Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198731016
- eISBN:
- 9780191730870
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Against the traditional view that this period saw conflict and political breakdown, this section argues that the Reich was stabilised under Ferdinand I and Maximilian II. The Reichstag, the Kreise, ...
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Against the traditional view that this period saw conflict and political breakdown, this section argues that the Reich was stabilised under Ferdinand I and Maximilian II. The Reichstag, the Kreise, the Reichskammericht, the Reichshofrat now matured as institutions. The Reich was united by the threats posed by France and the Ottomans, by the revolt of the Netherlands and the French religious wars. The emergence of Calvinism and conflicting interpretations of the Peace of Augsburg slowly disrupted the political equilibrium. By 1600 the Reich under Rudolf II was in serious political crisis. Problems within the Habsburg dynasty itself contributed further problems: disputes over the succession and how to deal with the rising tide of Protestantism in the Habsburg lands. Under Emperor Matthias from 1612 the Reich edged closer to a major crisis. Even so, the debate about the constitution in German public law writings around 1600 and the strength of irenicism and patriotism reveal tendencies that were to provide the foundations for a new unity after 1648.Less
Against the traditional view that this period saw conflict and political breakdown, this section argues that the Reich was stabilised under Ferdinand I and Maximilian II. The Reichstag, the Kreise, the Reichskammericht, the Reichshofrat now matured as institutions. The Reich was united by the threats posed by France and the Ottomans, by the revolt of the Netherlands and the French religious wars. The emergence of Calvinism and conflicting interpretations of the Peace of Augsburg slowly disrupted the political equilibrium. By 1600 the Reich under Rudolf II was in serious political crisis. Problems within the Habsburg dynasty itself contributed further problems: disputes over the succession and how to deal with the rising tide of Protestantism in the Habsburg lands. Under Emperor Matthias from 1612 the Reich edged closer to a major crisis. Even so, the debate about the constitution in German public law writings around 1600 and the strength of irenicism and patriotism reveal tendencies that were to provide the foundations for a new unity after 1648.
John McCormick
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556212
- eISBN:
- 9780191721830
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556212.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 1 examines broad themes in the evolution of the idea of Europe and of how Europeans have been defined. In this chapter, it is further argued that Europeans were for centuries understood less ...
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Chapter 1 examines broad themes in the evolution of the idea of Europe and of how Europeans have been defined. In this chapter, it is further argued that Europeans were for centuries understood less on their own terms than in relation to outsiders. Christianity provided a critical early defining force, as did external threats from the Persians, the Arabs, and the Ottoman Turks. But Christianity was never a unifying force, and indeed Europe was for centuries divided by religious wars, and territorial authority was exerted by aristocrats and the church. It was only in the seventeenth century that the modern Westphalian state system began to emerge, soon to be overlaid by national divisions that created a complex and troubled political dynamic. In the nineteenth century, nationalism evolved from a cultural into a political force, Europe was held hostage to great power rivalry, and the accumulating tensions spilled over into the two world wars. Until 1945, European history was one of divisions compounding divisions, and there was little sense of a common European mission or purpose.Less
Chapter 1 examines broad themes in the evolution of the idea of Europe and of how Europeans have been defined. In this chapter, it is further argued that Europeans were for centuries understood less on their own terms than in relation to outsiders. Christianity provided a critical early defining force, as did external threats from the Persians, the Arabs, and the Ottoman Turks. But Christianity was never a unifying force, and indeed Europe was for centuries divided by religious wars, and territorial authority was exerted by aristocrats and the church. It was only in the seventeenth century that the modern Westphalian state system began to emerge, soon to be overlaid by national divisions that created a complex and troubled political dynamic. In the nineteenth century, nationalism evolved from a cultural into a political force, Europe was held hostage to great power rivalry, and the accumulating tensions spilled over into the two world wars. Until 1945, European history was one of divisions compounding divisions, and there was little sense of a common European mission or purpose.
Monica Duffy Toft
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199827978
- eISBN:
- 9780199933020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827978.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter has four main sections. It begins by discussing five anecdotes that highlight the role of religion in two types of large-scale violence: civil wars and terrorism. It then introduces key ...
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This chapter has four main sections. It begins by discussing five anecdotes that highlight the role of religion in two types of large-scale violence: civil wars and terrorism. It then introduces key concepts, followed by important empirical facts about religious civil wars from 1940 to 2000. Finally, it examines religiously-inspired terrorism. Regarding both civil wars and terrorism, it is noted that religiously-inspired violence is, by and large, more deadly than violence justified by other means. In addition, it is shown that Islam has come to play a disproportionate role in violence: more than 80% of religious civil wars involve Islam, and religiously motivated incidents of terrorism involve Islam more than any other faith.Less
This chapter has four main sections. It begins by discussing five anecdotes that highlight the role of religion in two types of large-scale violence: civil wars and terrorism. It then introduces key concepts, followed by important empirical facts about religious civil wars from 1940 to 2000. Finally, it examines religiously-inspired terrorism. Regarding both civil wars and terrorism, it is noted that religiously-inspired violence is, by and large, more deadly than violence justified by other means. In addition, it is shown that Islam has come to play a disproportionate role in violence: more than 80% of religious civil wars involve Islam, and religiously motivated incidents of terrorism involve Islam more than any other faith.
George R. Wilkes
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199755042
- eISBN:
- 9780199950508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755042.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Maimonides’ notion of religious war was idiosyncratic within the rabbinic tradition. His views were rejected or ignored by many of his most ardent followers. Nevertheless, his treatment of the laws ...
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Maimonides’ notion of religious war was idiosyncratic within the rabbinic tradition. His views were rejected or ignored by many of his most ardent followers. Nevertheless, his treatment of the laws of war is widely credited by Jewish scholars in universities and yeshivot alike as both authoritative and representative of the normative rabbinic tradition, a basis for subsequent halakha. This conundrum derives first and foremost from Maimonides’ own iconoclastic combination of Jewish and Islamic sources. Maimonides’ Islamic models also make essential background to his selection of genres and of biblical and rabbinic sources, both as yet under-explored influences on the political and philosophical agendas underlying his treatment of war.Less
Maimonides’ notion of religious war was idiosyncratic within the rabbinic tradition. His views were rejected or ignored by many of his most ardent followers. Nevertheless, his treatment of the laws of war is widely credited by Jewish scholars in universities and yeshivot alike as both authoritative and representative of the normative rabbinic tradition, a basis for subsequent halakha. This conundrum derives first and foremost from Maimonides’ own iconoclastic combination of Jewish and Islamic sources. Maimonides’ Islamic models also make essential background to his selection of genres and of biblical and rabbinic sources, both as yet under-explored influences on the political and philosophical agendas underlying his treatment of war.
Heinz Schilling, Irena Backus, and Susanna Gebhardt
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199751846
- eISBN:
- 9780199914562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751846.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
The chapter explores political Calvinism in the late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century. It aims to show the close link between Calvinism and political activism on the international ...
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The chapter explores political Calvinism in the late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century. It aims to show the close link between Calvinism and political activism on the international level and argues that this activism was not theologically motivated but that Calvinism had its own political persona. This interest in political action accounts, for among other things, Calvinists’ interest in building alliances with Lutheran states in their struggles against the Catholic powers, viewed as the enemy of both confessions. The chapter also argues that the eschatological view of war that political Calvinism espoused bore a large part in the disaster of the Thirty Years’ War.Less
The chapter explores political Calvinism in the late sixteenth century and early seventeenth century. It aims to show the close link between Calvinism and political activism on the international level and argues that this activism was not theologically motivated but that Calvinism had its own political persona. This interest in political action accounts, for among other things, Calvinists’ interest in building alliances with Lutheran states in their struggles against the Catholic powers, viewed as the enemy of both confessions. The chapter also argues that the eschatological view of war that political Calvinism espoused bore a large part in the disaster of the Thirty Years’ War.
Serhii Plokhy
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247394
- eISBN:
- 9780191714436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247394.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This book explores the interaction of Cossackdom and religion, specifically the role of the Cossacks in the religious wars that began in Ukraine in the late 16th century and the influence of religion ...
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This book explores the interaction of Cossackdom and religion, specifically the role of the Cossacks in the religious wars that began in Ukraine in the late 16th century and the influence of religion on the ideology, social and political behavior, and cultural identity of the Cossacks. Another aspect of this theme is the effect of Cossack intervention in religious affairs on the Ukraine's Orthodox Church and its relations with other churches and religious groups. The period covered in this book, extending from the late 16th century to the middle of the 17th, was one of the growth and development of Ukrainian Cossackdom as a distinct social estate. It discusses the effect of confessionalisation on religious life in Ukraine and how it influenced the fate and outlook of Ukrainian Cossackdom.Less
This book explores the interaction of Cossackdom and religion, specifically the role of the Cossacks in the religious wars that began in Ukraine in the late 16th century and the influence of religion on the ideology, social and political behavior, and cultural identity of the Cossacks. Another aspect of this theme is the effect of Cossack intervention in religious affairs on the Ukraine's Orthodox Church and its relations with other churches and religious groups. The period covered in this book, extending from the late 16th century to the middle of the 17th, was one of the growth and development of Ukrainian Cossackdom as a distinct social estate. It discusses the effect of confessionalisation on religious life in Ukraine and how it influenced the fate and outlook of Ukrainian Cossackdom.
Tadhg Ó hAnnrachÁin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208914
- eISBN:
- 9780191716843
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208914.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Barely eight months after GianBattista Rinuccini's departure from Ireland, the Cromwellian conquest began. In some respects, it is ironic that neither the nuncio, nor Owen Roe O'Neill, the two ...
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Barely eight months after GianBattista Rinuccini's departure from Ireland, the Cromwellian conquest began. In some respects, it is ironic that neither the nuncio, nor Owen Roe O'Neill, the two figures of this time easiest to portray as Catholic crusaders, directly engaged in the struggle against God's Englishman. That conflict between the Catholic population of Ireland and the saints of the English revolution was certainly harsh enough to qualify as another outcrop of the ferocity of the European religious wars, and it distinguished the Irish experience of the interregnum from anywhere else in the archipelago. Rinuccini was not the only papal nuncio retreating to Italy in the late 1640s following the collapse of his mission. Fabio Chigi, the papal delegate at Munster, had endured a similar fate following the Treaty of Westphalia. Both the Chigi and the Rinuccini nunciatures were creations of the period covered in this book and their frames of reference were remarkably similar.Less
Barely eight months after GianBattista Rinuccini's departure from Ireland, the Cromwellian conquest began. In some respects, it is ironic that neither the nuncio, nor Owen Roe O'Neill, the two figures of this time easiest to portray as Catholic crusaders, directly engaged in the struggle against God's Englishman. That conflict between the Catholic population of Ireland and the saints of the English revolution was certainly harsh enough to qualify as another outcrop of the ferocity of the European religious wars, and it distinguished the Irish experience of the interregnum from anywhere else in the archipelago. Rinuccini was not the only papal nuncio retreating to Italy in the late 1640s following the collapse of his mission. Fabio Chigi, the papal delegate at Munster, had endured a similar fate following the Treaty of Westphalia. Both the Chigi and the Rinuccini nunciatures were creations of the period covered in this book and their frames of reference were remarkably similar.
Elizabeth C. Tingle
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067266
- eISBN:
- 9781781700860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067266.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This study of Nantes is about the impact of the religious wars on the exercise and understanding of authority in the city, principally that of the municipal government. This chapter explores the city ...
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This study of Nantes is about the impact of the religious wars on the exercise and understanding of authority in the city, principally that of the municipal government. This chapter explores the city context of events, including the motives for Nantes' participation in the religious wars and for its revolt against the crown in 1589, also exploring why the Catholic League rebellion lasted longer here than in any other town. This is not a simple narrative of Nantes' experiences of the religious wars. The central focus is on authority, its theoretical construction, its institutional embodiment, its reception and negotiation, and changes within these over time. During the religious wars, the understanding and exercise of many different levels of authority came under close scrutiny by contemporaries, and the nature and legitimacy of authority were questioned. This book offers a study of city governance in a period of pressure and change, and also examines the changing relationship of the city government and the royal state.Less
This study of Nantes is about the impact of the religious wars on the exercise and understanding of authority in the city, principally that of the municipal government. This chapter explores the city context of events, including the motives for Nantes' participation in the religious wars and for its revolt against the crown in 1589, also exploring why the Catholic League rebellion lasted longer here than in any other town. This is not a simple narrative of Nantes' experiences of the religious wars. The central focus is on authority, its theoretical construction, its institutional embodiment, its reception and negotiation, and changes within these over time. During the religious wars, the understanding and exercise of many different levels of authority came under close scrutiny by contemporaries, and the nature and legitimacy of authority were questioned. This book offers a study of city governance in a period of pressure and change, and also examines the changing relationship of the city government and the royal state.
Francis Oakley
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300194432
- eISBN:
- 9780300213799
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300194432.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This is the third volume in a trilogy which engages in the political thinkers of the later Middle Ages, Renaissance, Age of Reformation, and religious wars, and the era that produced the Divine Right ...
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This is the third volume in a trilogy which engages in the political thinkers of the later Middle Ages, Renaissance, Age of Reformation, and religious wars, and the era that produced the Divine Right Theory of Kingship. This study probes the continuities and discontinuities between medieval and early modern modes of political thinking and dwells at length on the roots and nature of those contract theories that sought to legitimate political authority by grounding it in the consent of the governed.Less
This is the third volume in a trilogy which engages in the political thinkers of the later Middle Ages, Renaissance, Age of Reformation, and religious wars, and the era that produced the Divine Right Theory of Kingship. This study probes the continuities and discontinuities between medieval and early modern modes of political thinking and dwells at length on the roots and nature of those contract theories that sought to legitimate political authority by grounding it in the consent of the governed.
Jeffrey Collins
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198803409
- eISBN:
- 9780191860836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198803409.003.0014
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter considers Thomas Hobbes’s account of religious warfare, and his position within modern historical memory of the European ‘wars of religion’ as an era. From an interdisciplinary ...
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This chapter considers Thomas Hobbes’s account of religious warfare, and his position within modern historical memory of the European ‘wars of religion’ as an era. From an interdisciplinary perspective, it critically interrogates the concept of religious war as a modern observer’s category. It then measures Hobbes’s specific account of European religious conflict against both rival contemporary accounts and this modern theoretical construct. Hobbes’s account, it is argued, emerged from a specific and sectarian perspective. In another register, however, Leviathan offered a psychologized account of religious violence, which anticipated generic modern theories that often obscure that specificity. This tension in Hobbes’s account suggests features of the political project that the concept of religious war has sought to advance.Less
This chapter considers Thomas Hobbes’s account of religious warfare, and his position within modern historical memory of the European ‘wars of religion’ as an era. From an interdisciplinary perspective, it critically interrogates the concept of religious war as a modern observer’s category. It then measures Hobbes’s specific account of European religious conflict against both rival contemporary accounts and this modern theoretical construct. Hobbes’s account, it is argued, emerged from a specific and sectarian perspective. In another register, however, Leviathan offered a psychologized account of religious violence, which anticipated generic modern theories that often obscure that specificity. This tension in Hobbes’s account suggests features of the political project that the concept of religious war has sought to advance.
Robin Briggs
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206033
- eISBN:
- 9780191676932
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206033.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The middle decades of the seventeenth century, from the 1630s to the 1670s, saw the most intensive and widespread sequence of revolts in the history of France. Both the Soviet historian Boris ...
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The middle decades of the seventeenth century, from the 1630s to the 1670s, saw the most intensive and widespread sequence of revolts in the history of France. Both the Soviet historian Boris Porchnev and his leading French critic Roland Mousnier incorporated the revolts into broad theses about the changing relationship between state and society. The main thrust of the revolts appeared to be against the behaviour of the leading groups in local society. Porchnev saw the revolts as a class struggle, whereas Mousnier emphasized the participation of local elites in revolt. The best-known revolt of the period, the 1580 Carnival of Romans, revealed deep social divisions within a modest town in Dauphiné, which arose due to the exceptionally complex and controversial taxation in the province. The religious wars, for so long an intermittent series of local conflicts, had flared up after 1588 into a general conflagration affecting much of the kingdom, with numerous small armies living off the countryside. In many areas the peasants assembled and took arms in self-defence.Less
The middle decades of the seventeenth century, from the 1630s to the 1670s, saw the most intensive and widespread sequence of revolts in the history of France. Both the Soviet historian Boris Porchnev and his leading French critic Roland Mousnier incorporated the revolts into broad theses about the changing relationship between state and society. The main thrust of the revolts appeared to be against the behaviour of the leading groups in local society. Porchnev saw the revolts as a class struggle, whereas Mousnier emphasized the participation of local elites in revolt. The best-known revolt of the period, the 1580 Carnival of Romans, revealed deep social divisions within a modest town in Dauphiné, which arose due to the exceptionally complex and controversial taxation in the province. The religious wars, for so long an intermittent series of local conflicts, had flared up after 1588 into a general conflagration affecting much of the kingdom, with numerous small armies living off the countryside. In many areas the peasants assembled and took arms in self-defence.
Nicholas Tampio
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780823245000
- eISBN:
- 9780823250707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823245000.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
The book begins by raising the question of how political progressives may find or construct a language for contemporary political circumstances. The chapter draws an analogy between the religious ...
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The book begins by raising the question of how political progressives may find or construct a language for contemporary political circumstances. The chapter draws an analogy between the religious wars of the eighteenth and twenty-first century and draws upon Michel Foucault's late writings to argue that an ethos, rather than any particular doctrine, connects us to the Enlightenment. The chapter then lays out a plan to constructa Socratic dialogue about the future of the Enlightenment with the Kant scholar Allen W. Wood, the political liberal John Rawls, the French poststructuralist Gilles Deleuze, and the Muslim political reformer Tariq Ramadan.Less
The book begins by raising the question of how political progressives may find or construct a language for contemporary political circumstances. The chapter draws an analogy between the religious wars of the eighteenth and twenty-first century and draws upon Michel Foucault's late writings to argue that an ethos, rather than any particular doctrine, connects us to the Enlightenment. The chapter then lays out a plan to constructa Socratic dialogue about the future of the Enlightenment with the Kant scholar Allen W. Wood, the political liberal John Rawls, the French poststructuralist Gilles Deleuze, and the Muslim political reformer Tariq Ramadan.
Elizabeth C. Tingle
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067266
- eISBN:
- 9781781700860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067266.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Throughout the religious wars, the stability of urban governance in Nantes was striking. This arose from the shared nature of authority, which was widely disseminated among many different groups in ...
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Throughout the religious wars, the stability of urban governance in Nantes was striking. This arose from the shared nature of authority, which was widely disseminated among many different groups in the city. Urban government was not simply a system of regulation imposed from above. While participation in the municipality itself was the preserve of the wealthy elite, this was a relatively open group. Further, all householders could take part in the general assemblies of the city, as witnesses to communal decision making, giving a wide sense of involvement in urban affairs. The day-to-day administration of the city's hospitals was largely in the hands of men of the middling sort. The bourgeois militia was another important vehicle through which authority was disseminated downwards through the community.Less
Throughout the religious wars, the stability of urban governance in Nantes was striking. This arose from the shared nature of authority, which was widely disseminated among many different groups in the city. Urban government was not simply a system of regulation imposed from above. While participation in the municipality itself was the preserve of the wealthy elite, this was a relatively open group. Further, all householders could take part in the general assemblies of the city, as witnesses to communal decision making, giving a wide sense of involvement in urban affairs. The day-to-day administration of the city's hospitals was largely in the hands of men of the middling sort. The bourgeois militia was another important vehicle through which authority was disseminated downwards through the community.
Bernard Lewis
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195102833
- eISBN:
- 9780199854509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102833.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the Europeans' voyages of discovery in relation to the religious war between Muslims and Christians. It suggests that most of the explorations and voyages were designed to seek ...
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This chapter examines the Europeans' voyages of discovery in relation to the religious war between Muslims and Christians. It suggests that most of the explorations and voyages were designed to seek and capture enemies. It also contends that there were good, practical reasons for the victors in the reconquests, at both ends of Europe, to pursue their retreating enemies and there was the obvious tactical need to prevent them from regrouping and to forestall a counterattack.Less
This chapter examines the Europeans' voyages of discovery in relation to the religious war between Muslims and Christians. It suggests that most of the explorations and voyages were designed to seek and capture enemies. It also contends that there were good, practical reasons for the victors in the reconquests, at both ends of Europe, to pursue their retreating enemies and there was the obvious tactical need to prevent them from regrouping and to forestall a counterattack.
Joseph Bergin
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300207699
- eISBN:
- 9780300210460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300207699.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explains the ensuing politico-religious situation brought about by gallican ways of thinking after Henri IV converted to Catholicism. The nature of royal power and its authority over ...
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This chapter explains the ensuing politico-religious situation brought about by gallican ways of thinking after Henri IV converted to Catholicism. The nature of royal power and its authority over church and religious matters had always been a controversial issue. There had never been a group with a modern, secular, political, and forward outlook that clarified this matter. The new Bourbon dynasty discouraged any disputes on this subject, and instead attempted to establish its right to rule over France. The passion of the earlier religious wars had not easily settled: claims that Henry IV's conversion was fake and that he remained an enemy of the Church persisted.Less
This chapter explains the ensuing politico-religious situation brought about by gallican ways of thinking after Henri IV converted to Catholicism. The nature of royal power and its authority over church and religious matters had always been a controversial issue. There had never been a group with a modern, secular, political, and forward outlook that clarified this matter. The new Bourbon dynasty discouraged any disputes on this subject, and instead attempted to establish its right to rule over France. The passion of the earlier religious wars had not easily settled: claims that Henry IV's conversion was fake and that he remained an enemy of the Church persisted.
Geoffrey Hosking
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198712381
- eISBN:
- 9780191780738
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198712381.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History, World Modern History
Religion as a symbolic system supplies a firm foundation for social trust. It offers a secure knowledge of the cosmos, a way of salvation, emotional support in time of crisis, and it shapes personal ...
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Religion as a symbolic system supplies a firm foundation for social trust. It offers a secure knowledge of the cosmos, a way of salvation, emotional support in time of crisis, and it shapes personal identity. This chapter offers examples from Jewish religion, Christianity, Islam, and Confucianism in different countries and different historical periods. At the same time, because religion is so all-embracing as a trust system, its institutions tend to create tough boundaries around themselves, across which distrust is projected towards members of other faiths.Less
Religion as a symbolic system supplies a firm foundation for social trust. It offers a secure knowledge of the cosmos, a way of salvation, emotional support in time of crisis, and it shapes personal identity. This chapter offers examples from Jewish religion, Christianity, Islam, and Confucianism in different countries and different historical periods. At the same time, because religion is so all-embracing as a trust system, its institutions tend to create tough boundaries around themselves, across which distrust is projected towards members of other faiths.
Nicole Reinhardt
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198703686
- eISBN:
- 9780191772856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703686.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, History of Religion
Moral theologians believed that they were particularly qualified to examine questions of just war and that in effect just war could not be conducted without previous wide counsel by theologians. On ...
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Moral theologians believed that they were particularly qualified to examine questions of just war and that in effect just war could not be conducted without previous wide counsel by theologians. On the basis of a wide range of famous and lesser-known moral theologians, this chapter explores how the concept of just war evolved from the middle of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century. Probabilism and the challenges of confessional struggle are shown to have contributed to the erosion of the cornerstones of the previously dominant Thomist understanding of just war. Core notions like just possession became increasingly uncertain, while the concept of just cause was overhauled to foreground interior conflict in hitherto unprecedented ways. Eventually, this not only dissolved a coherent concept of just war, but also undermined the argument that theologians were particularly qualified to address the problem, and crucially to contain war.Less
Moral theologians believed that they were particularly qualified to examine questions of just war and that in effect just war could not be conducted without previous wide counsel by theologians. On the basis of a wide range of famous and lesser-known moral theologians, this chapter explores how the concept of just war evolved from the middle of the sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century. Probabilism and the challenges of confessional struggle are shown to have contributed to the erosion of the cornerstones of the previously dominant Thomist understanding of just war. Core notions like just possession became increasingly uncertain, while the concept of just cause was overhauled to foreground interior conflict in hitherto unprecedented ways. Eventually, this not only dissolved a coherent concept of just war, but also undermined the argument that theologians were particularly qualified to address the problem, and crucially to contain war.
Jon Balserak
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198703259
- eISBN:
- 9780191772481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703259.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Church History
This chapter explores the character of Calvin’s prophetic authority by examining his involvement with the French Wars of Religion. Calvin began training and sending ministers into France in 1555. The ...
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This chapter explores the character of Calvin’s prophetic authority by examining his involvement with the French Wars of Religion. Calvin began training and sending ministers into France in 1555. The Reformed faith had, by that time, been winning converts from among the nobility, and this continued during the 1550s. This chapter argues that around this time Calvin began to conceive of plans which would use these nobles to help win France for the Reformed religion. While being open to different possibilities, one idea which forced itself upon Calvin was the possibility of war. He had, from 1536, said that a “lesser magistrate” had a duty to protect the people from a king when that king had become tyrannical and he had, from 1550, viewed the French king as a tyrant. This chapter examines how Calvin laboured to bring about his plans, including preparations for war, to win France.Less
This chapter explores the character of Calvin’s prophetic authority by examining his involvement with the French Wars of Religion. Calvin began training and sending ministers into France in 1555. The Reformed faith had, by that time, been winning converts from among the nobility, and this continued during the 1550s. This chapter argues that around this time Calvin began to conceive of plans which would use these nobles to help win France for the Reformed religion. While being open to different possibilities, one idea which forced itself upon Calvin was the possibility of war. He had, from 1536, said that a “lesser magistrate” had a duty to protect the people from a king when that king had become tyrannical and he had, from 1550, viewed the French king as a tyrant. This chapter examines how Calvin laboured to bring about his plans, including preparations for war, to win France.
Anthony Milton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719064449
- eISBN:
- 9781781700815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719064449.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter explores the role of Peter Heylyn in the religious ‘civil wars’ in England during the 1630s. Heylyn was one of the most prominent soldiers in these civil wars and, being a commissioned ...
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This chapter explores the role of Peter Heylyn in the religious ‘civil wars’ in England during the 1630s. Heylyn was one of the most prominent soldiers in these civil wars and, being a commissioned officer, was found wherever the battle was hottest. During this time, his readiness to defend the Laudian reforms and to portray their opponents as dangerous extremists provoked hostile comments and criticisms. The chapter discusses Heylyn's work as public polemical writer and government pamphleteer.Less
This chapter explores the role of Peter Heylyn in the religious ‘civil wars’ in England during the 1630s. Heylyn was one of the most prominent soldiers in these civil wars and, being a commissioned officer, was found wherever the battle was hottest. During this time, his readiness to defend the Laudian reforms and to portray their opponents as dangerous extremists provoked hostile comments and criticisms. The chapter discusses Heylyn's work as public polemical writer and government pamphleteer.
Kenneth Stow
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300219043
- eISBN:
- 9780300224719
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300219043.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This text presents an historical interpretation of the diary of an eighteenth-century Jewish woman who resisted the efforts of the papal authorities to force her religious conversion. After being ...
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This text presents an historical interpretation of the diary of an eighteenth-century Jewish woman who resisted the efforts of the papal authorities to force her religious conversion. After being seized by the papal police in Rome in May 1749, Anna del Monte, a Jew, kept a diary detailing her captors' efforts over the next thirteen days to force her conversion to Catholicism. Anna's powerful chronicle of her ordeal at the hands of authorities of the Roman Catholic Church, originally circulated by her brother Tranquillo in 1793, receives its first English-language translation along with an insightful interpretation in this book of the incident's legal and historical significance. The book's analysis of Anna's dramatic story of prejudice, injustice, resistance, and survival during her two-week imprisonment in the Roman House of Converts—and her brother's later efforts to protest state-sanctioned, religion-based abuses—provides a detailed view of the separate forces on either side of the struggle between religious and civil law in the years just prior to the massive political and social upheavals in America and Europe.Less
This text presents an historical interpretation of the diary of an eighteenth-century Jewish woman who resisted the efforts of the papal authorities to force her religious conversion. After being seized by the papal police in Rome in May 1749, Anna del Monte, a Jew, kept a diary detailing her captors' efforts over the next thirteen days to force her conversion to Catholicism. Anna's powerful chronicle of her ordeal at the hands of authorities of the Roman Catholic Church, originally circulated by her brother Tranquillo in 1793, receives its first English-language translation along with an insightful interpretation in this book of the incident's legal and historical significance. The book's analysis of Anna's dramatic story of prejudice, injustice, resistance, and survival during her two-week imprisonment in the Roman House of Converts—and her brother's later efforts to protest state-sanctioned, religion-based abuses—provides a detailed view of the separate forces on either side of the struggle between religious and civil law in the years just prior to the massive political and social upheavals in America and Europe.
