Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International ...
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This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International migration produced a large convergence in real wages between Europe and the New World during the transatlantic migrations of the late 19th century. Concerns about the impact of immigration on workers in destination countries resulted in policies that significantly limited international migration during much of the 20th century and gave rise to significant illegal immigration. Dropping these policy barriers would increase world output and significantly reduce inequality between the richest and poorest nations of the world. The chapter also considers whether the emigration of skilled workers (brain drain) harms poor countries, weighing the loss of skills against remittances and other offsetting factors.Less
This chapter shows the powerful role of international labor market competition in narrowing differences in labor conditions between countries that remain open to migration flows. International migration produced a large convergence in real wages between Europe and the New World during the transatlantic migrations of the late 19th century. Concerns about the impact of immigration on workers in destination countries resulted in policies that significantly limited international migration during much of the 20th century and gave rise to significant illegal immigration. Dropping these policy barriers would increase world output and significantly reduce inequality between the richest and poorest nations of the world. The chapter also considers whether the emigration of skilled workers (brain drain) harms poor countries, weighing the loss of skills against remittances and other offsetting factors.
Andrés Solimano
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Remittances from migrants are a growing force, and this chapter considers the role that they can play in financing development. To an important extent, they finance consumption, and are an ...
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Remittances from migrants are a growing force, and this chapter considers the role that they can play in financing development. To an important extent, they finance consumption, and are an international mechanism of social protection based on private transfers; they can also contribute to financing investment, providing community infrastructure and funds for the financing of new enterprises. The motives for making such remittances, and the problems of measuring their extent are considered, as are the variety of financial entities through which they are channelled, and policies for reducing the cost of remittances and enhancing their development potential. The chapter is organised in five main sections which: discuss global and regional trends in remittance flows and their growing importance as a source of external transfers to developing countries; examine measurement issues and discuss the main micro‐motives for remittances and the implications of their cyclical behaviour for stability; analyse the development impact of remittances (effects on savings, investment, growth, poverty, income distribution); overview the international market for remittances, and provide evidence on the costs of sending remittances to various country groups; and highlights policies for reducing the costs of sending remittances and thus enhancing their developmental impact.Less
Remittances from migrants are a growing force, and this chapter considers the role that they can play in financing development. To an important extent, they finance consumption, and are an international mechanism of social protection based on private transfers; they can also contribute to financing investment, providing community infrastructure and funds for the financing of new enterprises. The motives for making such remittances, and the problems of measuring their extent are considered, as are the variety of financial entities through which they are channelled, and policies for reducing the cost of remittances and enhancing their development potential. The chapter is organised in five main sections which: discuss global and regional trends in remittance flows and their growing importance as a source of external transfers to developing countries; examine measurement issues and discuss the main micro‐motives for remittances and the implications of their cyclical behaviour for stability; analyse the development impact of remittances (effects on savings, investment, growth, poverty, income distribution); overview the international market for remittances, and provide evidence on the costs of sending remittances to various country groups; and highlights policies for reducing the costs of sending remittances and thus enhancing their developmental impact.
Alexander Betts (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral ...
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Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.Less
Unlike many other trans-boundary policy areas, international migration lacks coherent global governance. There is no UN migration organization and states have signed relatively few multilateral treaties on migration. Instead, sovereign states generally decide their own immigration policies. However, given the growing politicization of migration and the recognition that states cannot always address migration in isolation from one another, a debate has emerged about what type of international institutions and cooperation are required to meet the challenges of international migration. Until now, though, that emerging debate on global migration governance has lacked a clear analytical understanding of what global migration governance actually is, the politics underlying it, and the basis on which we can make claims about what ‘better’ migration governance might look like. In order to address this gap, the book brings together a group of the world's leading experts on migration to consider the global governance of different aspects of migration. The chapters offer an accessible introduction to the global governance of low-skilled labour migration, high-skilled labour migration, irregular migration, lifestyle migration, international travel, refugees, internally displaced persons, human trafficking and smuggling, diaspora, remittances, and root causes. Each of the chapters explores the three same broad questions: What, institutionally, is the global governance of migration in that area? Why, politically, does that type of governance exist? How, normatively, can we ground claims about the type of global governance that should exist in that area? Collectively, the chapters enhance our understanding of the international politics of migration and set out a vision for international cooperation on migration.
Viviana A. Zelizer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139364
- eISBN:
- 9781400836253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139364.003.0017
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter identifies the social arrangements called circuits of commerce, explains how they matter to economic life and where to look for them, enumerates some questions we should be asking about ...
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This chapter identifies the social arrangements called circuits of commerce, explains how they matter to economic life and where to look for them, enumerates some questions we should be asking about them, and sketches an approach to investigating them. Earlier papers describe three circuit-like phenomena: local monies, caring connections, and clusters within corporations. Instead of elaborating on those three, the chapter begins with two other economic phenomena that are widespread, consequential, multiply invented, and puzzling: migrants' remittance networks and rotating savings and credit associations. It concludes by outlining the general properties will we find in circuits and questions raised about commercial circuits on college campuses.Less
This chapter identifies the social arrangements called circuits of commerce, explains how they matter to economic life and where to look for them, enumerates some questions we should be asking about them, and sketches an approach to investigating them. Earlier papers describe three circuit-like phenomena: local monies, caring connections, and clusters within corporations. Instead of elaborating on those three, the chapter begins with two other economic phenomena that are widespread, consequential, multiply invented, and puzzling: migrants' remittance networks and rotating savings and credit associations. It concludes by outlining the general properties will we find in circuits and questions raised about commercial circuits on college campuses.
A. B. Atkinson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
As their Millennium Development Goals, world leaders have pledged by 2015 to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child ...
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As their Millennium Development Goals, world leaders have pledged by 2015 to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child mortality, to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, and to halve the number of people without safe drinking water. Achieving these goals requires a large increase in the flow of financial resources to developing countries – double the present development assistance from abroad. In examining innovative ways to secure these resources, this book, which is part of the UNU–WIDER Studies in Development Economics series, sets out a framework for the economic analysis of different sources of funding and applying the tools of modern public economics to identify the key issues. It examines the role of new sources of overseas aid, considers the fiscal architecture and the lessons that can be learned from federal fiscal systems, asks how far increased transfers impose a burden on donors, and investigates how far the raising of resources can be separated from their use. In turn, the book examines global environmental taxes (such as a carbon tax), the taxation of currency transactions (the Tobin tax), a development‐focused allocation of Special Drawing Rights by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the UK Government proposal for an International Finance Facility, increased private donations for development purposes, a global lottery (or premium bond), and increased remittances by emigrants. In each case, it considers the feasibility of the proposal and the resources that it can realistically raise, and offers new perspectives and insights into these new and controversial proposals.Less
As their Millennium Development Goals, world leaders have pledged by 2015 to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child mortality, to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, and to halve the number of people without safe drinking water. Achieving these goals requires a large increase in the flow of financial resources to developing countries – double the present development assistance from abroad. In examining innovative ways to secure these resources, this book, which is part of the UNU–WIDER Studies in Development Economics series, sets out a framework for the economic analysis of different sources of funding and applying the tools of modern public economics to identify the key issues. It examines the role of new sources of overseas aid, considers the fiscal architecture and the lessons that can be learned from federal fiscal systems, asks how far increased transfers impose a burden on donors, and investigates how far the raising of resources can be separated from their use. In turn, the book examines global environmental taxes (such as a carbon tax), the taxation of currency transactions (the Tobin tax), a development‐focused allocation of Special Drawing Rights by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the UK Government proposal for an International Finance Facility, increased private donations for development purposes, a global lottery (or premium bond), and increased remittances by emigrants. In each case, it considers the feasibility of the proposal and the resources that it can realistically raise, and offers new perspectives and insights into these new and controversial proposals.
Anna Lindley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
While the recent debates on global migration governance have mainly focused on the regulation of the movement of people, this movement is often followed by the movement of migrants' money and ...
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While the recent debates on global migration governance have mainly focused on the regulation of the movement of people, this movement is often followed by the movement of migrants' money and resources back to their country of origin. Global financial flows, including migrants' remittances, are the subject of complex and changing global, regional, and national-level financial regulation, aimed at preventing criminal and terrorist use of the global financial system. At the same time, migrants' remittances are also increasingly the subject of analysis and action by development actors seeking to mediate these flows in ways that are intended to accomplish particular socio-economic development goals. The global governance of remittances is driven by both crime and security concerns and socio-economic development and humanitarian concerns, and although these agendas are in some respects entangled with each other, in other respects they are highly conflicting. This chapter explores the institutions, politics, and normative case for the global governance of remittances.Less
While the recent debates on global migration governance have mainly focused on the regulation of the movement of people, this movement is often followed by the movement of migrants' money and resources back to their country of origin. Global financial flows, including migrants' remittances, are the subject of complex and changing global, regional, and national-level financial regulation, aimed at preventing criminal and terrorist use of the global financial system. At the same time, migrants' remittances are also increasingly the subject of analysis and action by development actors seeking to mediate these flows in ways that are intended to accomplish particular socio-economic development goals. The global governance of remittances is driven by both crime and security concerns and socio-economic development and humanitarian concerns, and although these agendas are in some respects entangled with each other, in other respects they are highly conflicting. This chapter explores the institutions, politics, and normative case for the global governance of remittances.
Graeme Hugo
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
With more than half the world's population, the Asia‐Pacific Region has become the world's major source of international migrants, although there is also a great deal of migration within and into the ...
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With more than half the world's population, the Asia‐Pacific Region has become the world's major source of international migrants, although there is also a great deal of migration within and into the region. The mobility has increased in scale and complexity involving refugees, south‐north migrants, overseas contract workers and student migration. Remittances are now a major factor in the economies of several sending nations, females are increasingly participating in the migration, undocumented migration is expanding exponentially and governments in both origin and destination countries have become more involved in influencing movement. Migration in the region is being facilitated by a flourishing immigration industry and an expanding set of strong migration networks. The impacts of migration on development in the region are complex with both brain drain and positive economic effects of emigration in evidence.Less
With more than half the world's population, the Asia‐Pacific Region has become the world's major source of international migrants, although there is also a great deal of migration within and into the region. The mobility has increased in scale and complexity involving refugees, south‐north migrants, overseas contract workers and student migration. Remittances are now a major factor in the economies of several sending nations, females are increasingly participating in the migration, undocumented migration is expanding exponentially and governments in both origin and destination countries have become more involved in influencing movement. Migration in the region is being facilitated by a flourishing immigration industry and an expanding set of strong migration networks. The impacts of migration on development in the region are complex with both brain drain and positive economic effects of emigration in evidence.
J. Edward Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Explores three sets of potential impacts of international migrant remittances and savings on the economies of migrant‐sending areas. It then presents a case study that illustrates the diverse impacts ...
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Explores three sets of potential impacts of international migrant remittances and savings on the economies of migrant‐sending areas. It then presents a case study that illustrates the diverse impacts of remittances and savings at a major international migration staging ground in Mexico. Remittances contribute to income both directly and indirectly. Economic linkages transmit remittance impacts to other households, including ones that may not send migrants abroad. These direct and indirect income effects of remittances have profound influences on production, incomes, inequality, and poverty.Less
Explores three sets of potential impacts of international migrant remittances and savings on the economies of migrant‐sending areas. It then presents a case study that illustrates the diverse impacts of remittances and savings at a major international migration staging ground in Mexico. Remittances contribute to income both directly and indirectly. Economic linkages transmit remittance impacts to other households, including ones that may not send migrants abroad. These direct and indirect income effects of remittances have profound influences on production, incomes, inequality, and poverty.
Graziano Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Return migration is a fixed component of temporary labour migration currently organized in Asia. However, as the experience of the Philippines indicates, policies for the reintegration of returning ...
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Return migration is a fixed component of temporary labour migration currently organized in Asia. However, as the experience of the Philippines indicates, policies for the reintegration of returning migrants are often difficult to implement and yield poor results. Return should be part of the planning before departure, and policies should focus on providing information, facilitating access to credit, maximizing the use of remittances, favouring local initiatives, and fostering cooperative enterprises. As for other aspects, policies for returning migrants should be part of a cooperative approach to migration between countries of origin and of destination.Less
Return migration is a fixed component of temporary labour migration currently organized in Asia. However, as the experience of the Philippines indicates, policies for the reintegration of returning migrants are often difficult to implement and yield poor results. Return should be part of the planning before departure, and policies should focus on providing information, facilitating access to credit, maximizing the use of remittances, favouring local initiatives, and fostering cooperative enterprises. As for other aspects, policies for returning migrants should be part of a cooperative approach to migration between countries of origin and of destination.
Richard Bedford
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
At the turn of the millennium, new geographies and histories are being written for the thousands of atolls, reef islands, volcanic cones and continental islands that comprise the region termed ...
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At the turn of the millennium, new geographies and histories are being written for the thousands of atolls, reef islands, volcanic cones and continental islands that comprise the region termed Oceania. In terms of motives for and patterns of spatial mobility of the inhabitants of this “sea of islands”, the largest cities of Australia and New Zealand, as well as Los Angeles and Vancouver on the west coast of North America, must also be included in Oceania's contemporary international migration system. This chapter explores four approaches that emphasize the salience of international migration for development in this region: demographic and resource imperatives for migration; remittance flows and dependency/interdependency structures in the region; Pacific identities and socio‐cultural dimensions of contemporary mobility; and the effects of structural adjustment programs and globalization on transformations of Oceanic societies. The emphasis on multiple identities and multi‐local populations in recent studies of international migration in Oceania traverse ideas and concepts that have been around for a long time in research on population movement in the region. A synthesis of ideas about international migration, identity, and development in Oceania assists researchers to navigate the intellectual turmoil that has surrounded discourses about modernity and postmodernity – discourses that challenge us to keep our critical geographical imagination creatively open to redefinition of old ideas, and expansion into new directions of scholarship.Less
At the turn of the millennium, new geographies and histories are being written for the thousands of atolls, reef islands, volcanic cones and continental islands that comprise the region termed Oceania. In terms of motives for and patterns of spatial mobility of the inhabitants of this “sea of islands”, the largest cities of Australia and New Zealand, as well as Los Angeles and Vancouver on the west coast of North America, must also be included in Oceania's contemporary international migration system. This chapter explores four approaches that emphasize the salience of international migration for development in this region: demographic and resource imperatives for migration; remittance flows and dependency/interdependency structures in the region; Pacific identities and socio‐cultural dimensions of contemporary mobility; and the effects of structural adjustment programs and globalization on transformations of Oceanic societies. The emphasis on multiple identities and multi‐local populations in recent studies of international migration in Oceania traverse ideas and concepts that have been around for a long time in research on population movement in the region. A synthesis of ideas about international migration, identity, and development in Oceania assists researchers to navigate the intellectual turmoil that has surrounded discourses about modernity and postmodernity – discourses that challenge us to keep our critical geographical imagination creatively open to redefinition of old ideas, and expansion into new directions of scholarship.
Luis F. Jiménez
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781683400370
- eISBN:
- 9781683400646
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400370.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
In Migrants and Political Change in Latin America, Luis Jiménez looks at how migrants are changing the politics of their country of origin. It argues that migrants can do this in three distinct ways: ...
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In Migrants and Political Change in Latin America, Luis Jiménez looks at how migrants are changing the politics of their country of origin. It argues that migrants can do this in three distinct ways: through social remittances, economic remittances, and the presence of return migrants. In the first case, they can alter political outcomes in their country of origin as they channel ideas that are different than those present at home. In the second case, they can influence how their compatriots, who never left, behave in an indirect manner through the channeling of resources. This is because wealth, as well as education (which itself has an indirect effect on how people behave politically), is associated with higher political participation. Finally, return migrants combine these two aspects, but their physical presence both expands and limits how it manifests itself in the country of origin. All migrants have the potential to influence the politics of their country of origin, but how and when this occurs depends on several critical aspects: the size and density of the diaspora’s social networks and the specific social context of the migrants’ homeland in terms of both political structure and broader local circumstances. This text tests this theory in three cases—Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador. The author selected these countries carefully because of the size and type of diaspora, the place individuals opted to migrate to, and the different types of political structure. The book finds that migration contributed to an increase in political participation and electoral competitiveness, including the specific individuals that became President among other various political outcomes.Less
In Migrants and Political Change in Latin America, Luis Jiménez looks at how migrants are changing the politics of their country of origin. It argues that migrants can do this in three distinct ways: through social remittances, economic remittances, and the presence of return migrants. In the first case, they can alter political outcomes in their country of origin as they channel ideas that are different than those present at home. In the second case, they can influence how their compatriots, who never left, behave in an indirect manner through the channeling of resources. This is because wealth, as well as education (which itself has an indirect effect on how people behave politically), is associated with higher political participation. Finally, return migrants combine these two aspects, but their physical presence both expands and limits how it manifests itself in the country of origin. All migrants have the potential to influence the politics of their country of origin, but how and when this occurs depends on several critical aspects: the size and density of the diaspora’s social networks and the specific social context of the migrants’ homeland in terms of both political structure and broader local circumstances. This text tests this theory in three cases—Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador. The author selected these countries carefully because of the size and type of diaspora, the place individuals opted to migrate to, and the different types of political structure. The book finds that migration contributed to an increase in political participation and electoral competitiveness, including the specific individuals that became President among other various political outcomes.
Frédéric Docquier and Hillel Rapoport
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
This chapter reviews the channels through which skilled emigration can affect the source countries. Recent literature suggests that remittances, return migration, diaspora externalities, and network ...
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This chapter reviews the channels through which skilled emigration can affect the source countries. Recent literature suggests that remittances, return migration, diaspora externalities, and network effects favouring international transactions and technology diffusion, as well as brain gain channels, may compensate the sending countries for their loss of human capital. The chapter divides these channels into a ‘human capital’, ‘screening selection’, ‘productivity’, and ‘institutional’ channels, and analyse the links between brain drain and remittances. The development of a partial equilibrium model allows them to combine these various channels in an integrated setting. They quantify the costs and gains of the brain drain for developing countries and analyse how these balance out. In most cases, simulations suggest that at a macroeconomic level, the brain drain may generate short run and long run positive net gains for many developing countries, while adverse overall impacts are found only in a small number of countries exhibiting very high skilled emigration rates.Less
This chapter reviews the channels through which skilled emigration can affect the source countries. Recent literature suggests that remittances, return migration, diaspora externalities, and network effects favouring international transactions and technology diffusion, as well as brain gain channels, may compensate the sending countries for their loss of human capital. The chapter divides these channels into a ‘human capital’, ‘screening selection’, ‘productivity’, and ‘institutional’ channels, and analyse the links between brain drain and remittances. The development of a partial equilibrium model allows them to combine these various channels in an integrated setting. They quantify the costs and gains of the brain drain for developing countries and analyse how these balance out. In most cases, simulations suggest that at a macroeconomic level, the brain drain may generate short run and long run positive net gains for many developing countries, while adverse overall impacts are found only in a small number of countries exhibiting very high skilled emigration rates.
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Substantial numbers of empire migrants, to all destinations, returned ‘home’. For some, including indentured and other non‐white migrants, return was the always‐intended outcome, especially if the ...
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Substantial numbers of empire migrants, to all destinations, returned ‘home’. For some, including indentured and other non‐white migrants, return was the always‐intended outcome, especially if the accumulation of wealth had been their principal objective. The successful invested their gains in material goods and perhaps higher social status. But among homecoming migrants were the disappointed, including defeated ‘remittance men’, unlucky gold prospectors, impoverished indentured workers, and those who, having fallen foul of overseas authorities by criminal behaviour or dependence on public relief, had been deported. Homesickness, even among long‐term settlers (and not only women), plus family problems also prompted return migration. Reception back home was not always warm. Some returners became serial migrants or transilients, a practice which with easier transport became increasingly common; as has also become ‘roots tourism’, temporary return visits by former migrants and their descendants to (sometimes imagined) places of origin.Less
Substantial numbers of empire migrants, to all destinations, returned ‘home’. For some, including indentured and other non‐white migrants, return was the always‐intended outcome, especially if the accumulation of wealth had been their principal objective. The successful invested their gains in material goods and perhaps higher social status. But among homecoming migrants were the disappointed, including defeated ‘remittance men’, unlucky gold prospectors, impoverished indentured workers, and those who, having fallen foul of overseas authorities by criminal behaviour or dependence on public relief, had been deported. Homesickness, even among long‐term settlers (and not only women), plus family problems also prompted return migration. Reception back home was not always warm. Some returners became serial migrants or transilients, a practice which with easier transport became increasingly common; as has also become ‘roots tourism’, temporary return visits by former migrants and their descendants to (sometimes imagined) places of origin.
Lisa Rose Mar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199733132
- eISBN:
- 9780199866533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733132.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, World Medieval History
During the Second World War, crises forced Chinese Canadian political brokerage to extreme limits, suspended the usual rules, and forced sudden social change. Traditional brokers failed to secure ...
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During the Second World War, crises forced Chinese Canadian political brokerage to extreme limits, suspended the usual rules, and forced sudden social change. Traditional brokers failed to secure adjustments in war time policies, so many Chinese turned to wider labor and anti-conscription movements. Mass protests rooted in these movements helped influence the repeal of anti-Chinese policies, building a foundation for a new politics that claimed minorities’ rights to equality. Thus, interpretations of the Second World War as a “good war” that brought about a “triumph of citizenship” for patient Chinese minorities tell only part of the political story. Chinese Canadian mass protests also helped transform Canada’s democracy.Less
During the Second World War, crises forced Chinese Canadian political brokerage to extreme limits, suspended the usual rules, and forced sudden social change. Traditional brokers failed to secure adjustments in war time policies, so many Chinese turned to wider labor and anti-conscription movements. Mass protests rooted in these movements helped influence the repeal of anti-Chinese policies, building a foundation for a new politics that claimed minorities’ rights to equality. Thus, interpretations of the Second World War as a “good war” that brought about a “triumph of citizenship” for patient Chinese minorities tell only part of the political story. Chinese Canadian mass protests also helped transform Canada’s democracy.
K. Pushpangadan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077992
- eISBN:
- 9780199081608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077992.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter provides analytical reasons for the service-led growth of the regional economy of Kerala emanating from migration and demographic transition. In an economy facing a labour shortage for ...
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The chapter provides analytical reasons for the service-led growth of the regional economy of Kerala emanating from migration and demographic transition. In an economy facing a labour shortage for household activities, the households would demand more ‘goods-intensive’ commodities than ‘time-intensive’ commodities. The increased demand for such goods and services is provided usually by trade and/or by local production, depending on the profitability of the activity and the availability of entrepreneurial skills in the region. Historically, entrepreneurial skills in the region have been low, resulting in more trading activity whenever there is an increase in demand. This is the source of service-led growth in the region. The tertiary sector growth is then subjected to econometric analysis, block exogeneity test, for determining whether the source is from within (endogenous) or outside (exogenous) the economy. The results confirm that the major share of national income originates from services that are determined exogenously and attributable to remittances by international migration.Less
The chapter provides analytical reasons for the service-led growth of the regional economy of Kerala emanating from migration and demographic transition. In an economy facing a labour shortage for household activities, the households would demand more ‘goods-intensive’ commodities than ‘time-intensive’ commodities. The increased demand for such goods and services is provided usually by trade and/or by local production, depending on the profitability of the activity and the availability of entrepreneurial skills in the region. Historically, entrepreneurial skills in the region have been low, resulting in more trading activity whenever there is an increase in demand. This is the source of service-led growth in the region. The tertiary sector growth is then subjected to econometric analysis, block exogeneity test, for determining whether the source is from within (endogenous) or outside (exogenous) the economy. The results confirm that the major share of national income originates from services that are determined exogenously and attributable to remittances by international migration.
Sunil Mani
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077992
- eISBN:
- 9780199081608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077992.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
There is substantial evidence to show that high-skilled migration from India has increased during the post-liberalization period—a phase when market opportunities increased. This chapter measures the ...
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There is substantial evidence to show that high-skilled migration from India has increased during the post-liberalization period—a phase when market opportunities increased. This chapter measures the extent of high skilled-migration from India since 1991. Further it discusses two economic implications of this phenomenon: first, in terms of its potential and actual effects on the supply of science and engineering workforce and, second, in terms of transfers from these high-skilled migrants to the country. It argues that remittances by high-skilled migrants have formed an important component of India’s private transfers and have played a very important role in containing India’s current account deficits.Less
There is substantial evidence to show that high-skilled migration from India has increased during the post-liberalization period—a phase when market opportunities increased. This chapter measures the extent of high skilled-migration from India since 1991. Further it discusses two economic implications of this phenomenon: first, in terms of its potential and actual effects on the supply of science and engineering workforce and, second, in terms of transfers from these high-skilled migrants to the country. It argues that remittances by high-skilled migrants have formed an important component of India’s private transfers and have played a very important role in containing India’s current account deficits.
Romeo Bautista and Gwendolyn Tecson
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195158984
- eISBN:
- 9780199869107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195158989.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter is an interpretive essay examining the related influences of foreign trade and trade policy on income growth and distribution in the Philippines based on existing studies and findings. ...
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This chapter is an interpretive essay examining the related influences of foreign trade and trade policy on income growth and distribution in the Philippines based on existing studies and findings. It also analyzes other types of international economic transactions – foreign investment and remittances – to determine their contribution to advancing the twin objectives of economic growth and equity. The chapter begins by describing the evolution of Philippine trade and exchange rate policies since the early 1970s and examining their effects on sectoral incentives. It then discusses the growth and changing structure of Philippine foreign trade, relating them to the nature of domestic policies adopted. Further repercussions of trade and exchange rate policies on overall income growth and distribution are presented, as are the roles of other international transactions in the promotion of economic growth with equity and how they have been influenced by government policies. Finally, the chapter addresses relevant issues concerning recent domestic and international developments that bear directly on the country's trade regime.Less
This chapter is an interpretive essay examining the related influences of foreign trade and trade policy on income growth and distribution in the Philippines based on existing studies and findings. It also analyzes other types of international economic transactions – foreign investment and remittances – to determine their contribution to advancing the twin objectives of economic growth and equity. The chapter begins by describing the evolution of Philippine trade and exchange rate policies since the early 1970s and examining their effects on sectoral incentives. It then discusses the growth and changing structure of Philippine foreign trade, relating them to the nature of domestic policies adopted. Further repercussions of trade and exchange rate policies on overall income growth and distribution are presented, as are the roles of other international transactions in the promotion of economic growth with equity and how they have been influenced by government policies. Finally, the chapter addresses relevant issues concerning recent domestic and international developments that bear directly on the country's trade regime.
Michael S. Danielson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199936267
- eISBN:
- 9780199333066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199936267.003.0053
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter assesses the range of practices employed by Indigenous communities and authorities in Oaxaca’s usos y costumbres (UC) municipalities in response to the many challenges posed by ...
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This chapter assesses the range of practices employed by Indigenous communities and authorities in Oaxaca’s usos y costumbres (UC) municipalities in response to the many challenges posed by migration. Based on analysis of original survey data, the chapter shows that migrants are often required to continue to fulfill their obligations to the community under the cargo system and to make financial contributions to public works projects after leaving, and often suffer sanctions when they fail to do so. At the same time, however, communities that engage in these punitive and illiberal practices are better able to preserve a degree of unity than other high-migration communities, and are more successful in channeling migrant collective remittances toward potentially development-enhancing public works projects. Finally, former migrants are found to be overrepresented in positions of authority, suggesting that they are not merely victims of rights violations but are also empowered members of their municipalities.Less
This chapter assesses the range of practices employed by Indigenous communities and authorities in Oaxaca’s usos y costumbres (UC) municipalities in response to the many challenges posed by migration. Based on analysis of original survey data, the chapter shows that migrants are often required to continue to fulfill their obligations to the community under the cargo system and to make financial contributions to public works projects after leaving, and often suffer sanctions when they fail to do so. At the same time, however, communities that engage in these punitive and illiberal practices are better able to preserve a degree of unity than other high-migration communities, and are more successful in channeling migrant collective remittances toward potentially development-enhancing public works projects. Finally, former migrants are found to be overrepresented in positions of authority, suggesting that they are not merely victims of rights violations but are also empowered members of their municipalities.
Daniel Ramírez
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469624068
- eISBN:
- 9781469624082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469624068.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter juxtaposes the brief 1906 report of a joyful and loquacious "poor, rough Indian from central Mexico" in the Azusa Street Revival with a lengthy testimonial carried in the periodical of ...
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This chapter juxtaposes the brief 1906 report of a joyful and loquacious "poor, rough Indian from central Mexico" in the Azusa Street Revival with a lengthy testimonial carried in the periodical of Mexico's flagship denomination. The 1957 story of a southern Mexican migrant converted through hospitality and enchanted by music while flitting along the Baja California border prompts several questions: How do we understand the transition from the barest of sketches to a fully fleshed out portrait of purposeful solidarity? What larger processes over the span of five decades made this possible? Over the span of a century? In light of its contemporary numerical significance and early intriguing clues in the writings and careers of Manuel Gamio, César Chávez and Reies López Tijerina, this introductory discussion interrogates the minimal attention paid to Latino Pentecostalism by academic guilds and lays down several theoretical markers and definitions in terms of borderlands theory, transnationalism, and migration studies (e.g., religious remittances)Less
This chapter juxtaposes the brief 1906 report of a joyful and loquacious "poor, rough Indian from central Mexico" in the Azusa Street Revival with a lengthy testimonial carried in the periodical of Mexico's flagship denomination. The 1957 story of a southern Mexican migrant converted through hospitality and enchanted by music while flitting along the Baja California border prompts several questions: How do we understand the transition from the barest of sketches to a fully fleshed out portrait of purposeful solidarity? What larger processes over the span of five decades made this possible? Over the span of a century? In light of its contemporary numerical significance and early intriguing clues in the writings and careers of Manuel Gamio, César Chávez and Reies López Tijerina, this introductory discussion interrogates the minimal attention paid to Latino Pentecostalism by academic guilds and lays down several theoretical markers and definitions in terms of borderlands theory, transnationalism, and migration studies (e.g., religious remittances)
George Rupp
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174282
- eISBN:
- 9780231539869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174282.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Perhaps the most positive way to construe the displaced persons and uprooted communities that result from current conflicts is to see in the victims of war also large numbers of people on the move ...
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Perhaps the most positive way to construe the displaced persons and uprooted communities that result from current conflicts is to see in the victims of war also large numbers of people on the move toward what might become new prospects.Less
Perhaps the most positive way to construe the displaced persons and uprooted communities that result from current conflicts is to see in the victims of war also large numbers of people on the move toward what might become new prospects.
