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Liturgical Reform: The End of the Established Church

Nicholas Hope

in German and Scandinavian Protestantism 1700-1918

Continues the previous argument. Many attempts to introduce modern vernacular liturgies, and widespread urban public debate thereon, were hampered by a ruler's authorized liturgy. Particular ... More

Continues the previous argument. Many attempts to introduce modern vernacular liturgies, and widespread urban public debate thereon, were hampered by a ruler's authorized liturgy. Particular attention is given to a suitable liturgical music to accompany a modern sermon, church renovation and the demise of the established church in Scandinavia and in Prussia in its public Code (1794).Less

The Beauty of Holiness, 1625–1640

Kenneth Fincham and Nicholas Tyacke

in Altars Restored: The Changing Face of English Religious Worship, 1547-c.1700

In 1637, Peter Heylyn gave focus to the ‘piety of these times’ wherein, since the Reformation, churches were immensely beautified and decorated, the liturgy was gradually observed more, and ‘reverend ... More

In 1637, Peter Heylyn gave focus to the ‘piety of these times’ wherein, since the Reformation, churches were immensely beautified and decorated, the liturgy was gradually observed more, and ‘reverend gestures’ are used more frequently during times of worship. Altars in parish churches, cathedrals, and college chapels were heavily adorned and placed on newly constructed steps or platforms. Although these churches and the diocese may generally have had their own ways of interpreting these practices, these churches underwent the following changes: pews were either removed or leveled, images and stained glass art were put up, prayer rubrics were reinterpreted, and bowing towards the east end was promoted. However, some churches took these remodeling moves to a different level as some of them were not in line with Laudian practice. Nonetheless, the opportunities for refurbishing these churches were openly accepted by those who supported the Laudian programme.Less

The Colleges in the New Era

M. C. Curthoys

in The History of the University of Oxford: Volume VII: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 2

If the rise of the undergraduate college was originally consolidated in Tudor Oxford, its revival was achieved during the late 19th century. At the centre of this renewal was the tutorial system ... More

If the rise of the undergraduate college was originally consolidated in Tudor Oxford, its revival was achieved during the late 19th century. At the centre of this renewal was the tutorial system which, as refashioned in the decades after 1860, strengthened the collegiate ideal of undergraduate education. Not only did the colleges demonstrate their efficiency as teaching institutions, preparing students for degrees, but they reinforced the claims of a residential university to provide a training in ‘character’. Many of the developments discussed in this chapter had close parallels in Cambridge University, and it was during this period that the colleges of both universities came to be seen as standing at the apex of a reorganized educational system in England. They drew a substantial proportion of their students from the public schools, which underwent a similar process of renovation. To the Executive Commissioners who set about remodelling Oxford University’s colleges after the passage of the 1854 Act, the key to reform lay in creating properly constituted governing bodies.Less

Health estates

Nizam Damani

in Manual of Infection Prevention and Control

The provision of a safe environment within health care premises is a statutory obligation and must be part of the risk management strategy of the hospital. The environment in which patients are ... More

The provision of a safe environment within health care premises is a statutory obligation and must be part of the risk management strategy of the hospital. The environment in which patients are nursed must be designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infection to a minimum. Along with the physicians and nurses from the units, and the designated members of the projects teams, the infection prevention and control team must also be involved in the design, construction, and commissioning of any new or upgraded building or health care facility at an early stage. This chapter discusses the functional design of health care facilities, patient accommodation, isolation rooms, ventilation and air-conditioning; construction, renovation, and demolition; and operating theatres.Less

Epilogue

Kevin C. O'Connor

in The House of Hemp and Butter: A History of Old Riga

This concluding chapter details the aftermath of the city of Riga, as well as the changes it experienced, after falling to Russian rule. The migration of Jews to Riga, and of Russian officials and ... More

This concluding chapter details the aftermath of the city of Riga, as well as the changes it experienced, after falling to Russian rule. The migration of Jews to Riga, and of Russian officials and laborers, are among the many developments that would take place during the two centuries that followed Riga's capitulation to the tsar. The city's renovation and the appearance of dozens of yellow-brick factory buildings in the suburbs were still to come. The ruined city that fell to Tsar Peter I in 1710 had none of the parks, canals, gardens, and urban villas that would transform Riga into one of northeastern Europe's most attractive and welcoming cities during the twilight years of the Russian Empire. Yet, as this chapter shows, even as Riga tore down its medieval walls in the 1850s and incorporated the suburban areas, where promenades and beautiful homes were built for the city's prosperous bourgeoisie, the oldest parts of Riga would retain many of their traditional features into present times.Less

Fortification and Siege

Thomas J. Brown

in Civil War Canon: Sites of Confederate Memory in South Carolina

This chapter discusses the renovation of Fort Sumter within the recentering of the Charleston economy on tourism. The shaping of the Fort Sumter National Monument was the single largest restoration ... More

This chapter discusses the renovation of Fort Sumter within the recentering of the Charleston economy on tourism. The shaping of the Fort Sumter National Monument was the single largest restoration project of mid-twentieth-century Charleston. While federal historical interpretation initially reinforced the landscape of Confederate memory built up in the city since the death of John C. Calhoun, intersectional partnership also heightened the vulnerability of the Lost Cause to a national ideological upheaval. The centennial anniversary of the first shots of the war exploded into a symbolically significant episode in the acceleration of the civil rights revolution. The ensuing transformation of Civil War memory would repudiate the Charleston Renaissance premises for the veneration of Fort Sumter.Less

Cities in Ruin

John Macdonald, Charles Branas, and Robert Stokes

in Changing Places: The Science and Art of New Urban Planning

This chapter focuses on urban building and housing interventions that have been evaluated at some of the highest levels of scientific evidence. Building and housing interventions strongly appeal to ... More

This chapter focuses on urban building and housing interventions that have been evaluated at some of the highest levels of scientific evidence. Building and housing interventions strongly appeal to policy makers and the public who intrinsically recognize the basic human need for shelter. The most blighted and neglected human dwellings in cities provide a strong basis for motivating action. After all, one can clearly see a significant change in an area when old buildings and physical structures are razed and new ones constructed. Questions arise, however, in terms of the actual need for complete replacement with new structures, as opposed to more widespread renovations and preservation of old buildings. It is equally important to consider the effect that urban-revitalization activities—especially in residential districts—have on gentrification and the possible reduction of a city's affordable housing stock, which itself influences health and safety. The chapter then discusses examples of building interventions that have failed to produce positive evidence and ones that have shown success without causing significant dislocation or displacement.Less

Preservation of the Wall Paintings in the Church of the Archangel Gabriel at Naqlun

Gawdat Gabra

in Christianity and Monasticism in the Fayoum Oasis: Essays from the 2004 International Symposium of the Saint Mark Foundation and the Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society in Honor of Martin Krause

This chapter describes the emergency treatment or preservation of a set of wall paintings from the church of the monastery of the Archangel Gabriel at the Naqlun site in the Fayoum Oasis in Egypt. It ... More

This chapter describes the emergency treatment or preservation of a set of wall paintings from the church of the monastery of the Archangel Gabriel at the Naqlun site in the Fayoum Oasis in Egypt. It explains that the renovation works were carried out by the monks inside the church and included progressive removal of layers of secondary plastering, cleaning, structural reinforcement of the ground of all paintings, and final treatment procedures involving aesthetic colour integration. The research also reveals successive architectural renovations of the church, which was probably originally constructed in the late nineth century.Less

Antiquaries, Historians, and Archaeologists: Creating a Cultural Context for Early Medieval Graves

Bonnie Effros

in Merovingian Mortuary Archaeology and the Making of the Early Middle Ages

Recent studies have addressed the impact of collecting, archaeological exploration, and the foundation of museums on historical representation and national identity. Posing similar questions to ... More

Recent studies have addressed the impact of collecting, archaeological exploration, and the foundation of museums on historical representation and national identity. Posing similar questions to Merovingian archaeology proves very revealing. The opening of tombs specifically promoted the veneration of saints and could secure the status of a particular monastic house, bishopric, or cult center. When clerics disturbed early medieval sepulchers of high-status laypersons in the course of church renovations and translated their remains with comparable ceremonies, their presence also added to the prestige of the churches in which they were located. Some efforts made to resurrect Merovingian graves by the early modern period thus did not necessarily have direct relevance for the religious settings in which they occurred. The decreasing importance of grave sites in the determination of salvation also provided some impetus for the modification of excavating priorities. Popular reform doctrines proposed that the redemption of Christian souls could be accomplished without the intercession of the saints or the prayers of the living.Less

Introduction

Daniela Sandler

in Counterpreservation: Architectural Decay in Berlin Since 1989

This introductory chapter summarizes this volume's arguments, as well as the particular case studies which will be the subject of each individual chapter. It also details the scope of the study, ... More

This introductory chapter summarizes this volume's arguments, as well as the particular case studies which will be the subject of each individual chapter. It also details the scope of the study, which encompasses a large number of case studies in order to demonstrate the reach of counterpreservation beyond a few anecdotal or exceptional examples and leave room for examination in diverse spatial, programmatic, and urban conditions. The chapter also discusses the scholarly approach this book tackles as a whole, in order to give insight into a spatial practice that pops up across the city and even beyond it. In doing so the chapter raises the question which forms the heart of this book—why people in Berlin want to live, work, perform, and play in decrepit buildings when they could either renovate their buildings with their own hands, or, in some cases, afford to live in renovated ones.Less

Star City: The Swedish Century

Kevin C. O'Connor

in The House of Hemp and Butter: A History of Old Riga

This chapter demonstrates that the peace, progress, educational advances, and cultural achievements of the seventeenth century made the Swedish era into something of a “golden age” for early modern ... More

This chapter demonstrates that the peace, progress, educational advances, and cultural achievements of the seventeenth century made the Swedish era into something of a “golden age” for early modern Riga. For ninety years, Riga was under the dominion of the Swedish Empire, an absolutist state that relied on the Livonian port for supplies of food and for the defense of its Baltic possessions. As Riga was the empire's largest city, its most important fortress, and a significant source of income, the city underwent extensive physical renovations that strengthened its defenses and transformed its appearance. Yet the dawn of the “good old Swedish times”—or rather the end of Polish dominion—was far from promising, as the transition began during a drawn-out war accompanied by all the usual disruptions. For an entire decade, Riga was blockaded by sea and activity at its once-bustling harbor practically ceased.Less

Cities bounce back – piecing communities together again

Anne Power and John Houghton

in Jigsaw cities: Big places, small spaces

This chapter uncovers the roots of urban recovery in the return to ‘small is beautiful’ and inner-city renewal. It explains that the shift to renovation demonstrated that renewal could be ... More

This chapter uncovers the roots of urban recovery in the return to ‘small is beautiful’ and inner-city renewal. It explains that the shift to renovation demonstrated that renewal could be cost-effective and quick with nothing like the disruption and damage caused by demolition. It notes that renovation was immensely popular with tenants and low-income owners, particularly from minority ethnic groups who were still often excluded from council housing. It adds that the birth of ‘neighbourhood renewal’ through property renovation led to the rebirth of the inner city, attracting back more prosperous households, as well as holding onto existing communities, and generating new services, jobs, and investment. It explains that gentrification – the displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income newcomers – put pressure on existing communities, but far less than the brutal exclusions of wholesale clearance.Less

Making the Artist Loft

Aaron Shkuda

in The Lofts of SoHo: "Gentrification, Art, and Industry in New York, 1950-1980"

Artists invented a new form of housing, the residential loft, in former industrial neighborhood of SoHo. To do so, they transformed the architectural features that hindered modern manufacturing made ... More

Artists invented a new form of housing, the residential loft, in former industrial neighborhood of SoHo. To do so, they transformed the architectural features that hindered modern manufacturing made lofts manufacturing into the hallmarks of an interior design aesthetic that privileged open, flexible interiors, natural light, minimalism, and the creative use of the spaces’ industrial pasts. To create their lofts, artists completed most renovations themselves, taking on significant personal and financial risk to do so. SoHo’s uniquely supportive artist community played a critical role in allowing residents to negotiate this process.Less

The French Hong: The Physical Plant

Susan E. Schopp

in Sino-French Trade at Canton, 1698-1842

Chapter 5 focuses on the buildings that provided the French with living, work, and warehouse space in Canton; over the years, they rented at least seven different ones, and occasionally more than one ... More

Chapter 5 focuses on the buildings that provided the French with living, work, and warehouse space in Canton; over the years, they rented at least seven different ones, and occasionally more than one at a time. They most often referred to these structures, which were a familiar form of Cantonese vernacular architecture, as hangs or hams (hongs), and only rarely as factoreries (factories). Their 1767 renovations to the façade of the hong that they rented from the merchant Tinqua were widely emulated by other trading nations on the Canton riverfront; less impressively, control of the same hong was twice a cause of major friction among French traders, the second time with long-lasting consequences. Besides identifying the various French hongs and locations, building structure, layout, furnishings, and residents, the chapter also explores the significance of the hong, to both the Chinese and the international community, as the symbol of a nation’s success in the Canton Trade. As the outward expression of a nation’s presence in Canton, the hong served as the public face of that nation, and thus came to assume an importance that far exceeded any merely physical function.Less

Paul’s Work

Roze Hentschell

in St Paul's Cathedral Precinct in Early Modern Literature and Culture: Spatial Practices

This chapter highlights the fabric of the cathedral and the protracted debates surrounding its repairs. A narrative is constructed of the efforts of cathedral renovation in the sixty years after the ... More

This chapter highlights the fabric of the cathedral and the protracted debates surrounding its repairs. A narrative is constructed of the efforts of cathedral renovation in the sixty years after the 1561 burning of the spire, focusing especially on the Jacobean period when royal and public interest in the condition of the church gained ground. While secular writers such as Henry Farley and Thomas Dekker demonstrate the cultural interest in the renovation, visual representations of the cathedral serve as reminders of the Cathedral’s prominence in London. King James paid special attention to Paul’s and commissioned a sermon by Bishop John King arguing for its repairs, laying the important groundwork for the massive renovation project of the 1630s.Less

The Quest for Normalcy: Coming Home, Settling Down, Moving Forward

Christine Varga-Harris

in Stories of House and Home: Soviet Apartment Life during the Khrushchev Years

The chapter focuses on the problems that have besieged the inhabitants of the older apartments requiring essential repairs and improved amenities. It particularly examines the petition of the ... More

The chapter focuses on the problems that have besieged the inhabitants of the older apartments requiring essential repairs and improved amenities. It particularly examines the petition of the Borovaia Street residents in Leningrad for better housing. Their apartment did not meet the basic demands for hygiene and comfort, nor “for the protection of the health of its inhabitants, raising children, normal sleep, and rest.” When the renovation had been completed, the rooms in some apartments became subdivided into awkward configurations. Furthermore, other major problems were encountered. The case represents the reality that for residents living in an apartment in the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s, daily life remained virtually unchanged by mass construction.Less

Policies for Enabling Transformations

in Extending Themselves: User Initiated Transformations of Government-built Housing in Developing Countries

This chapter focuses on housing policies, arguing for an attitude towards development control which accepts that residents should have a high degree of control over what happens within their ... More

This chapter focuses on housing policies, arguing for an attitude towards development control which accepts that residents should have a high degree of control over what happens within their neighbourhoods. These proscriptions, sensitively developed and agreed by community leaders, should limit development only when absolutely necessary. The discussions cover public–individual partnership to encourage housing renovation; projects for transformations; physical planning policy and regulations; finance; and land and property taxes.Less

“We Truly Listened to Our Guests”: Rethinking the Redesign of the Hyatt Regency Chicago

David Brody

in Housekeeping By Design: Hotels and Labor

The final chapter draws on interviews conducted by Brody at the Hyatt Regency Chicago to describe how housekeepers responded to the 2011 renovation of the enormous hotel, which has more than two ... More

The final chapter draws on interviews conducted by Brody at the Hyatt Regency Chicago to describe how housekeepers responded to the 2011 renovation of the enormous hotel, which has more than two thousand rooms. Through these interviews, Brody reveals how the Hyatt workers’ day-to-day lives were adversely affected by the Hyatt management’s unilateral design decisions, which led to housekeepers’ physical pain and emotional duress during and after the renovation. Brody then explains how these workers fought against corporately driven choices through various union-led actions.Less

In Sickness and in Health

Nina Macaraig

in Cemberlitas Hamami in Istanbul: The Biographical Memoir of a Turkish Bath

Based on the evidence of narrative sources on the disasters that struck Istanbul, building inscriptions and archival records, this chapter describes the kinds of symptoms that show how the ... More

Based on the evidence of narrative sources on the disasters that struck Istanbul, building inscriptions and archival records, this chapter describes the kinds of symptoms that show how the Çemberlitaş Hamamı aged over time. It defines the various causes of damage, such as fires, earthquakes, hailstorms, and daily wear and tear. Finally, the chapter analyses the repair and renovation work done to its structure in greater detail.Less