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In addition to the traumatic and post-traumatic effects migration has on young refugees, prolonged displacement poses a greater effect. It affects the young refugees’ perception of their selves, homeland and future. Reintegration of young refugees is more difficult as most of them have profound alienated feelings towards their homeland which they feel that they barely know and they often feel intense attachment to the host country in which they grew up. This chapter addresses some gaps to better understand the less visible social and emotional trajectories experienced by young Afghan refugees in the process of reintegration to their homeland. It examines the personal journeys resulting from the respondent’s experiences of Iran and Pakistan, and their return to Afghanistan: their resettlement and their remigration. It highlights the expectations and the meaning of returning and repatriation to the homeland through the perspectives of the young refugees. The first section of the chapter provides a background to the study and the approach for the selection of a target group. The next section discusses the contradictory characteristics of young Afghan refugees who grew up as refugees in Pakistan and Iran, and looks at their perceptions and expectations with regard to Afghanistan. The last sections are devoted to the discussion of the barriers to successful reintegration and the key issues which can provide support to young returning Afghans beyond material assistance.

This chapter looks to the future and tries to determine the long-term effect of remigration on the identity and sense of self and of belonging of Hong Kong residents. It explains how the massive return migration will influence the civic life, societal attitudes, and popular culture of Hong Kong. It tries to look for the next layer of identity for Hong Kongers, as an increasingly larger portion of the population regularly interacts with the Chinese people and government for work and pleasure. It notes that the Hong Kong Remigration Project estimates 500,000 people have returned to live and work in Hong Kong. It speculates, however, that a portion of these remigrants are not permanent residents but rather belong to a growing global group of transnationals. Participants in this investigation confirm that they have strategic plans for the future regarding their place of residence.

This chapter refocuses attention on the issue of remigration, first historically and then psychologically. It notes that the author's model of repatriation and cultural identity (CIM) is explicated and provides the theoretical backdrop for the Hong Kong Remigration Project. It further notes that the methodology used in this investigation is described. It explains that Wyman viewed remigration through many lenses. Psychological observations focused on individual changes in attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, while sociological themes examined the effects of returnees on the politics, business, housing, language, and even the jokes of the citizens of their homelands. The chapter observes that remigrants returned home wealthier than they left, which allowed them to build bigger houses, acquire land, and create new businesses offering new products and services.

This chapter looks to the past to Chinese philosophy, religion, and history to help in understanding the unique Hong Kong response to remigration and identity. It notes that the teachings of Confucius and Laozi, among others, form a four-thousand-year-old foundation for looking at the migrant psychology of contemporary Hong Kongers. These formative schools of thought are contrasted with those of the ancient Greek philosophers, whose work similarly shaped Western culture, including psychological responses to cultural transitions.

After the war, expelled compatriots and critics were not welcomed back with open arms. This common attitude was based on a distortedly rosy image of life abroad and on vestiges of Nazi propaganda against ‘defectors’. Sufferings closer to home were preoccupying enough without adding the plight of the dismissed Jews. The vocabulary used in replies to emigré physicists tended to minimize their situation and discourage further inquiry; side-lining, peer pressure, and ostracization (esprit de corps) did the rest to assure remigration.

This chapter summarizes participant responses to questions regarding predeparture identity, reasons for emigration, and the adaptation/acculturation process to either Australia or Canada. It notes that these are the antecedents to the remigration experience and may serve as casual elements in understanding the transition that follows. It observes that in-depth excerpts from immigrant narratives show remarkable similarities in expectations and experience, while giving insight into some demographically related variability. It also discusses the decision-making process that led the migrants home to Hong Kong.

This chapter describes the remigrant experience through a comprehensive examination of the additive identity profile. It reports that the major finding of the Hong Kong Remigration Project (HKRP) is that additive identity is the most common cultural identity profile for Hong Kong remigrants. Thirty-one out of fifty interviewees exhibited an additive identity, and another seven combined additive identity with another profile (two with subtractive and five with affirmative). It further reports that their high cultural flexibility allowed for their high adaptation when living in Canada or Australia and an appreciation of the values and beliefs of those cultures. Simultaneously, they could preserve their Hong Kong culture in part because of the existence of the Chinese diaspora, which figured prominently in the adaptation process.

This chapter describes the remigrant experience through an examination of the global identity profile. The global identity commences from a novel point of departure and individuals with this profile are multiple sojourners prior to their immigration; that is, over time they have moved in and out of their home countries, primarily for work assignments, and consequently have a keen sense of themselves as cultural beings. Thus, they begin their migration journey with an awareness of how their values, beliefs, customs, and preferences are shaped by their home culture. It reports that the CIM predicts few migrants will experience a global identity, and the Hong Kong Remigration Project confirms the prediction.

When Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the German Reich in 1933, he embarked on a campaign to create a considerably greater living space for the German people, of a particularly venomous combination of racism and a militant anti-Semitism. Hitler required a totalitarian system that could be imposed on a homogeneous nation, purged of all inferior elements preventing the progress of what he called the superior Aryan race. He introduced a law ‘on the admission to the legal profession’ that empowered the authorities responsible for the administration of justice to withdraw the admission to legal practice of all ‘non-Aryans’ and those who had been active ‘in the communist cause’. This chapter chronicles the establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany under Hitler that paved the way for totalitarianism, the emancipation and assimilation of Jews in Germany, the rise of German-Jewish lawyers, emigration of lawyers from Germany due to Hitler's oppressive regime, the political and cultural context of the exodus of lawyers to other countries, and political and cultural remigration after Germany lost in World War II.