in CIT positions on daily returns are negative and very small, averaging only about two basis points. The null hypothesis that CIT positions do not impact daily returns in a data-defined roll period is rejected in 5 of the 12 markets and estimated cumulative impacts are negative in all 12 markets; the opposite of the expected outcome if CIT rolling activity simultaneously pressures nearby prices downward and first deferred prices upward.Less
The “Masters Hypothesis” claims that unprecedented buying pressures from new financial index investors created a massive bubble in agricultural futures prices at various times in recent years. This chapter analyzes the market impact of financial index investment in agricultural futures markets using non-public data from the Large Trader Reporting System (LTRS) maintained by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The LTRS data is superior to publicly-available data because commodity index trader (CIT) positions are available on a daily basis, positions are disaggregated by contract maturity, and positions before 2006 can be reliably estimated. The null hypothesis of no impact of aggregate CIT positions on daily returns is rejected in only 3 of the 12 markets. Point estimates of the cumulative impact of a one standard deviation increase in CIT positions on daily returns are negative and very small, averaging only about two basis points. The null hypothesis that CIT positions do not impact daily returns in a data-defined roll period is rejected in 5 of the 12 markets and estimated cumulative impacts are negative in all 12 markets; the opposite of the expected outcome if CIT rolling activity simultaneously pressures nearby prices downward and first deferred prices upward.
Golfo Alexopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300179415
- eISBN:
- 9780300227536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300179415.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter examines the systems of exploitation within the camps and how they strive for maximum efficiency. Camps were required to demonstrate maximum labor utilization (trudovoe ispol'zovanie) of ...
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This chapter examines the systems of exploitation within the camps and how they strive for maximum efficiency. Camps were required to demonstrate maximum labor utilization (trudovoe ispol'zovanie) of their prison workforce and minimal “lost labor days.” No one could be allowed a free ride on the Gulag's scarce resources. As the Gulag intensified its system of exploitation, it also ceased reporting data on physical labor capability to its party bosses. Camp administrators routinely hid the physical degradation of their workforce by reclassifying and moving sick prisoners. In addition, labor utilization data concealed the scale of the weakened workforce. Camp officials also sought to make disabled inmates invisible in reports and statistics, and to demonstrate the maximum number of bodies being used in production.Less
This chapter examines the systems of exploitation within the camps and how they strive for maximum efficiency. Camps were required to demonstrate maximum labor utilization (trudovoe ispol'zovanie) of their prison workforce and minimal “lost labor days.” No one could be allowed a free ride on the Gulag's scarce resources. As the Gulag intensified its system of exploitation, it also ceased reporting data on physical labor capability to its party bosses. Camp administrators routinely hid the physical degradation of their workforce by reclassifying and moving sick prisoners. In addition, labor utilization data concealed the scale of the weakened workforce. Camp officials also sought to make disabled inmates invisible in reports and statistics, and to demonstrate the maximum number of bodies being used in production.
Saad B. Omer and Sam F. Halabi
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190604882
- eISBN:
- 9780190604912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190604882.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
In chapter 13, Saad B. Omer and Sam F. Halabi examine the evidence, strategies, and challenges surrounding vaccine safety as novel technologies and expanding coverage introduce new factors to ...
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In chapter 13, Saad B. Omer and Sam F. Halabi examine the evidence, strategies, and challenges surrounding vaccine safety as novel technologies and expanding coverage introduce new factors to consider in maintaining the safety profile of current and new vaccines. While the fundamental principle behind vaccination remains the same, the technologies behind antigenic components have evolved. The chapter provides concrete recommendations on how the regulatory process that assures vaccine safety and efficacy may be adapted to respond to these technologies. The chapter also reviews postlicensure vaccine safety and adverse event reporting systems at both the national and the international level. It assesses weaknesses in the global system for adverse event monitoring, especially in light of advances in immunization coverage programs in low-income countries, and propose potential solutions to address those weaknesses.Less
In chapter 13, Saad B. Omer and Sam F. Halabi examine the evidence, strategies, and challenges surrounding vaccine safety as novel technologies and expanding coverage introduce new factors to consider in maintaining the safety profile of current and new vaccines. While the fundamental principle behind vaccination remains the same, the technologies behind antigenic components have evolved. The chapter provides concrete recommendations on how the regulatory process that assures vaccine safety and efficacy may be adapted to respond to these technologies. The chapter also reviews postlicensure vaccine safety and adverse event reporting systems at both the national and the international level. It assesses weaknesses in the global system for adverse event monitoring, especially in light of advances in immunization coverage programs in low-income countries, and propose potential solutions to address those weaknesses.
Mary Kay Gugerty and Dean Karlan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199366088
- eISBN:
- 9780199366118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199366088.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter introduces the landscape of data collection and impact measurement among nonprofit and social sector organizations. New technologies for collecting data as well as increasing donor ...
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This chapter introduces the landscape of data collection and impact measurement among nonprofit and social sector organizations. New technologies for collecting data as well as increasing donor demand for accountability create a culture of impact. However, this push to measure impact has also led to a proliferation of misguided efforts to do so. Many organizations fall into one of three traps when monitoring and evaluating their programs: too few data, too much data, or the wrong data. This chapter introduces the CART principles, which guide organizations to collect data that are credible, actionable, responsible, and transportable. It also outlines the structure of the book and describes the case studies that illustrate the CART principles in action. The chapter explains how the book can be used by both social sector organizations and their funders to develop data systems that support learning, improvement, and impact.Less
This chapter introduces the landscape of data collection and impact measurement among nonprofit and social sector organizations. New technologies for collecting data as well as increasing donor demand for accountability create a culture of impact. However, this push to measure impact has also led to a proliferation of misguided efforts to do so. Many organizations fall into one of three traps when monitoring and evaluating their programs: too few data, too much data, or the wrong data. This chapter introduces the CART principles, which guide organizations to collect data that are credible, actionable, responsible, and transportable. It also outlines the structure of the book and describes the case studies that illustrate the CART principles in action. The chapter explains how the book can be used by both social sector organizations and their funders to develop data systems that support learning, improvement, and impact.
