Roderic Ai Camp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742851
- eISBN:
- 9780199866298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742851.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Demographic variables determine many characteristics in a politician's background and determine critical career choices. Social origin is one of the most influential of such variables, but the major ...
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Demographic variables determine many characteristics in a politician's background and determine critical career choices. Social origin is one of the most influential of such variables, but the major shift in social origins actually took place at the apex of the pre-democratic era during the Echeverría administration (1970–6), rather than as a result of Mexico's democratic transformation. Social origins exercises a tremendous impact on the type of political career a politician may pursue, for example, prominent public figures from humble origins are much more likely to find success in elective office. In opening up the political system to representatives from the PAN and the PRD, electoral democracy has contributed to an larger diversity in religious and social values. Given their particular family origins and place of birth, which affect their location and level of educational achievement, politicians are recruited differently, come in contact with different groups of citizens, and follow different career tracks more easily than others.Less
Demographic variables determine many characteristics in a politician's background and determine critical career choices. Social origin is one of the most influential of such variables, but the major shift in social origins actually took place at the apex of the pre-democratic era during the Echeverría administration (1970–6), rather than as a result of Mexico's democratic transformation. Social origins exercises a tremendous impact on the type of political career a politician may pursue, for example, prominent public figures from humble origins are much more likely to find success in elective office. In opening up the political system to representatives from the PAN and the PRD, electoral democracy has contributed to an larger diversity in religious and social values. Given their particular family origins and place of birth, which affect their location and level of educational achievement, politicians are recruited differently, come in contact with different groups of citizens, and follow different career tracks more easily than others.
John E. Cort
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195132342
- eISBN:
- 9780199834112
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195132343.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Jains in the World presents a detailed fieldwork‐based study of Jainism, focusing on the Svetambar Murtipujak Jains of north Gujarat. The book explains the institutional structures that ...
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Jains in the World presents a detailed fieldwork‐based study of Jainism, focusing on the Svetambar Murtipujak Jains of north Gujarat. The book explains the institutional structures that make up Jain society and gives a comprehensive exposition of the major facets of Jain practice. Separate chapters present descriptions of temple worship and the connected Jain understandings of divinity, interactions between laity and mendicants (monks and nuns), involving both the lay gifting of food and relations based on lay devotion and mendicant grace, ascetic and dietary practices, and the many festivals and observances that make up the Jain religious year. The portrait of the Jains that emerges in this book is radically different from that found in earlier text‐based studies of the Jains. The author invokes the concept of ideology to explain why the earlier portrait has been so consistent and seemingly unchanging, and also why it differs from the lived experience of Jainism. An ideology describes the way ideologues argue that the world should be, and so serves as a powerful normative guide to both conduct and thought. Jains in the World explores the dynamic and creative interaction in Jainism between an explicit ideology of the path to liberation, with its denigration of worldly involvement, and an implicit, symbolically expressed realm of value the author terms ”well‐being” (similar to what other scholars of India have termed ”auspiciousness”), which emphasizes the worldly benefits that come from Jain practice. The book therefore advances a theory and an example of how ideologies (explicit formulations of the nature of the world and proper conduct within the world) and religious values (implicit systems of meaning that are not explicitly formulated, and therefore do not receive the same attention in either insider or outsider depictions of the tradition, but which are nonetheless central to religious self‐identity) interact within a religious tradition. While the discussion focuses on the Jains, the theoretical issues of how an explicitly enunciated religious ideology and an implicitly enunciated realm of value interact within the Jain world have theoretical implications for the broader fields of religious and cultural studies.Less
Jains in the World presents a detailed fieldwork‐based study of Jainism, focusing on the Svetambar Murtipujak Jains of north Gujarat. The book explains the institutional structures that make up Jain society and gives a comprehensive exposition of the major facets of Jain practice. Separate chapters present descriptions of temple worship and the connected Jain understandings of divinity, interactions between laity and mendicants (monks and nuns), involving both the lay gifting of food and relations based on lay devotion and mendicant grace, ascetic and dietary practices, and the many festivals and observances that make up the Jain religious year. The portrait of the Jains that emerges in this book is radically different from that found in earlier text‐based studies of the Jains. The author invokes the concept of ideology to explain why the earlier portrait has been so consistent and seemingly unchanging, and also why it differs from the lived experience of Jainism. An ideology describes the way ideologues argue that the world should be, and so serves as a powerful normative guide to both conduct and thought. Jains in the World explores the dynamic and creative interaction in Jainism between an explicit ideology of the path to liberation, with its denigration of worldly involvement, and an implicit, symbolically expressed realm of value the author terms ”well‐being” (similar to what other scholars of India have termed ”auspiciousness”), which emphasizes the worldly benefits that come from Jain practice. The book therefore advances a theory and an example of how ideologies (explicit formulations of the nature of the world and proper conduct within the world) and religious values (implicit systems of meaning that are not explicitly formulated, and therefore do not receive the same attention in either insider or outsider depictions of the tradition, but which are nonetheless central to religious self‐identity) interact within a religious tradition. While the discussion focuses on the Jains, the theoretical issues of how an explicitly enunciated religious ideology and an implicitly enunciated realm of value interact within the Jain world have theoretical implications for the broader fields of religious and cultural studies.
John Kekes
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199588886
- eISBN:
- 9780191595448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588886.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
Boredom is the individual analog of cultural disenchantment. A wide array of commentators agree that boredom is a pervasive problem in contemporary life. The cause of boredom is the lack of a ...
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Boredom is the individual analog of cultural disenchantment. A wide array of commentators agree that boredom is a pervasive problem in contemporary life. The cause of boredom is the lack of a conception of well‐being to which individuals can wholeheartedly commit themselves. The great danger of boredom is that it leads to seeking irrational thrills that might relieve it. Evil is one of these thrills. Boredom makes evildoing an attractive alternative. The cause of boredom and of the lack of satisfying conceptions of well‐being is ignorance of the resources of our cultural identity contained in its system of values. The obvious remedy is education in the humanities, the traditional context of enduring values that make life meaningful and worth living.Less
Boredom is the individual analog of cultural disenchantment. A wide array of commentators agree that boredom is a pervasive problem in contemporary life. The cause of boredom is the lack of a conception of well‐being to which individuals can wholeheartedly commit themselves. The great danger of boredom is that it leads to seeking irrational thrills that might relieve it. Evil is one of these thrills. Boredom makes evildoing an attractive alternative. The cause of boredom and of the lack of satisfying conceptions of well‐being is ignorance of the resources of our cultural identity contained in its system of values. The obvious remedy is education in the humanities, the traditional context of enduring values that make life meaningful and worth living.
John E. Cort
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195132342
- eISBN:
- 9780199834112
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195132343.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Summarizes the previous discussions of well‐being in Jainism, and analyzes the way the religious lives of the Jains give expression to a symbolically expressed religious value. The chapter shows how ...
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Summarizes the previous discussions of well‐being in Jainism, and analyzes the way the religious lives of the Jains give expression to a symbolically expressed religious value. The chapter shows how we can see a ”family” of well‐being values (similar to what other authors of South Asia have termed ”auspiciousness”) in Jain belief and practice, as expressed in the goddess Laksmi (Lakshmi), and concepts such as kalyan (”welfare”), subh (”good, auspicious”), punya (”merit”), and mangal (”auspicious, holy”). In conclusion, the chapter argues that to study only world‐renunciation aimed at liberation from the world is insufficient for a full understanding of Jainism as lived religious experience, for Jain practices and beliefs are equally concerned with living a full, rich life in the world.Less
Summarizes the previous discussions of well‐being in Jainism, and analyzes the way the religious lives of the Jains give expression to a symbolically expressed religious value. The chapter shows how we can see a ”family” of well‐being values (similar to what other authors of South Asia have termed ”auspiciousness”) in Jain belief and practice, as expressed in the goddess Laksmi (Lakshmi), and concepts such as kalyan (”welfare”), subh (”good, auspicious”), punya (”merit”), and mangal (”auspicious, holy”). In conclusion, the chapter argues that to study only world‐renunciation aimed at liberation from the world is insufficient for a full understanding of Jainism as lived religious experience, for Jain practices and beliefs are equally concerned with living a full, rich life in the world.
Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691144870
- eISBN:
- 9781400842483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691144870.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This concluding chapter highlights some puzzles that punctuate Jewish history, from the mass expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492–97 to today. A growing number of scholars have ...
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This concluding chapter highlights some puzzles that punctuate Jewish history, from the mass expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492–97 to today. A growing number of scholars have been studying the long-term impact of institutions by illustrating that some contemporary economic patterns have been influenced by institutions that emerged centuries ago. This book contributes to this literature by showing that the transition of the Jews from farming into high-skill occupations has also been the outcome of the availability of contract-enforcement institutions shaped by the unique features of the Jewish religion. Meanwhile, social scientists have always been fascinated by the study of religion and by the influence religious values and norms may have on human behavior. Ultimately, the cultural values and social norms that Judaism fostered two millennia ago shaped the demographic and economic history of the Jewish people through today.Less
This concluding chapter highlights some puzzles that punctuate Jewish history, from the mass expulsion of the Jews from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492–97 to today. A growing number of scholars have been studying the long-term impact of institutions by illustrating that some contemporary economic patterns have been influenced by institutions that emerged centuries ago. This book contributes to this literature by showing that the transition of the Jews from farming into high-skill occupations has also been the outcome of the availability of contract-enforcement institutions shaped by the unique features of the Jewish religion. Meanwhile, social scientists have always been fascinated by the study of religion and by the influence religious values and norms may have on human behavior. Ultimately, the cultural values and social norms that Judaism fostered two millennia ago shaped the demographic and economic history of the Jewish people through today.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804758642
- eISBN:
- 9780804763158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804758642.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the supporters of religious parties in Turkey. It highlights the inconsistency of voters' characteristics with models which assume that religious parties can be understood as ...
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This chapter examines the supporters of religious parties in Turkey. It highlights the inconsistency of voters' characteristics with models which assume that religious parties can be understood as battlegrounds of a secular-religious conflict. The chapter explains that the supporters of the Nationalist Action Party, the National View Party, and the Justice and Development Party do not universally support political projects derived from Islam, and do not tightly cluster around certain religious values.Less
This chapter examines the supporters of religious parties in Turkey. It highlights the inconsistency of voters' characteristics with models which assume that religious parties can be understood as battlegrounds of a secular-religious conflict. The chapter explains that the supporters of the Nationalist Action Party, the National View Party, and the Justice and Development Party do not universally support political projects derived from Islam, and do not tightly cluster around certain religious values.
Adam C. Pelser and Robert C. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198716600
- eISBN:
- 9780191807572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716600.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology
“Religious value” can be understood in two ways. Ontological religious value is the excellence of a “transcendent” Ultimate Reality such as God. Psychological religious values are attitudinal or ...
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“Religious value” can be understood in two ways. Ontological religious value is the excellence of a “transcendent” Ultimate Reality such as God. Psychological religious values are attitudinal or dispositional valuings, informed by one’s religion, that involve taking an object to possess ontological religious value. Religions contribute to the development and internalization of psychological religious values through narratives, embodied rituals, and acts of service, among other means. Recent critics of religion argue that psychological religious values are irrational and socially pernicious. According to Jonathan Haidt’s evolutionary moral psychology, however, religious values arose out of innate, socially valuable emotional-intuitive dispositions. Haidt is correct that emotional intuitions facilitate the formation of religious and moral values, but these emotions can be epistemically, and not merely pragmatically, valuable. They may enable us to experience objective values, thus serving as evidence of the existence of various kinds of value, including ontological religious value.Less
“Religious value” can be understood in two ways. Ontological religious value is the excellence of a “transcendent” Ultimate Reality such as God. Psychological religious values are attitudinal or dispositional valuings, informed by one’s religion, that involve taking an object to possess ontological religious value. Religions contribute to the development and internalization of psychological religious values through narratives, embodied rituals, and acts of service, among other means. Recent critics of religion argue that psychological religious values are irrational and socially pernicious. According to Jonathan Haidt’s evolutionary moral psychology, however, religious values arose out of innate, socially valuable emotional-intuitive dispositions. Haidt is correct that emotional intuitions facilitate the formation of religious and moral values, but these emotions can be epistemically, and not merely pragmatically, valuable. They may enable us to experience objective values, thus serving as evidence of the existence of various kinds of value, including ontological religious value.
Ruth Braunstein
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520293649
- eISBN:
- 9780520966888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520293649.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
Chapter 4 demonstrates that Interfaith and the Patriots developed different ways of enacting active citizenship in the course of their work together, and specifically their efforts to put their faith ...
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Chapter 4 demonstrates that Interfaith and the Patriots developed different ways of enacting active citizenship in the course of their work together, and specifically their efforts to put their faith in action. Although both groups asserted that there was a public role for religion in diverse and pluralistic democratic societies, they differed in their understandings of how this should work in practice. Interfaith’s efforts to put their faith in action were driven primarily by concerns about religious inclusion, while the Patriots were driven primarily by concerns about religious liberty. Participants in the groups thus emphasized subtly different religious values, developed different ways of engaging with religious others, and engaged in different kinds of religious (and civil religious) practices. The chapter concludes by tracing the groups’ choices about how to put their faith in action to differences in their democratic imaginaries—their ways of understanding how democracy works and the proper role of active citizens in it.Less
Chapter 4 demonstrates that Interfaith and the Patriots developed different ways of enacting active citizenship in the course of their work together, and specifically their efforts to put their faith in action. Although both groups asserted that there was a public role for religion in diverse and pluralistic democratic societies, they differed in their understandings of how this should work in practice. Interfaith’s efforts to put their faith in action were driven primarily by concerns about religious inclusion, while the Patriots were driven primarily by concerns about religious liberty. Participants in the groups thus emphasized subtly different religious values, developed different ways of engaging with religious others, and engaged in different kinds of religious (and civil religious) practices. The chapter concludes by tracing the groups’ choices about how to put their faith in action to differences in their democratic imaginaries—their ways of understanding how democracy works and the proper role of active citizens in it.
Jeffrie G. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195178555
- eISBN:
- 9780199850129
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178555.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The issue of “How ought one respond to evil?” is a gray area for many. Depending on the gravity of wrongdoing incurred, response to evil differs in each individual. In American society, the majority ...
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The issue of “How ought one respond to evil?” is a gray area for many. Depending on the gravity of wrongdoing incurred, response to evil differs in each individual. In American society, the majority believe in Judeo-Christianity ethics, thus, that society highly respects the idea of forgiveness as an important moral value. However, it is this same society that supports unusual harsh mechanisms of criminal punishment. This chapter aims to provide a philosophical overview on the book's exploration of the nature and value of revenge, forgiveness, repentance, and the role of religious values over it.Less
The issue of “How ought one respond to evil?” is a gray area for many. Depending on the gravity of wrongdoing incurred, response to evil differs in each individual. In American society, the majority believe in Judeo-Christianity ethics, thus, that society highly respects the idea of forgiveness as an important moral value. However, it is this same society that supports unusual harsh mechanisms of criminal punishment. This chapter aims to provide a philosophical overview on the book's exploration of the nature and value of revenge, forgiveness, repentance, and the role of religious values over it.
Annette Leis-Peters
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447318972
- eISBN:
- 9781447328957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447318972.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
This chapter argues that research in the field of religious minorities needs to move away from the perspective of the majority society in favour of a civil society approach in which the interests of ...
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This chapter argues that research in the field of religious minorities needs to move away from the perspective of the majority society in favour of a civil society approach in which the interests of the religious minorities are built into the research design. The younger generation is under pressure not only to assimilate the values of the majority culture when it comes to professional development, but also to maintain the family's traditional—that is, religious—values. Integrating the perspectives of the religious minority communities into the research design itself permits markedly more nuanced findings, offering a more in-depth and accurate picture of the new ecology of religion.Less
This chapter argues that research in the field of religious minorities needs to move away from the perspective of the majority society in favour of a civil society approach in which the interests of the religious minorities are built into the research design. The younger generation is under pressure not only to assimilate the values of the majority culture when it comes to professional development, but also to maintain the family's traditional—that is, religious—values. Integrating the perspectives of the religious minority communities into the research design itself permits markedly more nuanced findings, offering a more in-depth and accurate picture of the new ecology of religion.
Courtney Bender
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226042817
- eISBN:
- 9780226042831
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226042831.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
How do people practice religion in their everyday lives? How do our daily encounters with people who hold different religious beliefs shape the way we understand our own moral and spiritual selves? ...
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How do people practice religion in their everyday lives? How do our daily encounters with people who hold different religious beliefs shape the way we understand our own moral and spiritual selves? This book takes a highly original approach to answering these questions. For more than a year the author of this book worked in New York City as a volunteer for a nonprofit, nonreligious organization called God's Love We Deliver, helping to prepare home-cooked meals for people with AIDS. Paying close attention to what was said and not said, the author traces how the volunteers gave voice to their moral positions and religious values. This book also examines how they invested their conversations, and mundane activities such as cooking, with personal meaning that in turn affected how they saw their own spiritual lives.Less
How do people practice religion in their everyday lives? How do our daily encounters with people who hold different religious beliefs shape the way we understand our own moral and spiritual selves? This book takes a highly original approach to answering these questions. For more than a year the author of this book worked in New York City as a volunteer for a nonprofit, nonreligious organization called God's Love We Deliver, helping to prepare home-cooked meals for people with AIDS. Paying close attention to what was said and not said, the author traces how the volunteers gave voice to their moral positions and religious values. This book also examines how they invested their conversations, and mundane activities such as cooking, with personal meaning that in turn affected how they saw their own spiritual lives.
Kerry Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479886418
- eISBN:
- 9781479865260
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479886418.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter examines the visitors, volunteers, and rangers in Yosemite National Park. It discusses how the environment is managed to create the impression of harmony between nature and culture. It ...
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This chapter examines the visitors, volunteers, and rangers in Yosemite National Park. It discusses how the environment is managed to create the impression of harmony between nature and culture. It explores the historical roots of this trend, as well as its persistence in park management in the present. Through interviews with park visitors, the chapter demonstrates that their attitudes towards nature shape their understanding of the spiritual and/or religious significance of their experience. Contrary to the hikers who were interviewed in Chapter 2, visitors to Yosemite demonstrate a different religious aspect of recreation, one in which “nature” is both more civilized and more consistently ascribed with religious value. This chapter demonstrates how park rangers appreciate this diversity within the visitor population, and how the trope of spirituality allows them to cater to a wide range of visitors.Less
This chapter examines the visitors, volunteers, and rangers in Yosemite National Park. It discusses how the environment is managed to create the impression of harmony between nature and culture. It explores the historical roots of this trend, as well as its persistence in park management in the present. Through interviews with park visitors, the chapter demonstrates that their attitudes towards nature shape their understanding of the spiritual and/or religious significance of their experience. Contrary to the hikers who were interviewed in Chapter 2, visitors to Yosemite demonstrate a different religious aspect of recreation, one in which “nature” is both more civilized and more consistently ascribed with religious value. This chapter demonstrates how park rangers appreciate this diversity within the visitor population, and how the trope of spirituality allows them to cater to a wide range of visitors.
Jacqueline E. Whitt
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469612942
- eISBN:
- 9781469614526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469612942.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the concept of role conflict in some depth, and explores five topical cases—conscientious objection, the drug problem, chaplains' noncombatant status, participation in civic ...
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This chapter examines the concept of role conflict in some depth, and explores five topical cases—conscientious objection, the drug problem, chaplains' noncombatant status, participation in civic action programs, and personal morality related to alcohol, cursing, and sex—to understand how chaplains responded to situations that could produce tension between various roles and identities. In each case, chaplains demonstrated their ability to resolve role tension using pragmatic approaches that allowed for them to retain both a military and religious identity. The chapter then explores the question of chaplains' anemic responses to war crimes and atrocities in light of the role conflict model, the instances where it seems most obvious that chaplains may have abandoned their religious identities and values for military ones. Even here, however, chaplains' religious values were on display and the role conflict model is insufficient to explain their behavior.Less
This chapter examines the concept of role conflict in some depth, and explores five topical cases—conscientious objection, the drug problem, chaplains' noncombatant status, participation in civic action programs, and personal morality related to alcohol, cursing, and sex—to understand how chaplains responded to situations that could produce tension between various roles and identities. In each case, chaplains demonstrated their ability to resolve role tension using pragmatic approaches that allowed for them to retain both a military and religious identity. The chapter then explores the question of chaplains' anemic responses to war crimes and atrocities in light of the role conflict model, the instances where it seems most obvious that chaplains may have abandoned their religious identities and values for military ones. Even here, however, chaplains' religious values were on display and the role conflict model is insufficient to explain their behavior.
Brian J. Grim
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199930890
- eISBN:
- 9780199980581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199930890.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Based on an innovative measurement system, this chapter presents a summary of global restrictions of religion, their patterns and significance. It provides graphic summaries of the status of these ...
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Based on an innovative measurement system, this chapter presents a summary of global restrictions of religion, their patterns and significance. It provides graphic summaries of the status of these restrictions, which show that some 70% of the world's population live in nations with high restrictions on religion, either from government policy or social hostilities. The chapter then applies statistical analyses to demonstrate that religious freedom is a correlate of democracy, civil liberties, economic development, women's status, and civil peace. It presents a model that explains how restrictions on religion produce cycles of societal repression, violent persecution, and further government restrictions, while regimes that protect religious freedom and treat all faiths equally produce positive cycles of civil peace and inter-religious amity.Less
Based on an innovative measurement system, this chapter presents a summary of global restrictions of religion, their patterns and significance. It provides graphic summaries of the status of these restrictions, which show that some 70% of the world's population live in nations with high restrictions on religion, either from government policy or social hostilities. The chapter then applies statistical analyses to demonstrate that religious freedom is a correlate of democracy, civil liberties, economic development, women's status, and civil peace. It presents a model that explains how restrictions on religion produce cycles of societal repression, violent persecution, and further government restrictions, while regimes that protect religious freedom and treat all faiths equally produce positive cycles of civil peace and inter-religious amity.
Louis Rawlings
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719056574
- eISBN:
- 9781781700839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719056574.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines how the religious values of the ancient Greeks influenced their conduct of wars, campaigns and battles. It discusses how Greek communities prepared for and came to terms with ...
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This chapter examines how the religious values of the ancient Greeks influenced their conduct of wars, campaigns and battles. It discusses how Greek communities prepared for and came to terms with war through their methods of communication with the divine and use of rituals and it asks what the Greeks believed was the contribution of their gods to war. This chapter explains that the Greeks believed their gods to have been actively involved in the mortal pursuits of warfare and combat, and the nature of Greek polytheism allowed for a bewildering fragmentation of the roles and responsibilities of war-gods. It also discusses the Greeks' pre- and post-battle rituals, their funerals and mourning and commemoration.Less
This chapter examines how the religious values of the ancient Greeks influenced their conduct of wars, campaigns and battles. It discusses how Greek communities prepared for and came to terms with war through their methods of communication with the divine and use of rituals and it asks what the Greeks believed was the contribution of their gods to war. This chapter explains that the Greeks believed their gods to have been actively involved in the mortal pursuits of warfare and combat, and the nature of Greek polytheism allowed for a bewildering fragmentation of the roles and responsibilities of war-gods. It also discusses the Greeks' pre- and post-battle rituals, their funerals and mourning and commemoration.
Margaret M. Poloma and John C. Green
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814767832
- eISBN:
- 9780814768396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814767832.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter continues to explore the effects of charisma on benevolence as reflected through the prism of religious values and public affairs. It considers the impact of religious experience and ...
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This chapter continues to explore the effects of charisma on benevolence as reflected through the prism of religious values and public affairs. It considers the impact of religious experience and traditional religiosity on public affairs, including activities such as charity and political action. It shows that the Assemblies of God (AG) faces a dilemma when it comes to public affairs. The “law of love” and the “love of law” pose different—and even contradictory—approaches to “ushering in the kingdom of God,” which has been the goal of Pentecostal benevolence. On the one hand, progressive Pentecostals represent an approach that stresses care-love, especially as it pertains to social welfare programs. On the other hand, the “cultural war” politics of the last several decades, with its active opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion, also represent a departure from the Pentecostal apolitical past.Less
This chapter continues to explore the effects of charisma on benevolence as reflected through the prism of religious values and public affairs. It considers the impact of religious experience and traditional religiosity on public affairs, including activities such as charity and political action. It shows that the Assemblies of God (AG) faces a dilemma when it comes to public affairs. The “law of love” and the “love of law” pose different—and even contradictory—approaches to “ushering in the kingdom of God,” which has been the goal of Pentecostal benevolence. On the one hand, progressive Pentecostals represent an approach that stresses care-love, especially as it pertains to social welfare programs. On the other hand, the “cultural war” politics of the last several decades, with its active opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion, also represent a departure from the Pentecostal apolitical past.
Elizabeth Fones-Wolf and Ken Fones-Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039034
- eISBN:
- 9780252097003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039034.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines how ministers understood their responsibility and conveyed that to their congregations. For hundreds of southern preachers, a choice had to be made when the Congress of ...
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This chapter examines how ministers understood their responsibility and conveyed that to their congregations. For hundreds of southern preachers, a choice had to be made when the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) arrived. Some had no difficulty. Most, however, struggled with their consciences and religious values, used their own life experiences, read their denominational newspapers, took the pulse of their congregations, and weighed the relative merits of arguments they heard from factory and union representatives. They also thought about the consequences their pronouncements might have on their communities, their flocks, their families, and themselves, but they did not contemplate what was morally right in a neutral environment. One side had an enormous advantage in resources that they could, and would, bring to bear on southern ministers. Ultimately, the decisions ministers made and the influence they had cannot be reduced to a formula.Less
This chapter examines how ministers understood their responsibility and conveyed that to their congregations. For hundreds of southern preachers, a choice had to be made when the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) arrived. Some had no difficulty. Most, however, struggled with their consciences and religious values, used their own life experiences, read their denominational newspapers, took the pulse of their congregations, and weighed the relative merits of arguments they heard from factory and union representatives. They also thought about the consequences their pronouncements might have on their communities, their flocks, their families, and themselves, but they did not contemplate what was morally right in a neutral environment. One side had an enormous advantage in resources that they could, and would, bring to bear on southern ministers. Ultimately, the decisions ministers made and the influence they had cannot be reduced to a formula.
Morny Joy
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719055232
- eISBN:
- 9781781700792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719055232.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter explores the writings of Levinas on women and the ‘feminine’. Luce Irigaray and Emmanuel Levinas shared a commitment to reconfiguring contemporary ethics. They both envisage a revised ...
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This chapter explores the writings of Levinas on women and the ‘feminine’. Luce Irigaray and Emmanuel Levinas shared a commitment to reconfiguring contemporary ethics. They both envisage a revised male and female relationship as paradigmatic for the changes they wish to introduce. These relationships will be heterosexual, where there are specific qualities that are ‘feminine’ and have distinctive roles for women. They both employ similar terms to describe vital aspects of the radical transformation of ethics: desire, eros, infinite, transcendence, mystery and virginity. Irigaray, however, has chosen to disapprove of certain aspects of Levinas's work—specifically those which concern his depictions of women, the ‘feminine’ and the relations between men and women. Irigaray disputes Levinas's portrayal of maternity and fecundity. She faults Levinas for viewing the child as the main creative outcome of love, rather than viewing love as creative in its own right. Levinas's mixture of conservative religious values with a radical interrogation of traditional western ethics is a potent but confusing one. It has made it awkward for feminists to speak to his work.Less
This chapter explores the writings of Levinas on women and the ‘feminine’. Luce Irigaray and Emmanuel Levinas shared a commitment to reconfiguring contemporary ethics. They both envisage a revised male and female relationship as paradigmatic for the changes they wish to introduce. These relationships will be heterosexual, where there are specific qualities that are ‘feminine’ and have distinctive roles for women. They both employ similar terms to describe vital aspects of the radical transformation of ethics: desire, eros, infinite, transcendence, mystery and virginity. Irigaray, however, has chosen to disapprove of certain aspects of Levinas's work—specifically those which concern his depictions of women, the ‘feminine’ and the relations between men and women. Irigaray disputes Levinas's portrayal of maternity and fecundity. She faults Levinas for viewing the child as the main creative outcome of love, rather than viewing love as creative in its own right. Levinas's mixture of conservative religious values with a radical interrogation of traditional western ethics is a potent but confusing one. It has made it awkward for feminists to speak to his work.
Arlin C. Migliazzo
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823222209
- eISBN:
- 9780823236800
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823222209.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Interest in church-related higher education has increased greatly in recent years, and there are books and articles available that sharpen the sense of mission and ...
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Interest in church-related higher education has increased greatly in recent years, and there are books and articles available that sharpen the sense of mission and provide necessary theological and theoretical foundations for the work of church-related colleges and universities. Yet what actually happens in the classroom has been largely overlooked. This study provides a practical guidebook on strategies to incarnate mission and epitomize theological and theoretical reflection in the classroom. The chapters, written by distinguished practitioners from fourteen liberal arts disciplines and Roman Catholic, Wesleyan, Anabaptist, Lutheran, and Reformed traditions, demonstrate how they have been able link religious values more directly to their teaching.Less
Interest in church-related higher education has increased greatly in recent years, and there are books and articles available that sharpen the sense of mission and provide necessary theological and theoretical foundations for the work of church-related colleges and universities. Yet what actually happens in the classroom has been largely overlooked. This study provides a practical guidebook on strategies to incarnate mission and epitomize theological and theoretical reflection in the classroom. The chapters, written by distinguished practitioners from fourteen liberal arts disciplines and Roman Catholic, Wesleyan, Anabaptist, Lutheran, and Reformed traditions, demonstrate how they have been able link religious values more directly to their teaching.
Tova Hartman and Charlie Buckholtz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199337439
- eISBN:
- 9780199362370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199337439.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism, Religion and Literature
This chapter examines the Talmudic story “Snake Oven,” which is considered by many as a triumphant source-text for human autonomy as a Jewish religious value. It discusses the dominant reading of ...
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This chapter examines the Talmudic story “Snake Oven,” which is considered by many as a triumphant source-text for human autonomy as a Jewish religious value. It discusses the dominant reading of this story and suggests that the climactic exclamation, “It is not in heaven!” may be interpreted not as a climax at all but the conclusion of an overture whose moral and spiritual implications are played out in the narrative that follows. An analysis of the story based on the broader Talmudic sugya or pericope suggests that its prominent theme is devoted resistance, or the insistence of holding onto multiple values and relationships in the face of these values and relationships being desecrated by the very culture heroes charged to teach and represent them.Less
This chapter examines the Talmudic story “Snake Oven,” which is considered by many as a triumphant source-text for human autonomy as a Jewish religious value. It discusses the dominant reading of this story and suggests that the climactic exclamation, “It is not in heaven!” may be interpreted not as a climax at all but the conclusion of an overture whose moral and spiritual implications are played out in the narrative that follows. An analysis of the story based on the broader Talmudic sugya or pericope suggests that its prominent theme is devoted resistance, or the insistence of holding onto multiple values and relationships in the face of these values and relationships being desecrated by the very culture heroes charged to teach and represent them.
