J. Mark Halstead
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199253661
- eISBN:
- 9780191601972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253668.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This is the last of the four essays in Part II of the book on liberalism and traditionalist education; all four are by authors who would like to find ways for the liberal state to honour the ...
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This is the last of the four essays in Part II of the book on liberalism and traditionalist education; all four are by authors who would like to find ways for the liberal state to honour the self-definitions of traditional cultures and to find ways of avoiding a confrontation with differences. One of the tasks of the book is to separate out different kinds of affiliation and the extent to which the arguments made about cultural recognition can be extended to other objects of affiliation. Mark Halstead’s chapter on schooling (education) and cultural maintenance for religious minorities in the liberal state provides a catalogue of the different types of groups that are to be found in liberal societies, and the different kinds of cultural and educational claims that are typically attached to each of them. His definition of minority group is useful in conceptualizing many of the papers in the volume. The chapter falls into three sections: Section 10.1, which looks at four types of disadvantaged minorities, attempts to distinguish non-Western fundamentalist religious minorities living in the West from other minorities that may experience disadvantage of various kinds in liberal societies; Section 10.2, on religious minorities in the liberal state, explores some of the educational and other difficulties encountered by such religious minorities in more detail, and typical liberal responses; Section 10.3, on rethinking the liberal response, contains some proposals that are designed to meet the educational needs of both the liberal state and the religious minorities at the same time.Less
This is the last of the four essays in Part II of the book on liberalism and traditionalist education; all four are by authors who would like to find ways for the liberal state to honour the self-definitions of traditional cultures and to find ways of avoiding a confrontation with differences. One of the tasks of the book is to separate out different kinds of affiliation and the extent to which the arguments made about cultural recognition can be extended to other objects of affiliation. Mark Halstead’s chapter on schooling (education) and cultural maintenance for religious minorities in the liberal state provides a catalogue of the different types of groups that are to be found in liberal societies, and the different kinds of cultural and educational claims that are typically attached to each of them. His definition of minority group is useful in conceptualizing many of the papers in the volume. The chapter falls into three sections: Section 10.1, which looks at four types of disadvantaged minorities, attempts to distinguish non-Western fundamentalist religious minorities living in the West from other minorities that may experience disadvantage of various kinds in liberal societies; Section 10.2, on religious minorities in the liberal state, explores some of the educational and other difficulties encountered by such religious minorities in more detail, and typical liberal responses; Section 10.3, on rethinking the liberal response, contains some proposals that are designed to meet the educational needs of both the liberal state and the religious minorities at the same time.
Cécile Laborde
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550210
- eISBN:
- 9780191720857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550210.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Political Theory
Chapter 4 takes both official republicans and their critics to task for their inadequate account of the relationship between ideal norms and social facts and for their inability to deploy normative ...
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Chapter 4 takes both official republicans and their critics to task for their inadequate account of the relationship between ideal norms and social facts and for their inability to deploy normative criteria of assessment of the status quo. It puts forward a theory of ‘critical secularism’, which assesses what treating Muslims fairly means in non-neutral societies, in a way that promotes the republican ideal of the impartial and civic public sphere. It argues that the state should, in general, not support or recognize religions, unless not doing so infringes a basic religious right or gravely undermines contextual parity (the actual parity of status between majority and minority religions).Less
Chapter 4 takes both official republicans and their critics to task for their inadequate account of the relationship between ideal norms and social facts and for their inability to deploy normative criteria of assessment of the status quo. It puts forward a theory of ‘critical secularism’, which assesses what treating Muslims fairly means in non-neutral societies, in a way that promotes the republican ideal of the impartial and civic public sphere. It argues that the state should, in general, not support or recognize religions, unless not doing so infringes a basic religious right or gravely undermines contextual parity (the actual parity of status between majority and minority religions).
Avigail Eisenberg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199291304
- eISBN:
- 9780191710704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199291304.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
The chapter examines the problem of authenticity in relation to cases about freedom of religion. The challenge of authenticity suggests that it is impossible to distinguish reliably between identity ...
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The chapter examines the problem of authenticity in relation to cases about freedom of religion. The challenge of authenticity suggests that it is impossible to distinguish reliably between identity claims which are ‘authentic’ for the people who make them and those which are made fraudulently in order to garner particular entitlements. Courts in Canada and the United States try to meet this challenge in relation to claims made by religious minorities either by refusing to assess all such claims or by establishing authenticity on the basis of individual sincerity of belief. In relation to two cases, one about the illegal use of peyote by a religious group and the other about the rights of Jews to erect succahs on their balconies, the chapter explains why a more direct, open, and structured consideration of identity claims provides a fairer basis upon which to assess religious identity claims and to negotiate the challenge of authenticity.Less
The chapter examines the problem of authenticity in relation to cases about freedom of religion. The challenge of authenticity suggests that it is impossible to distinguish reliably between identity claims which are ‘authentic’ for the people who make them and those which are made fraudulently in order to garner particular entitlements. Courts in Canada and the United States try to meet this challenge in relation to claims made by religious minorities either by refusing to assess all such claims or by establishing authenticity on the basis of individual sincerity of belief. In relation to two cases, one about the illegal use of peyote by a religious group and the other about the rights of Jews to erect succahs on their balconies, the chapter explains why a more direct, open, and structured consideration of identity claims provides a fairer basis upon which to assess religious identity claims and to negotiate the challenge of authenticity.
Elizabeth Shakman Hurd
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691166094
- eISBN:
- 9781400873814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166094.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter explores the implications of adopting religion as a category to draw together individuals and communities as corporate bodies that are depicted as in need of legal protection to achieve ...
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This chapter explores the implications of adopting religion as a category to draw together individuals and communities as corporate bodies that are depicted as in need of legal protection to achieve their freedom. It draws on an extended case study of the Alevis in Turkey. Ongoing uncertainty about the legal and religious status of the Alevis opens a space in which to explore claims to the category of religious minority, constructs of religious freedom, and the implications of contemporary legal approaches to managing religious difference. The chapter begins with a short introduction to the Alevis, a social group that was formally constituted as a single community relatively recently as part of the Turkish nation-building project. It then evaluates two legal definitions of Alevism by the Turkish state and the European Court of Human Rights. These distinct institutional contexts produce different constructions of Alevism with significant legal and political implications for arbitrating major social issues in Turkey, such as who is a Muslim, who is a minority, and what is religion.Less
This chapter explores the implications of adopting religion as a category to draw together individuals and communities as corporate bodies that are depicted as in need of legal protection to achieve their freedom. It draws on an extended case study of the Alevis in Turkey. Ongoing uncertainty about the legal and religious status of the Alevis opens a space in which to explore claims to the category of religious minority, constructs of religious freedom, and the implications of contemporary legal approaches to managing religious difference. The chapter begins with a short introduction to the Alevis, a social group that was formally constituted as a single community relatively recently as part of the Turkish nation-building project. It then evaluates two legal definitions of Alevism by the Turkish state and the European Court of Human Rights. These distinct institutional contexts produce different constructions of Alevism with significant legal and political implications for arbitrating major social issues in Turkey, such as who is a Muslim, who is a minority, and what is religion.
Tariq Modood
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198297703
- eISBN:
- 9780191602948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829770X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Essentialist and anti‐essentialist views of multicultural society are discussed, using data from the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities in Britain, which was undertaken in 1994. One of the ...
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Essentialist and anti‐essentialist views of multicultural society are discussed, using data from the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities in Britain, which was undertaken in 1994. One of the survey findings was that there is much empirical support for those theorists who have emphasized the fluid and hybrid nature of contemporary post‐immigration ethnicities in Britain. It is argued that the political challenge is to reach for a multicultural Britishness that is happy with this hybridity, but also has space for religious identities, which have been largely neglected by theorists. The last part of the chapter discusses the importance of recognizing religious communities further.Less
Essentialist and anti‐essentialist views of multicultural society are discussed, using data from the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities in Britain, which was undertaken in 1994. One of the survey findings was that there is much empirical support for those theorists who have emphasized the fluid and hybrid nature of contemporary post‐immigration ethnicities in Britain. It is argued that the political challenge is to reach for a multicultural Britishness that is happy with this hybridity, but also has space for religious identities, which have been largely neglected by theorists. The last part of the chapter discusses the importance of recognizing religious communities further.
Kristine Kalanges
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199859467
- eISBN:
- 9780199933518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199859467.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Comparative Law
Understanding the law and politics of religious freedom in the Muslim world first requires knowledge of the teachings and traditions of Islam, as well as their significance for Muslim followers. This ...
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Understanding the law and politics of religious freedom in the Muslim world first requires knowledge of the teachings and traditions of Islam, as well as their significance for Muslim followers. This chapter begins with a brief overview of the principles of Islamic law. It then discusses freedom of religion in Islamic law, covering the rights of religious minorities and apostasy and Islam. This is followed by a discussion of religious liberty and Islamic reformation.Less
Understanding the law and politics of religious freedom in the Muslim world first requires knowledge of the teachings and traditions of Islam, as well as their significance for Muslim followers. This chapter begins with a brief overview of the principles of Islamic law. It then discusses freedom of religion in Islamic law, covering the rights of religious minorities and apostasy and Islam. This is followed by a discussion of religious liberty and Islamic reformation.
Rochana Bajpai
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198067504
- eISBN:
- 9780199080410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067504.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
That legislative and employment quotas for religious minorities in India were eventually withdrawn from the constitution and quotas for ‘backward classes’ retained, albeit in a weaker form, is ...
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That legislative and employment quotas for religious minorities in India were eventually withdrawn from the constitution and quotas for ‘backward classes’ retained, albeit in a weaker form, is entirely consistent with the normative resources for group-differentiated rights in nationalist discourse. As the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly unfolded, the nationalist vocabulary expanded to become the new legitimating framework of the polity, the language in which all political argument was conducted. During the Constituent Assembly debates, and in part through the process of debating, both the institutional forms of group rights and the discursive frame of the Indian polity came to be realigned: nationalists were able to translate their dominance into hegemony. This is established through an analytical reconstruction of positions in debates over three key institutional mechanisms for group rights: legislative quotas, employment quotas, and cultural and educational rights.Less
That legislative and employment quotas for religious minorities in India were eventually withdrawn from the constitution and quotas for ‘backward classes’ retained, albeit in a weaker form, is entirely consistent with the normative resources for group-differentiated rights in nationalist discourse. As the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly unfolded, the nationalist vocabulary expanded to become the new legitimating framework of the polity, the language in which all political argument was conducted. During the Constituent Assembly debates, and in part through the process of debating, both the institutional forms of group rights and the discursive frame of the Indian polity came to be realigned: nationalists were able to translate their dominance into hegemony. This is established through an analytical reconstruction of positions in debates over three key institutional mechanisms for group rights: legislative quotas, employment quotas, and cultural and educational rights.
Elizabeth Shakman Hurd
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691166094
- eISBN:
- 9781400873814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166094.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book considers the history of state efforts to define and shape forms of religiosity that are understood to be conducive ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book considers the history of state efforts to define and shape forms of religiosity that are understood to be conducive to particular regimes of governance. It offers a focused discussion that brings together several questions and concerns that have not been considered together before to develop three related arguments about these political projects and the fields in which they are deployed. First, it shows how particular constructs of religious freedom, religious tolerance, and the rights of religious minorities are being packaged into political projects and delivered around the world by states and others. Second, it contributes to the literature on religion and international relations by historicizing and politicizing the attempt over the past two decades to incorporate a concern for religion into the study and practice of global politics. Third, the book embeds the study of religion and politics in a series of broader social and interpretive fields by exploring the relation between these international projects and the social, religious, and political contexts in which they are deployed.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book considers the history of state efforts to define and shape forms of religiosity that are understood to be conducive to particular regimes of governance. It offers a focused discussion that brings together several questions and concerns that have not been considered together before to develop three related arguments about these political projects and the fields in which they are deployed. First, it shows how particular constructs of religious freedom, religious tolerance, and the rights of religious minorities are being packaged into political projects and delivered around the world by states and others. Second, it contributes to the literature on religion and international relations by historicizing and politicizing the attempt over the past two decades to incorporate a concern for religion into the study and practice of global politics. Third, the book embeds the study of religion and politics in a series of broader social and interpretive fields by exploring the relation between these international projects and the social, religious, and political contexts in which they are deployed.
Rochana Bajpai
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198067504
- eISBN:
- 9780199080410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198067504.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter offers a historical interpretation of the career of group preferential policies from the late nineteenth century through to close of the Constituent Assembly debates. It shows that while ...
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This chapter offers a historical interpretation of the career of group preferential policies from the late nineteenth century through to close of the Constituent Assembly debates. It shows that while group rights in the first half of the twentieth century saw steady expansion, their colonial proportions came to be scaled back eventually. The chapter also argues that the dynamic of containment assumed different degrees and forms in different areas of group rights, with the most far-reaching changes occurring in political representation for religious minorities. While Partition is usually cited to account for attenuation in the rights of religious minorities during constitution-making, this chapter suggests that it does not constitute a sufficient explanation as is commonly believed. Instead, longer-term ideological features of Indian nationalism favoured the containment of differential treatment.Less
This chapter offers a historical interpretation of the career of group preferential policies from the late nineteenth century through to close of the Constituent Assembly debates. It shows that while group rights in the first half of the twentieth century saw steady expansion, their colonial proportions came to be scaled back eventually. The chapter also argues that the dynamic of containment assumed different degrees and forms in different areas of group rights, with the most far-reaching changes occurring in political representation for religious minorities. While Partition is usually cited to account for attenuation in the rights of religious minorities during constitution-making, this chapter suggests that it does not constitute a sufficient explanation as is commonly believed. Instead, longer-term ideological features of Indian nationalism favoured the containment of differential treatment.
Elizabeth Shakman Hurd
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691166094
- eISBN:
- 9781400873814
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166094.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In recent years, North American and European nations have sought to legally remake religion in other countries through an unprecedented array of international initiatives. Policymakers have rallied ...
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In recent years, North American and European nations have sought to legally remake religion in other countries through an unprecedented array of international initiatives. Policymakers have rallied around the notion that the fostering of religious freedom, interfaith dialogue, religious tolerance, and protections for religious minorities are the keys to combating persecution and discrimination. This book argues that these initiatives create the very social tensions and divisions they are meant to overcome. It looks at three critical channels of state-sponsored intervention: international religious freedom advocacy, development assistance and nation building, and international law. It shows how these initiatives make religious difference a matter of law, resulting in a divide that favors forms of religion authorized by those in power and excludes other ways of being and belonging. In exploring the dizzying power dynamics and blurred boundaries that characterize relations between “expert religion,” “governed religion,” and “lived religion,” the book charts new territory in the study of religion in global politics. The book provides new insights into today's most pressing dilemmas of power, difference, and governance.Less
In recent years, North American and European nations have sought to legally remake religion in other countries through an unprecedented array of international initiatives. Policymakers have rallied around the notion that the fostering of religious freedom, interfaith dialogue, religious tolerance, and protections for religious minorities are the keys to combating persecution and discrimination. This book argues that these initiatives create the very social tensions and divisions they are meant to overcome. It looks at three critical channels of state-sponsored intervention: international religious freedom advocacy, development assistance and nation building, and international law. It shows how these initiatives make religious difference a matter of law, resulting in a divide that favors forms of religion authorized by those in power and excludes other ways of being and belonging. In exploring the dizzying power dynamics and blurred boundaries that characterize relations between “expert religion,” “governed religion,” and “lived religion,” the book charts new territory in the study of religion in global politics. The book provides new insights into today's most pressing dilemmas of power, difference, and governance.
Nayereh Tohidi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195378481
- eISBN:
- 9780199852345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378481.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter discusses the status and rights of ethnic and religious minorities, emphasizing the perils of both secular ultra-nationalist homogenization and religious (Shi’i Islamist) segmentation in ...
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This chapter discusses the status and rights of ethnic and religious minorities, emphasizing the perils of both secular ultra-nationalist homogenization and religious (Shi’i Islamist) segmentation in contemporary Iran. It argues that an uneven and overcentralized strategy of development has resulted in a wide socioeconomic gap between the center and peripheries. A great part of the grievances of ethnic minorities, who mostly inhabit provincial peripheries of Iran, has its roots in the uneven distribution of power and socioeconomic resources rather than in any interethnic tension. The chapter discusses the significance of the recent rise in politicization of ethnic issues, manifested during the presidential elections of 2005 and also in the 2006 clashes in Khuzestan and Kurdestan, from national, regional, and international perspectives. In spite of being treated as a minority, and in spite of the discriminatory attitudes and traditional cultural constraints, ethnic and religious minorities in contemporary Iran have succeeded in improving their social conditions, as well as in articulating their democratic demands and presenting themselves as a significant political constituency.Less
This chapter discusses the status and rights of ethnic and religious minorities, emphasizing the perils of both secular ultra-nationalist homogenization and religious (Shi’i Islamist) segmentation in contemporary Iran. It argues that an uneven and overcentralized strategy of development has resulted in a wide socioeconomic gap between the center and peripheries. A great part of the grievances of ethnic minorities, who mostly inhabit provincial peripheries of Iran, has its roots in the uneven distribution of power and socioeconomic resources rather than in any interethnic tension. The chapter discusses the significance of the recent rise in politicization of ethnic issues, manifested during the presidential elections of 2005 and also in the 2006 clashes in Khuzestan and Kurdestan, from national, regional, and international perspectives. In spite of being treated as a minority, and in spite of the discriminatory attitudes and traditional cultural constraints, ethnic and religious minorities in contemporary Iran have succeeded in improving their social conditions, as well as in articulating their democratic demands and presenting themselves as a significant political constituency.
John D. Brewer, Gareth I. Higgins, and Francis Teeney
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694020
- eISBN:
- 9780191730825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694020.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Church History
This chapter addresses stage two of the conceptual framework by identifying the key strategic social spaces the churches operated in within the peace process and which offered both opportunities for ...
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This chapter addresses stage two of the conceptual framework by identifying the key strategic social spaces the churches operated in within the peace process and which offered both opportunities for and constraints on their peacebuilding. It locates religious peacebuilding in terms of the key matrix of church–state–civil society relations, arguing that church–civil society relations have to be placed within the wider church–state relationship. The opportunities and constraints operating on the churches in Northern Ireland are thus themselves interpreted within church–state relations, establishing in particular the ambivalent positions adopted by the Catholic Church in relationship to the British state, as well as that by majority Protestant churches, which help understand their respective religious peacebuilding.Less
This chapter addresses stage two of the conceptual framework by identifying the key strategic social spaces the churches operated in within the peace process and which offered both opportunities for and constraints on their peacebuilding. It locates religious peacebuilding in terms of the key matrix of church–state–civil society relations, arguing that church–civil society relations have to be placed within the wider church–state relationship. The opportunities and constraints operating on the churches in Northern Ireland are thus themselves interpreted within church–state relations, establishing in particular the ambivalent positions adopted by the Catholic Church in relationship to the British state, as well as that by majority Protestant churches, which help understand their respective religious peacebuilding.
Eamonn Callan
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242689
- eISBN:
- 9780191598715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242682.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Autonomy is important to leading a good life but a common liberal instrumental construal of the way in which it contributes to the leading of a good life is defective. A one‐sided focus on the ...
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Autonomy is important to leading a good life but a common liberal instrumental construal of the way in which it contributes to the leading of a good life is defective. A one‐sided focus on the development of capacities for revision of conceptions of the good should be corrected by attention to the value of developing capacities permitting a rational adherence to a conception of the good. Exposing children to a diverse but shallow secular and consumer culture might not facilitate goodness‐enhancing autonomy in a way that is superior to the more insular strategies of religious minorities whose child‐rearing practices are criticized by liberals.Less
Autonomy is important to leading a good life but a common liberal instrumental construal of the way in which it contributes to the leading of a good life is defective. A one‐sided focus on the development of capacities for revision of conceptions of the good should be corrected by attention to the value of developing capacities permitting a rational adherence to a conception of the good. Exposing children to a diverse but shallow secular and consumer culture might not facilitate goodness‐enhancing autonomy in a way that is superior to the more insular strategies of religious minorities whose child‐rearing practices are criticized by liberals.
Vjekoslav Perica
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195148565
- eISBN:
- 9780199834556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195148568.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Introduces the book by discussing the symbolic destruction of churches, monasteries and other monuments and sacred places of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church in Croatia and ...
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Introduces the book by discussing the symbolic destruction of churches, monasteries and other monuments and sacred places of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church in Croatia and Bosnia‐Herzegovina, and the Yugoslav Muslim Religious Organization (Islamic community), and also in Albania that occurred during the various wars in the Yugoslav region in the 1990s. It then discusses myth in relation to the nation‐state. The last and main part of the chapter gives accounts of the four mainstream Yugoslav religious institutions (the Serbian Orthodox Church, Croatian Catholicism, the Muslim Religious Organization (Islamic community), and the Church and Nation of Macedonia), and also discusses the religious minority groups of the region (there are around 40, of which 14 are listed), and interfaith relations.Less
Introduces the book by discussing the symbolic destruction of churches, monasteries and other monuments and sacred places of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church in Croatia and Bosnia‐Herzegovina, and the Yugoslav Muslim Religious Organization (Islamic community), and also in Albania that occurred during the various wars in the Yugoslav region in the 1990s. It then discusses myth in relation to the nation‐state. The last and main part of the chapter gives accounts of the four mainstream Yugoslav religious institutions (the Serbian Orthodox Church, Croatian Catholicism, the Muslim Religious Organization (Islamic community), and the Church and Nation of Macedonia), and also discusses the religious minority groups of the region (there are around 40, of which 14 are listed), and interfaith relations.
John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter examines the fate of the minority Christians in the Muslim countries of Europe and of minority Muslims in Christian countries in the aftermath of conquest. It shows that, once the ...
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This chapter examines the fate of the minority Christians in the Muslim countries of Europe and of minority Muslims in Christian countries in the aftermath of conquest. It shows that, once the conquest was achieved, the new subjects had to be integrated into the political and social order. These religious “minorities,” who in actuality were often in the numerical majority immediately after the conquest, were usually granted a protected but subordinate place in society. Theologians and jurists justified their subordination, defining their role with reference to the founding texts (Qur'an, Hadith, Bible, or Roman law). These minorities were sometimes the victims of persecutions, acts of violence, and expulsions, but in general they enjoyed a status where their theoretical inferiority (religious and legal) did not prevent some of them from achieving clear economic and social success.Less
This chapter examines the fate of the minority Christians in the Muslim countries of Europe and of minority Muslims in Christian countries in the aftermath of conquest. It shows that, once the conquest was achieved, the new subjects had to be integrated into the political and social order. These religious “minorities,” who in actuality were often in the numerical majority immediately after the conquest, were usually granted a protected but subordinate place in society. Theologians and jurists justified their subordination, defining their role with reference to the founding texts (Qur'an, Hadith, Bible, or Roman law). These minorities were sometimes the victims of persecutions, acts of violence, and expulsions, but in general they enjoyed a status where their theoretical inferiority (religious and legal) did not prevent some of them from achieving clear economic and social success.
Patrick Q. Mason
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740024
- eISBN:
- 9780199894666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740024.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Examining cases of anti-Jewish and anti-Catholic violence alongside anti-Mormonism helps us better understand not only the historical encounter of religious minorities in the postbellum South but ...
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Examining cases of anti-Jewish and anti-Catholic violence alongside anti-Mormonism helps us better understand not only the historical encounter of religious minorities in the postbellum South but also the multivalent dynamics of religion in a conflict setting. Religion played different roles in the ways that Mormons, Jews, and Catholics precipitated, experienced, and responded to southern violence as religious outsiders. In each case, the victims were accused of sinning against the social order, and violence (actual and threatened) became the means of punishing the transgressors and compelling them to conform to southern cultural and religious orthodoxies. The extent of religious violence suffered by Mormons, Catholics, and Jews directly related to the degree to which these various groups deployed their particular religious peoplehood. For Mormons and other religious minorities, relative inclusion occurred only after a lengthy process of accommodation and compromise in which certain minority rights were renounced even as others were realized.Less
Examining cases of anti-Jewish and anti-Catholic violence alongside anti-Mormonism helps us better understand not only the historical encounter of religious minorities in the postbellum South but also the multivalent dynamics of religion in a conflict setting. Religion played different roles in the ways that Mormons, Jews, and Catholics precipitated, experienced, and responded to southern violence as religious outsiders. In each case, the victims were accused of sinning against the social order, and violence (actual and threatened) became the means of punishing the transgressors and compelling them to conform to southern cultural and religious orthodoxies. The extent of religious violence suffered by Mormons, Catholics, and Jews directly related to the degree to which these various groups deployed their particular religious peoplehood. For Mormons and other religious minorities, relative inclusion occurred only after a lengthy process of accommodation and compromise in which certain minority rights were renounced even as others were realized.
Zoya Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076964
- eISBN:
- 9780199080274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076964.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter examines how the Indian state has dealt with the discrimination, deprivation, and exclusion suffered by lower castes and religious minorities. It looks at constitutional provisions and ...
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This chapter examines how the Indian state has dealt with the discrimination, deprivation, and exclusion suffered by lower castes and religious minorities. It looks at constitutional provisions and public policies in an attempt to understand the policy framework in relation to these groups. It attempts to answer two questions: (1) how did the state propose to deal with the problems of these two groups? and (2) what has been the impact of such provisions and polices in the protection and promotion of the interests of the deprived and disadvantaged? The trajectory of the government’s minority policy suggests that it can work effectively only when there is a strongly articulated political and policy consensus on minorities.Less
This chapter examines how the Indian state has dealt with the discrimination, deprivation, and exclusion suffered by lower castes and religious minorities. It looks at constitutional provisions and public policies in an attempt to understand the policy framework in relation to these groups. It attempts to answer two questions: (1) how did the state propose to deal with the problems of these two groups? and (2) what has been the impact of such provisions and polices in the protection and promotion of the interests of the deprived and disadvantaged? The trajectory of the government’s minority policy suggests that it can work effectively only when there is a strongly articulated political and policy consensus on minorities.
Zoya Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076964
- eISBN:
- 9780199080274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076964.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter examines the political framework for the protection of disadvantaged groups and the differentiated forms it has taken with regard to lower castes and religious minorities in the ...
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This chapter examines the political framework for the protection of disadvantaged groups and the differentiated forms it has taken with regard to lower castes and religious minorities in the historical context of debates in the Constituent Assembly on these issues. The deep commitment of the Indian nation-state to the idea of equal participation of all its constituents was the rationale for enacting substantive and comprehensive social justice measures, and by extension, the recognition of the problem of social and educational backwardness of lower-caste groups by providing reservations for them in these arenas. The chapter highlights the differentiated manner in which the Assembly approached the issue of cultural diversity and historical discrimination in the policy discourse, and the implications of this for the inclusion of both groups.Less
This chapter examines the political framework for the protection of disadvantaged groups and the differentiated forms it has taken with regard to lower castes and religious minorities in the historical context of debates in the Constituent Assembly on these issues. The deep commitment of the Indian nation-state to the idea of equal participation of all its constituents was the rationale for enacting substantive and comprehensive social justice measures, and by extension, the recognition of the problem of social and educational backwardness of lower-caste groups by providing reservations for them in these arenas. The chapter highlights the differentiated manner in which the Assembly approached the issue of cultural diversity and historical discrimination in the policy discourse, and the implications of this for the inclusion of both groups.
Jennifer M. Dueck
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264478
- eISBN:
- 9780191734779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264478.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter brings in the local Syrian participants. The student demonstrations in the late 1930s targeted a wide variety of issues, including Syrian government policies, the status of religious ...
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This chapter brings in the local Syrian participants. The student demonstrations in the late 1930s targeted a wide variety of issues, including Syrian government policies, the status of religious minorities, the teaching of religion in the Christian schools, the moral standards of teachers in state schools, and the Mandate administration. As a result of their activism, students became a threat to the French administration and the Syrian National Bloc alike, and the local authorities periodically suspended classes in an effort to suppress the agitation. Notwithstanding the Syrian concern for maintaining order, Syrian leaders exploited the student disturbances to oppose the French. In spite of the troubles surrounding the closure of schools at the war's end, there nevertheless remained a perception that French culture was a valuable commodity.Less
This chapter brings in the local Syrian participants. The student demonstrations in the late 1930s targeted a wide variety of issues, including Syrian government policies, the status of religious minorities, the teaching of religion in the Christian schools, the moral standards of teachers in state schools, and the Mandate administration. As a result of their activism, students became a threat to the French administration and the Syrian National Bloc alike, and the local authorities periodically suspended classes in an effort to suppress the agitation. Notwithstanding the Syrian concern for maintaining order, Syrian leaders exploited the student disturbances to oppose the French. In spite of the troubles surrounding the closure of schools at the war's end, there nevertheless remained a perception that French culture was a valuable commodity.
Robert Tobin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641567
- eISBN:
- 9780191738418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641567.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This Introduction places the monograph in the wider context of twentieth‐century Southern Irish Protestant experience and identity. It defines the boundaries of Southern Irish Protestantism as a ...
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This Introduction places the monograph in the wider context of twentieth‐century Southern Irish Protestant experience and identity. It defines the boundaries of Southern Irish Protestantism as a social, religious, and cultural category, distinguishing it from Anglo‐Irishness. It challenges caricatures of Southern Protestant decline and summarizes the theological and social legacy of the Church of Ireland inheritance. It identifies Hubert Butler as a preeminent figure within the Southern minority during the post‐revolutionary generation. At the same time, it recognizes him as an anomalous figure among both Protestants and Catholics, arguing that this makes him a valuable vehicle for assessing the complexities of modern Irish cultural identity.Less
This Introduction places the monograph in the wider context of twentieth‐century Southern Irish Protestant experience and identity. It defines the boundaries of Southern Irish Protestantism as a social, religious, and cultural category, distinguishing it from Anglo‐Irishness. It challenges caricatures of Southern Protestant decline and summarizes the theological and social legacy of the Church of Ireland inheritance. It identifies Hubert Butler as a preeminent figure within the Southern minority during the post‐revolutionary generation. At the same time, it recognizes him as an anomalous figure among both Protestants and Catholics, arguing that this makes him a valuable vehicle for assessing the complexities of modern Irish cultural identity.
