Michele Goodwin
David E. Guinn (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178739
- eISBN:
- 9780199784943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178734.003.0018
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
The domains of religious doctrine and practice provide ground for double bind analysis, particularly as applied to race, religion, and bioethics. In these spheres, reconciling church doctrine with ...
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The domains of religious doctrine and practice provide ground for double bind analysis, particularly as applied to race, religion, and bioethics. In these spheres, reconciling church doctrine with social or medical practice is often challenging; the demands from each sphere are unique and sometimes irreconcilable. This chapter uses double bind theory as a framework to engage in a dialogue concerning race, religion, and bioethics. It offers a dialogue that scrutinizes conservative religious thought in what is colloquially known as the “black church” regarding the challenges of medical ethics and race.Less
The domains of religious doctrine and practice provide ground for double bind analysis, particularly as applied to race, religion, and bioethics. In these spheres, reconciling church doctrine with social or medical practice is often challenging; the demands from each sphere are unique and sometimes irreconcilable. This chapter uses double bind theory as a framework to engage in a dialogue concerning race, religion, and bioethics. It offers a dialogue that scrutinizes conservative religious thought in what is colloquially known as the “black church” regarding the challenges of medical ethics and race.
Caroline Franks Davis
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198250012
- eISBN:
- 9780191681233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250012.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
It is only comparatively recently in the history of civilisation that there has been widespread scepticism regarding religious experiences. Arguments against the plausibility of religious doctrines ...
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It is only comparatively recently in the history of civilisation that there has been widespread scepticism regarding religious experiences. Arguments against the plausibility of religious doctrines and reductionist accounts of religious experiences are now widely accepted, and many people lead atheistic lives which are to all appearances perfectly adequate. Therefore, religious individuals can no longer assume that experiences judged to be ‘genuine’ by fellow believers are immune from further attack. They are challenged on all sides, by philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, members of other religious traditions, and even by members of their own tradition with widely differing views. This book examines the value of religious experiences as evidence for religious claims. Its goal is to discover the role which religious experience can legitimately play in the defence of religious doctrines.Less
It is only comparatively recently in the history of civilisation that there has been widespread scepticism regarding religious experiences. Arguments against the plausibility of religious doctrines and reductionist accounts of religious experiences are now widely accepted, and many people lead atheistic lives which are to all appearances perfectly adequate. Therefore, religious individuals can no longer assume that experiences judged to be ‘genuine’ by fellow believers are immune from further attack. They are challenged on all sides, by philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, members of other religious traditions, and even by members of their own tradition with widely differing views. This book examines the value of religious experiences as evidence for religious claims. Its goal is to discover the role which religious experience can legitimately play in the defence of religious doctrines.
Norman Doe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199604005
- eISBN:
- 9780191729331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604005.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Comparative Law
Doctrine and worship are of central importance to most religious faiths. This chapter examines crimes against religious belief and doctrine — the offence of blasphemy (including its abolition in many ...
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Doctrine and worship are of central importance to most religious faiths. This chapter examines crimes against religious belief and doctrine — the offence of blasphemy (including its abolition in many States and its revival in others), defamation of religion, outrage to religious feelings, and a comparison of these offences. The chapter then discusses crimes against religious worship — the disturbance of religious worship, its relation to religious freedom, and the disruption of funeral rites. The chapter closes with an examination of the portrayal of religion in the media — how national laws and other regulatory systems address coverage of religious affairs in the press, radio, and television. National laws studied tell us much about how States approach the value of religion in society and how freedom of expression does not extend to the unjustified vilification of any religion.Less
Doctrine and worship are of central importance to most religious faiths. This chapter examines crimes against religious belief and doctrine — the offence of blasphemy (including its abolition in many States and its revival in others), defamation of religion, outrage to religious feelings, and a comparison of these offences. The chapter then discusses crimes against religious worship — the disturbance of religious worship, its relation to religious freedom, and the disruption of funeral rites. The chapter closes with an examination of the portrayal of religion in the media — how national laws and other regulatory systems address coverage of religious affairs in the press, radio, and television. National laws studied tell us much about how States approach the value of religion in society and how freedom of expression does not extend to the unjustified vilification of any religion.
Kitcher Philip
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199899555
- eISBN:
- 9780199980154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199899555.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter begins with a brief review of the reasons for thinking that religious doctrines about deities and other “transcendent” entities are doomed. It then addresses the challenges for any ...
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This chapter begins with a brief review of the reasons for thinking that religious doctrines about deities and other “transcendent” entities are doomed. It then addresses the challenges for any thoroughly secular (naturalistic) perspective. Naturalists have to explain why the death of the gods (and the other inhabitants of the supernatural realm) does not undermine all values, including moral values; why it does not deprive human lives of purpose and meaning; why it does not leave us hopeless in the face of our inevitable deaths; and how we can continue to feel the uplift that oft en moves the deeply religious. The chapter shows that there are secular possibilities other than the blunt version of naturalism that acquiesces in the demise of values and purpose; that commends tough stoicism and scorns what it views as sentimentality about “uplifting experience.” There are human needs that religion has met, and the fundamental challenge for secularism cannot be turned back by blunt denial of those needs: we need positive substitutes that are freed from myth and superstition, the kinds of substitutes that (following Dewey) the chapter attempts to outline.Less
This chapter begins with a brief review of the reasons for thinking that religious doctrines about deities and other “transcendent” entities are doomed. It then addresses the challenges for any thoroughly secular (naturalistic) perspective. Naturalists have to explain why the death of the gods (and the other inhabitants of the supernatural realm) does not undermine all values, including moral values; why it does not deprive human lives of purpose and meaning; why it does not leave us hopeless in the face of our inevitable deaths; and how we can continue to feel the uplift that oft en moves the deeply religious. The chapter shows that there are secular possibilities other than the blunt version of naturalism that acquiesces in the demise of values and purpose; that commends tough stoicism and scorns what it views as sentimentality about “uplifting experience.” There are human needs that religion has met, and the fundamental challenge for secularism cannot be turned back by blunt denial of those needs: we need positive substitutes that are freed from myth and superstition, the kinds of substitutes that (following Dewey) the chapter attempts to outline.
Elisabetta Ruspini, Glenda Tibe Bonifacio, and Consuelo Corradi (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447336358
- eISBN:
- 9781447336396
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447336358.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This book provides interdisciplinary, global, and multi-religious perspectives on the relationship between women's identities, religion, and social change in the contemporary world. The book ...
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This book provides interdisciplinary, global, and multi-religious perspectives on the relationship between women's identities, religion, and social change in the contemporary world. The book discusses the experiences and positions of women, and particular groups of women, to understand patterns of religiosity and religious change. It also addresses the current and future challenges posed by women's changes to religion in different parts of the world and among different religious traditions and practices. The chapters address a diverse range of themes and issues including the attitudes of different religions to gender equality; how women construct their identity through religious activity; whether women have opportunity to influence religious doctrine; and the impact of migration on the religious lives of both women and men.Less
This book provides interdisciplinary, global, and multi-religious perspectives on the relationship between women's identities, religion, and social change in the contemporary world. The book discusses the experiences and positions of women, and particular groups of women, to understand patterns of religiosity and religious change. It also addresses the current and future challenges posed by women's changes to religion in different parts of the world and among different religious traditions and practices. The chapters address a diverse range of themes and issues including the attitudes of different religions to gender equality; how women construct their identity through religious activity; whether women have opportunity to influence religious doctrine; and the impact of migration on the religious lives of both women and men.
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195320992
- eISBN:
- 9780199852062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320992.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter examines the influence of the theosophy works of Helena Blavatsky on the revival of Western esotericism in the modern era. The Theosophical Society founded in New York in 1875 by ...
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This chapter examines the influence of the theosophy works of Helena Blavatsky on the revival of Western esotericism in the modern era. The Theosophical Society founded in New York in 1875 by Blavatsky played a vital role in propagating esotericism in the modern era. Theosophy was a major factor in the revival of the indigenous Western esoteric tradition and Blavatsky's writings presented the idea of an ancient wisdom handed down from prehistoric times by combining Neoplatonism, Renaissance magic, Kabbalah, Freemasonry, Greco-Roman mythology, religion, and Eastern religious doctrines.Less
This chapter examines the influence of the theosophy works of Helena Blavatsky on the revival of Western esotericism in the modern era. The Theosophical Society founded in New York in 1875 by Blavatsky played a vital role in propagating esotericism in the modern era. Theosophy was a major factor in the revival of the indigenous Western esoteric tradition and Blavatsky's writings presented the idea of an ancient wisdom handed down from prehistoric times by combining Neoplatonism, Renaissance magic, Kabbalah, Freemasonry, Greco-Roman mythology, religion, and Eastern religious doctrines.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804758642
- eISBN:
- 9780804763158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804758642.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter explores the ideologies of Mafdal and Shas, the leading religious political parties in Israel. It examines how religious parties engage in democratic and anti-democratic ideas, and ...
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This chapter explores the ideologies of Mafdal and Shas, the leading religious political parties in Israel. It examines how religious parties engage in democratic and anti-democratic ideas, and suggests that the contribution of religious parties to their particular democratic systems is not a question of whether their respective doctrines are democratic or antidemocratic. The chapter also explains that like religious parties which establish themselves as pivotal actors, Mafdal and Shas actually deal with the secular world and face the question of how to incorporate the problems and issues posed by different groups into their ideologies.Less
This chapter explores the ideologies of Mafdal and Shas, the leading religious political parties in Israel. It examines how religious parties engage in democratic and anti-democratic ideas, and suggests that the contribution of religious parties to their particular democratic systems is not a question of whether their respective doctrines are democratic or antidemocratic. The chapter also explains that like religious parties which establish themselves as pivotal actors, Mafdal and Shas actually deal with the secular world and face the question of how to incorporate the problems and issues posed by different groups into their ideologies.
KEITH THOMAS
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202295
- eISBN:
- 9780191675270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202295.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Keith Thomas, the author of this chapter, discusses the cases of conscience and their written resolutions in seventeenth-century England. He notes that this is the period in English history when men ...
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Keith Thomas, the author of this chapter, discusses the cases of conscience and their written resolutions in seventeenth-century England. He notes that this is the period in English history when men and women were subjected to many religious and political conflicts of duty and allegiance. Thomas observes that it was generally believed in much of the seventeenth century, called the Age of Conscience, that conscience, not force of habit or self-interest, was what held the social and political order together. He notes that every change in that order accordingly precipitated a moral crisis for its members, every new oath of allegiance posed a dilemma for those who had sworn loyalty to the previous regime, and every attempt by the State to prescribe the forms of religious doctrine and worship tested the consciences of those who believed it was their duty to obey the laws of the land.Less
Keith Thomas, the author of this chapter, discusses the cases of conscience and their written resolutions in seventeenth-century England. He notes that this is the period in English history when men and women were subjected to many religious and political conflicts of duty and allegiance. Thomas observes that it was generally believed in much of the seventeenth century, called the Age of Conscience, that conscience, not force of habit or self-interest, was what held the social and political order together. He notes that every change in that order accordingly precipitated a moral crisis for its members, every new oath of allegiance posed a dilemma for those who had sworn loyalty to the previous regime, and every attempt by the State to prescribe the forms of religious doctrine and worship tested the consciences of those who believed it was their duty to obey the laws of the land.
Albert Welter
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195175219
- eISBN:
- 9780199850679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175219.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the geographical and historical contexts of the official acceptance of Chan Buddhism in China. The evidence suggests that the presence of Chan ...
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This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the geographical and historical contexts of the official acceptance of Chan Buddhism in China. The evidence suggests that the presence of Chan monks in Buddhist institutions expanded greatly during the Five Dynasties and early Song Dynasty. This was followed by the organization of various Chan factions and the recognition of the need to understand this in relation to established Buddhist doctrines, practices, and precedents.Less
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the geographical and historical contexts of the official acceptance of Chan Buddhism in China. The evidence suggests that the presence of Chan monks in Buddhist institutions expanded greatly during the Five Dynasties and early Song Dynasty. This was followed by the organization of various Chan factions and the recognition of the need to understand this in relation to established Buddhist doctrines, practices, and precedents.
Faegheh Shirazi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033549
- eISBN:
- 9780813039589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033549.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
Issues of sexuality and reproduction are important aspects, especially in traditional societies. Since sterility is often associated with grave consequences, women would make several efforts to ...
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Issues of sexuality and reproduction are important aspects, especially in traditional societies. Since sterility is often associated with grave consequences, women would make several efforts to become pregnant and hopefully bear a son. A belief in the supernatural, various religious doctrines, and cultural taboos affect the traditional and patriarchal-based settings of a woman's reproductive life. In this chapter, attention is drawn to some popular religious practices that affect women, specifically Muslim women. The discussion considers how male power structures exercise dominance over women's bodies, and how medical technologies such as the sonogram are used to advocate gender preference practice. Also, the chapter provides a discussion of the survival strategies that women adopt in the face of restrictive and undermining environments.Less
Issues of sexuality and reproduction are important aspects, especially in traditional societies. Since sterility is often associated with grave consequences, women would make several efforts to become pregnant and hopefully bear a son. A belief in the supernatural, various religious doctrines, and cultural taboos affect the traditional and patriarchal-based settings of a woman's reproductive life. In this chapter, attention is drawn to some popular religious practices that affect women, specifically Muslim women. The discussion considers how male power structures exercise dominance over women's bodies, and how medical technologies such as the sonogram are used to advocate gender preference practice. Also, the chapter provides a discussion of the survival strategies that women adopt in the face of restrictive and undermining environments.
Paul B. Moyer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801454134
- eISBN:
- 9781501701450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801454134.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter presents Jemima Wilkinson's The Universal Friend's Advice to Those of the Same Religious Society, a pamphlet containing the Comforter's religious doctrines and practices. The primary ...
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This chapter presents Jemima Wilkinson's The Universal Friend's Advice to Those of the Same Religious Society, a pamphlet containing the Comforter's religious doctrines and practices. The primary focus of the Friend's Advice was to prescribe a set of behaviors, along with some details on how converts should lead their daily lives and engage in worship. In particular, it issued restrictions on how the faithful should dress, speak, and interact with nonbelievers. The article also shows that the Public Universal Friend's advanced coherent set of beliefs and behaviors were derived from the religious traditions of Quakerism, New Light evangelism, as well as Christian millennialism.Less
This chapter presents Jemima Wilkinson's The Universal Friend's Advice to Those of the Same Religious Society, a pamphlet containing the Comforter's religious doctrines and practices. The primary focus of the Friend's Advice was to prescribe a set of behaviors, along with some details on how converts should lead their daily lives and engage in worship. In particular, it issued restrictions on how the faithful should dress, speak, and interact with nonbelievers. The article also shows that the Public Universal Friend's advanced coherent set of beliefs and behaviors were derived from the religious traditions of Quakerism, New Light evangelism, as well as Christian millennialism.
Jane Calderwood Norton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199689682
- eISBN:
- 9780191769467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199689682.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Human Rights and Immigration
The first part of this chapter is concerned with the current English approach to the religious freedom claims of religious organizations in the context of becoming a member: admission to membership ...
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The first part of this chapter is concerned with the current English approach to the religious freedom claims of religious organizations in the context of becoming a member: admission to membership and the interplay between English law—most notably discrimination law—and religious freedom. It explores the English common law position, the impact of the Equality Act 2010, and the approach taken by the European Court of Human Rights The second part of this chapter is concerned with being a member: how a member is treated once admitted. Here the chapter specifically considers how English law responds to the disciplining and potential expelling of members by religious organizations. Through a review of case law and legislation it covers issues including individual religious freedom and group autonomy.Less
The first part of this chapter is concerned with the current English approach to the religious freedom claims of religious organizations in the context of becoming a member: admission to membership and the interplay between English law—most notably discrimination law—and religious freedom. It explores the English common law position, the impact of the Equality Act 2010, and the approach taken by the European Court of Human Rights The second part of this chapter is concerned with being a member: how a member is treated once admitted. Here the chapter specifically considers how English law responds to the disciplining and potential expelling of members by religious organizations. Through a review of case law and legislation it covers issues including individual religious freedom and group autonomy.
Luis Cortest
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823228539
- eISBN:
- 9780823235681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823228539.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter discusses the most fundamental ideas that characterize modern human rights doctrine in Europe. In his Letter on Tolerance, John Locke ...
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This chapter discusses the most fundamental ideas that characterize modern human rights doctrine in Europe. In his Letter on Tolerance, John Locke emphasizes the role of the individual in matters of religious freedom. For Locke, religious doctrine is less important than freedom of conscience and mutual respect. Locke holds that civil and ecclesiastical matters should remain entirely separate. Meanwhile, Immanuel Kant adds a universal dimension to personal action and right. While the individual will is extremely important for Kant, the personal must always find its place within the context of the universal. However, for Kant, right does not conform to an ontological order, but rather to a rational order. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel took the argument concerning right to the next level. In the Hegelian system, reason is no longer merely conceptual or static; the rational becomes the actual. For Hegel, freedom is always a matter of choice.Less
This chapter discusses the most fundamental ideas that characterize modern human rights doctrine in Europe. In his Letter on Tolerance, John Locke emphasizes the role of the individual in matters of religious freedom. For Locke, religious doctrine is less important than freedom of conscience and mutual respect. Locke holds that civil and ecclesiastical matters should remain entirely separate. Meanwhile, Immanuel Kant adds a universal dimension to personal action and right. While the individual will is extremely important for Kant, the personal must always find its place within the context of the universal. However, for Kant, right does not conform to an ontological order, but rather to a rational order. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel took the argument concerning right to the next level. In the Hegelian system, reason is no longer merely conceptual or static; the rational becomes the actual. For Hegel, freedom is always a matter of choice.
Avery Cardinal Dulles
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823228621
- eISBN:
- 9780823236619
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823228621.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The author of this book has written and lectured on a wide range of topics across his career, and for a wide range of audiences. Integrating faith and scholarship, he has created a ...
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The author of this book has written and lectured on a wide range of topics across his career, and for a wide range of audiences. Integrating faith and scholarship, he has created a rich body of work that, in the words of one observer, is “both faithful to Catholic tradition and fresh in its engagement with the contemporary world” Here are the talks the author has given twice each year since the Laurence J. McGinley Lectures were initiated in 1988, conceived broadly as a forum on Church and society. The result is a diverse collection that reflects the breadth of his thinking and engages with many of the most important—and difficult—religious issues of our day. Organized chronologically, the lectures are often responses to timely issues, such as the relationship between religion and politics, a topic he treated in the last weeks of the presidential campaign of 1992. Other lectures take up questions surrounding human rights, faith and evolution, forgiveness, the death penalty, the doctrine of religious freedom, the population of hell, and a whole array of theological subjects, many of which intersect with culture and politics. The life of the Church is a major and welcome focus of the lectures, whether they be a reflection on Cardinal Newman or an exploration of the difficulties of interfaith dialogue. The author responds frequently to initiatives of the Holy See, discussing gender and priesthood in the context of church teaching, and Pope Benedict's interpretation of Vatican II. He seeks to “render the wisdom of past ages applicable to the world in which we live”. For those seeking to share in this wisdom, this book will be a guide to what it means to be Catholic—indeed, to be a person of any faith—in a world of rapid, relentless change.Less
The author of this book has written and lectured on a wide range of topics across his career, and for a wide range of audiences. Integrating faith and scholarship, he has created a rich body of work that, in the words of one observer, is “both faithful to Catholic tradition and fresh in its engagement with the contemporary world” Here are the talks the author has given twice each year since the Laurence J. McGinley Lectures were initiated in 1988, conceived broadly as a forum on Church and society. The result is a diverse collection that reflects the breadth of his thinking and engages with many of the most important—and difficult—religious issues of our day. Organized chronologically, the lectures are often responses to timely issues, such as the relationship between religion and politics, a topic he treated in the last weeks of the presidential campaign of 1992. Other lectures take up questions surrounding human rights, faith and evolution, forgiveness, the death penalty, the doctrine of religious freedom, the population of hell, and a whole array of theological subjects, many of which intersect with culture and politics. The life of the Church is a major and welcome focus of the lectures, whether they be a reflection on Cardinal Newman or an exploration of the difficulties of interfaith dialogue. The author responds frequently to initiatives of the Holy See, discussing gender and priesthood in the context of church teaching, and Pope Benedict's interpretation of Vatican II. He seeks to “render the wisdom of past ages applicable to the world in which we live”. For those seeking to share in this wisdom, this book will be a guide to what it means to be Catholic—indeed, to be a person of any faith—in a world of rapid, relentless change.
Daphna Ephrat
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748639946
- eISBN:
- 9780748653294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639946.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
During the period called the Sunni revival (late fifth/eleventh and sixth and twelfth centuries), a mainstream Sunni camp was emerging in the Islamic Near East. In their effort to end the religious ...
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During the period called the Sunni revival (late fifth/eleventh and sixth and twelfth centuries), a mainstream Sunni camp was emerging in the Islamic Near East. In their effort to end the religious ferment of the late classical period, Muslim scholars and others combined to delimit a commonly accepted form of Islam, eliminate sources of conflict within the Islamic community and set up a tone in the public sphere based on the Sunna and the Sharï،a. The process of homogenisation of religious doctrine and practice resulted to institutional and social dimensions. Associations and frameworks were developed to teach the Islamic religions and legal sciences, apply religious law, and harness mainstream Sufism. Four Sunni madhhabs combined as scholarly establishments, as pools for appointments to positions in legal apparatus, and as nuclei of the public sphere. This chapter discusses the Sunnisation process in Seljuq Baghdad. It examines the role played by the Seljuqs in the process of forming the Sunna and consolidating its forms of organisation. It discusses the character and significance of endowments (waaf) made by the members of the ruling class for the benefit of legal scholars, the involvement of the ruling elite in the sphere formed by leaders of Islamic piety and learning, and the nature of their relationships and encounters with those forwarding Sunni revival.Less
During the period called the Sunni revival (late fifth/eleventh and sixth and twelfth centuries), a mainstream Sunni camp was emerging in the Islamic Near East. In their effort to end the religious ferment of the late classical period, Muslim scholars and others combined to delimit a commonly accepted form of Islam, eliminate sources of conflict within the Islamic community and set up a tone in the public sphere based on the Sunna and the Sharï،a. The process of homogenisation of religious doctrine and practice resulted to institutional and social dimensions. Associations and frameworks were developed to teach the Islamic religions and legal sciences, apply religious law, and harness mainstream Sufism. Four Sunni madhhabs combined as scholarly establishments, as pools for appointments to positions in legal apparatus, and as nuclei of the public sphere. This chapter discusses the Sunnisation process in Seljuq Baghdad. It examines the role played by the Seljuqs in the process of forming the Sunna and consolidating its forms of organisation. It discusses the character and significance of endowments (waaf) made by the members of the ruling class for the benefit of legal scholars, the involvement of the ruling elite in the sphere formed by leaders of Islamic piety and learning, and the nature of their relationships and encounters with those forwarding Sunni revival.
Eric Kurlander
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300189452
- eISBN:
- 9780300190373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300189452.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explores the Nazis' interest in Germanic paganism, witchcraft, Luciferianism, and Eastern spirituality in their attempt to find a suitable Ario-Germanic alternative to Christianity. The ...
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This chapter explores the Nazis' interest in Germanic paganism, witchcraft, Luciferianism, and Eastern spirituality in their attempt to find a suitable Ario-Germanic alternative to Christianity. The Third Reich embraced a range of pagan, esoteric, and Indo-Aryan religious doctrines that buttressed its racial, political, and ideological goals. That is why Nazism posed a different threat to Christianity than secular liberalism or atheist Marxism. Nazi religiosity was a ‘fluid and incoherent thing which expresses itself in several different forms’. Part of a shared supernatural imaginary, these various religious strains were to some extent embraced and exploited by the Third Reich in the process of building spiritual consensus across a diverse Nazi Party and an even more eclectic German population.Less
This chapter explores the Nazis' interest in Germanic paganism, witchcraft, Luciferianism, and Eastern spirituality in their attempt to find a suitable Ario-Germanic alternative to Christianity. The Third Reich embraced a range of pagan, esoteric, and Indo-Aryan religious doctrines that buttressed its racial, political, and ideological goals. That is why Nazism posed a different threat to Christianity than secular liberalism or atheist Marxism. Nazi religiosity was a ‘fluid and incoherent thing which expresses itself in several different forms’. Part of a shared supernatural imaginary, these various religious strains were to some extent embraced and exploited by the Third Reich in the process of building spiritual consensus across a diverse Nazi Party and an even more eclectic German population.
Andreas Rieck
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190240967
- eISBN:
- 9780190492113
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190240967.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The Shia minority accounts for some 15 per cent of the population of Pakistan. Indian Shias, whose historical development is examined in the first two chapters, have played a prominent role in Muslim ...
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The Shia minority accounts for some 15 per cent of the population of Pakistan. Indian Shias, whose historical development is examined in the first two chapters, have played a prominent role in Muslim intellectual and political movements which culminated in the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. This book deals mainly with three aspects of Shi’ism in Pakistan: first, the activities of individuals and organisations who can be termed “Shia communalists” and who have assertively defended both the distinct identity and full equal rights of the Shia minority whenever they perceived those to be in danger. Second, the development of a class of Shia Ulama in Pakistan (many of whom have played leading roles in communal organisations), and its internal conflicts which have focused outwardly on Shia religious doctrines, but which have also been about social status and sources of income. Third, conflicts with the Sunni majority, which were already numerous and sometimes violent during the first three decades of Pakistan, but have become a serious problem only since the 1980s, with sectarian fanaticism mushrooming and violence directed against the Shia minority multiplying, reaching frightening dimensions in the years since 2003.Less
The Shia minority accounts for some 15 per cent of the population of Pakistan. Indian Shias, whose historical development is examined in the first two chapters, have played a prominent role in Muslim intellectual and political movements which culminated in the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. This book deals mainly with three aspects of Shi’ism in Pakistan: first, the activities of individuals and organisations who can be termed “Shia communalists” and who have assertively defended both the distinct identity and full equal rights of the Shia minority whenever they perceived those to be in danger. Second, the development of a class of Shia Ulama in Pakistan (many of whom have played leading roles in communal organisations), and its internal conflicts which have focused outwardly on Shia religious doctrines, but which have also been about social status and sources of income. Third, conflicts with the Sunni majority, which were already numerous and sometimes violent during the first three decades of Pakistan, but have become a serious problem only since the 1980s, with sectarian fanaticism mushrooming and violence directed against the Shia minority multiplying, reaching frightening dimensions in the years since 2003.
George L. Kallander
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824837167
- eISBN:
- 9780824871222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824837167.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Between 1861 and 1863, Ch'oe Cheu had spread his teaching throughout the south, attracted tens of thousands of followers, and became famous throughout the peninsula. Examining developments in the ...
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Between 1861 and 1863, Ch'oe Cheu had spread his teaching throughout the south, attracted tens of thousands of followers, and became famous throughout the peninsula. Examining developments in the doctrine, this chapter discusses Ch'oe's attempt to court rural notables to expand his teaching, as well as the relationship between texts and practice. An analysis of the interrogation records offers new angles on Tonghak, including medicine, spirit possession, popular rituals, and claims of Ch'oe's supernatural powers. The analysis reveals that Ch'oe's teachings were about spiritual renewal and social cohesion, though the clash with the government sent later generations of Tonghak followers in different directions.Less
Between 1861 and 1863, Ch'oe Cheu had spread his teaching throughout the south, attracted tens of thousands of followers, and became famous throughout the peninsula. Examining developments in the doctrine, this chapter discusses Ch'oe's attempt to court rural notables to expand his teaching, as well as the relationship between texts and practice. An analysis of the interrogation records offers new angles on Tonghak, including medicine, spirit possession, popular rituals, and claims of Ch'oe's supernatural powers. The analysis reveals that Ch'oe's teachings were about spiritual renewal and social cohesion, though the clash with the government sent later generations of Tonghak followers in different directions.
Gilles Emery OP
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199582211
- eISBN:
- 9780191702310
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582211.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This is an overview of the Trinitarian theology of the philosopher and theologian, St Thomas Aquinas (1225–74), one of the greatest Christian thinkers of all time. The book provides clear ...
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This is an overview of the Trinitarian theology of the philosopher and theologian, St Thomas Aquinas (1225–74), one of the greatest Christian thinkers of all time. The book provides clear explanations of difficult concepts, illustrating the implications of Trinitarian theology for Christian devotional practice. The book systematically and simply introduces what it was that St Thomas Aquinas said about faith in the Trinity, providing an explanation of the main questions in Thomas's treatise on the Trinity in his major work, the Summa Theologiae. Clarifying the central ideas through which Thomas accounts for the nature of Trinitarian monotheism, the text focuses on the personal relations of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, both in their eternal communion and in their creative and saving action. By highlighting the thoughts and philosophies of one of the greatest defenders of the doctrine of the Trinity, the book allows ordinary people to grasp and comprehend the classical Christian understanding of God as three in one.Less
This is an overview of the Trinitarian theology of the philosopher and theologian, St Thomas Aquinas (1225–74), one of the greatest Christian thinkers of all time. The book provides clear explanations of difficult concepts, illustrating the implications of Trinitarian theology for Christian devotional practice. The book systematically and simply introduces what it was that St Thomas Aquinas said about faith in the Trinity, providing an explanation of the main questions in Thomas's treatise on the Trinity in his major work, the Summa Theologiae. Clarifying the central ideas through which Thomas accounts for the nature of Trinitarian monotheism, the text focuses on the personal relations of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, both in their eternal communion and in their creative and saving action. By highlighting the thoughts and philosophies of one of the greatest defenders of the doctrine of the Trinity, the book allows ordinary people to grasp and comprehend the classical Christian understanding of God as three in one.
James W. Heisig
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824838850
- eISBN:
- 9780824871147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824838850.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
In this epilogue the author concludes that the final vocation of philosophy, and ultimately of religious doctrine as well, is to prepare us to watch and wait for the cracks that practice pokes into ...
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In this epilogue the author concludes that the final vocation of philosophy, and ultimately of religious doctrine as well, is to prepare us to watch and wait for the cracks that practice pokes into our guiding fictions. They are not simply white lies awaiting revocation by further insight or temporary crutches that can be set in the corner once reason has healed itself. The primary function of their guiding fictions is not referential; it is heuristic. Its truth lies not so much in describing what it sees as in finding how to act on what is seen. Everything the author has learned from philosophies East and West has convinced him that rational justification of one's beliefs is always subservient to the authority of practice. This, in large part, accounts for those elements of philosophies East and West that he has found inspiring and those that he did not.Less
In this epilogue the author concludes that the final vocation of philosophy, and ultimately of religious doctrine as well, is to prepare us to watch and wait for the cracks that practice pokes into our guiding fictions. They are not simply white lies awaiting revocation by further insight or temporary crutches that can be set in the corner once reason has healed itself. The primary function of their guiding fictions is not referential; it is heuristic. Its truth lies not so much in describing what it sees as in finding how to act on what is seen. Everything the author has learned from philosophies East and West has convinced him that rational justification of one's beliefs is always subservient to the authority of practice. This, in large part, accounts for those elements of philosophies East and West that he has found inspiring and those that he did not.
