Nikolas Gisborne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577798
- eISBN:
- 9780191722417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577798.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses listen‐class verbs and hear‐class verbs in terms of the claim that one of the building blocks of conceptual or cognitive semantics is the spatial organisation of meaning. It ...
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This chapter discusses listen‐class verbs and hear‐class verbs in terms of the claim that one of the building blocks of conceptual or cognitive semantics is the spatial organisation of meaning. It also explores these verbs in terms of force dynamics and theories of agency. Related to these two areas of concern, the chapter investigates the semantic and lexical relationships between the two classes of verb and also discusses their Aktionsarten. One of the claims is that the senses of agentive look and see instantiate the same concept.Less
This chapter discusses listen‐class verbs and hear‐class verbs in terms of the claim that one of the building blocks of conceptual or cognitive semantics is the spatial organisation of meaning. It also explores these verbs in terms of force dynamics and theories of agency. Related to these two areas of concern, the chapter investigates the semantic and lexical relationships between the two classes of verb and also discusses their Aktionsarten. One of the claims is that the senses of agentive look and see instantiate the same concept.
Nikolas Gisborne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577798
- eISBN:
- 9780191722417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577798.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the ...
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This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the evidentiality to be analysed; and how should we understand the phenomenon of what has come to be known as copy raising? It is argued that the network structure surrounding these verbs' senses includes part of the semantic structure of their sound‐class counterparts, and this provides a basis for the understanding of evidentiality; an understanding of evidentiality and the semantics of as if clauses also underscores the treatment of copy raising.Less
This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the evidentiality to be analysed; and how should we understand the phenomenon of what has come to be known as copy raising? It is argued that the network structure surrounding these verbs' senses includes part of the semantic structure of their sound‐class counterparts, and this provides a basis for the understanding of evidentiality; an understanding of evidentiality and the semantics of as if clauses also underscores the treatment of copy raising.
James A.R. Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161563
- eISBN:
- 9781400866564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161563.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter examines how the logic of inclusive fitness theory can be mathematically formalized using the Price equation, and how that formalization can be used to derive Hamilton's rule in its ...
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This chapter examines how the logic of inclusive fitness theory can be mathematically formalized using the Price equation, and how that formalization can be used to derive Hamilton's rule in its simplest form, as applied to unconditional behaviors having additive effects on fitness. Various biological phenomena, such as sex allocation and working policing within eusocial insect colonies, have been analyzed by considering what strategies maximize individuals' inclusive fitness, and how observed social behaviors should correlate with quantities such as relatedness. The chapter derives Hamilton's rule by introducing some notation for the effects of behaviors on fitnesses of individuals that interact socially, to make explicit precisely how genes (and later phenotypes) affect fitness, and to give a general form of Hamilton's rule that will apply to any (unconditional, additive) behavior regardless of its details. It shows that inclusive fitness is a genuinely novel extension of the classical fitness studied by Charles Darwin, R. A. Fisher, and others.Less
This chapter examines how the logic of inclusive fitness theory can be mathematically formalized using the Price equation, and how that formalization can be used to derive Hamilton's rule in its simplest form, as applied to unconditional behaviors having additive effects on fitness. Various biological phenomena, such as sex allocation and working policing within eusocial insect colonies, have been analyzed by considering what strategies maximize individuals' inclusive fitness, and how observed social behaviors should correlate with quantities such as relatedness. The chapter derives Hamilton's rule by introducing some notation for the effects of behaviors on fitnesses of individuals that interact socially, to make explicit precisely how genes (and later phenotypes) affect fitness, and to give a general form of Hamilton's rule that will apply to any (unconditional, additive) behavior regardless of its details. It shows that inclusive fitness is a genuinely novel extension of the classical fitness studied by Charles Darwin, R. A. Fisher, and others.
James A.R. Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161563
- eISBN:
- 9781400866564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161563.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter examines social behaviors that are expressed conditional on the phenotype of others. David Queller argued that inclusive fitness analyses need to be done on a per-behavior basis, citing ...
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This chapter examines social behaviors that are expressed conditional on the phenotype of others. David Queller argued that inclusive fitness analyses need to be done on a per-behavior basis, citing as an example the decision over whether to reproduce directly, and whether to aid a reproductive. Queller showed that inclusive fitness predictions are only sensible when one analyzes what an individual should do, given it finds itself in a particular behavioral role. The chapter first provides an overview of implicit and explicit conditionality and presents two classic examples: William D. Hamilton's greenbeard traits and Robert Trivers's theory of reciprocal cooperation. It also introduces an extension of Hamilton's rule to deal with explicitly conditional behaviors; this extension features a measure of phenotypic assortment that appears not to be the classic genetic relatedness of Hamilton's rule.Less
This chapter examines social behaviors that are expressed conditional on the phenotype of others. David Queller argued that inclusive fitness analyses need to be done on a per-behavior basis, citing as an example the decision over whether to reproduce directly, and whether to aid a reproductive. Queller showed that inclusive fitness predictions are only sensible when one analyzes what an individual should do, given it finds itself in a particular behavioral role. The chapter first provides an overview of implicit and explicit conditionality and presents two classic examples: William D. Hamilton's greenbeard traits and Robert Trivers's theory of reciprocal cooperation. It also introduces an extension of Hamilton's rule to deal with explicitly conditional behaviors; this extension features a measure of phenotypic assortment that appears not to be the classic genetic relatedness of Hamilton's rule.
James A.R. Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161563
- eISBN:
- 9781400866564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161563.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter examines four variants of Hamilton's rule and how they give different evolutionary explanations for certain social behaviors such as greenbeard traits. These variants are: HR1, which ...
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This chapter examines four variants of Hamilton's rule and how they give different evolutionary explanations for certain social behaviors such as greenbeard traits. These variants are: HR1, which extends Hamilton's rule with a synergistic coefficient capturing the deviation from additivity of fitness interactions; HR2, which deals with the conditional expression of phenotype; HR3, which is concerned with fitness as partial regression; and HR4, the geometric view of relatedness. These variants differ in how they treat the three key parameters of the original: “relatedness,” “cost,” and “benefit.” The chapter also considers how the nongenetic explanation of the evolution of altruism can actually be recast in a version with genetic relatedness, and how geometric relatedness underlies phenotypic assortment. Finally, it discusses different viewpoints on conditional behaviors.Less
This chapter examines four variants of Hamilton's rule and how they give different evolutionary explanations for certain social behaviors such as greenbeard traits. These variants are: HR1, which extends Hamilton's rule with a synergistic coefficient capturing the deviation from additivity of fitness interactions; HR2, which deals with the conditional expression of phenotype; HR3, which is concerned with fitness as partial regression; and HR4, the geometric view of relatedness. These variants differ in how they treat the three key parameters of the original: “relatedness,” “cost,” and “benefit.” The chapter also considers how the nongenetic explanation of the evolution of altruism can actually be recast in a version with genetic relatedness, and how geometric relatedness underlies phenotypic assortment. Finally, it discusses different viewpoints on conditional behaviors.
Joyce West Stevens
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195121643
- eISBN:
- 9780199865383
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195121643.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This book provides an explanatory model of adolescent development in a social context in order to explicate how meaningful psychosocial identities are constructed. The maturational trajectories of ...
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This book provides an explanatory model of adolescent development in a social context in order to explicate how meaningful psychosocial identities are constructed. The maturational trajectories of adolescents are fully explored within particular developmental domains. The functional constructs of resilience and risk are utilized to clarify the intersection of social context and emotional-behavioral responses in the lives of Black girls and their families. Based on research findings, the book has a particular ethnic focus; notwithstanding, it offers powerful insight into the developmental issues confronting all adolescents. The book brings together empirical data and case illustrations to theorize about social competence and social assets that promote healthy development. The book argues that developmentally self-relatedness or the lack thereof makes for adaptive or maladaptive social adjustment. Altogether, authoritative foundational knowledge in theology, philosophy and human development underscores theorizations about the complexities of concrete life-experiences. The girls' self-reports are told in their own words. Their visceral language communicates chutzpah, intelligence, courage, and hope. Of import to students of social work, counselling, and psychology will be the book's theoretical composition and the presentation of actual case material all of which provide a knowledge base for the development of critical thinking and intervention skills. Case illustrations feature study questions for reflection and class discussion. A Glossary is provided at the end of the book to capture the meaning of core concepts presented throughout the text.Less
This book provides an explanatory model of adolescent development in a social context in order to explicate how meaningful psychosocial identities are constructed. The maturational trajectories of adolescents are fully explored within particular developmental domains. The functional constructs of resilience and risk are utilized to clarify the intersection of social context and emotional-behavioral responses in the lives of Black girls and their families. Based on research findings, the book has a particular ethnic focus; notwithstanding, it offers powerful insight into the developmental issues confronting all adolescents. The book brings together empirical data and case illustrations to theorize about social competence and social assets that promote healthy development. The book argues that developmentally self-relatedness or the lack thereof makes for adaptive or maladaptive social adjustment. Altogether, authoritative foundational knowledge in theology, philosophy and human development underscores theorizations about the complexities of concrete life-experiences. The girls' self-reports are told in their own words. Their visceral language communicates chutzpah, intelligence, courage, and hope. Of import to students of social work, counselling, and psychology will be the book's theoretical composition and the presentation of actual case material all of which provide a knowledge base for the development of critical thinking and intervention skills. Case illustrations feature study questions for reflection and class discussion. A Glossary is provided at the end of the book to capture the meaning of core concepts presented throughout the text.
West Stevens Joyce
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195121643
- eISBN:
- 9780199865383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195121643.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
In this chapter, as in the next two chapters, the developmental domains are linked. The linkages of the domains are such due to their unique compatibility to one another. This chapter and subsequent ...
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In this chapter, as in the next two chapters, the developmental domains are linked. The linkages of the domains are such due to their unique compatibility to one another. This chapter and subsequent chapters clarify the developmental tasks of each domain while providing an examination of their paired congruency. The Care Protective Sensibility domain task is to respect and care for others and to be empathic; the Role Model Formulation domain task is to enhance one’s capacity for empathy, to learn from esteemed adults, and to develop a more realistic view of parental figures. It is argued that the maturational tasks of all seven domains operate as organizers of identity and personal meaning systems.Less
In this chapter, as in the next two chapters, the developmental domains are linked. The linkages of the domains are such due to their unique compatibility to one another. This chapter and subsequent chapters clarify the developmental tasks of each domain while providing an examination of their paired congruency. The Care Protective Sensibility domain task is to respect and care for others and to be empathic; the Role Model Formulation domain task is to enhance one’s capacity for empathy, to learn from esteemed adults, and to develop a more realistic view of parental figures. It is argued that the maturational tasks of all seven domains operate as organizers of identity and personal meaning systems.
Crisma Paola and Giuseppe Longobardi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199560547
- eISBN:
- 9780191721267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560547.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Historical Linguistics
This chapter discusses the conceptual and methodological shortcomings arising from the notion of ‘change’ within the abstract biolinguistic framework of generative grammar. The chapter argues that ...
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This chapter discusses the conceptual and methodological shortcomings arising from the notion of ‘change’ within the abstract biolinguistic framework of generative grammar. The chapter argues that founding historical linguistics on the notion of change is hardly compatible with focus on I-language (Chomsky 1986), but it is preferable to ground historical linguistics in the concept of non‐accidental and non‐universal similarity among I‐languages.Less
This chapter discusses the conceptual and methodological shortcomings arising from the notion of ‘change’ within the abstract biolinguistic framework of generative grammar. The chapter argues that founding historical linguistics on the notion of change is hardly compatible with focus on I-language (Chomsky 1986), but it is preferable to ground historical linguistics in the concept of non‐accidental and non‐universal similarity among I‐languages.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804758918
- eISBN:
- 9780804775861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804758918.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter reviews the main points made in the last six chapters, including the right to the city, which is considered to be the right to live in city spaces. It introduces three different main ...
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This chapter reviews the main points made in the last six chapters, including the right to the city, which is considered to be the right to live in city spaces. It introduces three different main ideas explored throughout the book. The first is that the experience of urban life and the state in Brickfields usually occurred in the rift that comes between formal legality and local understandings of relatedness and justice. The second is that the local Brickfields residents as a result of the scale and pace of efforts to change the neighborhood tried to start existing modes of ethical living within the community. The third and last thesis is that the members of this community tried to pursue other ways of engagement with the state. This chapter emphasizes a new understanding of the ways urban spaces are comprised, imagined, and inhabited.Less
This chapter reviews the main points made in the last six chapters, including the right to the city, which is considered to be the right to live in city spaces. It introduces three different main ideas explored throughout the book. The first is that the experience of urban life and the state in Brickfields usually occurred in the rift that comes between formal legality and local understandings of relatedness and justice. The second is that the local Brickfields residents as a result of the scale and pace of efforts to change the neighborhood tried to start existing modes of ethical living within the community. The third and last thesis is that the members of this community tried to pursue other ways of engagement with the state. This chapter emphasizes a new understanding of the ways urban spaces are comprised, imagined, and inhabited.
Fredrik Tell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199693924
- eISBN:
- 9780191730580
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693924.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Knowledge Management
This chapter surveys the literature on knowledge integration. Three approaches to knowledge integration are identified: (a) knowledge integration as knowledge sharing or knowledge transfer; (b) ...
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This chapter surveys the literature on knowledge integration. Three approaches to knowledge integration are identified: (a) knowledge integration as knowledge sharing or knowledge transfer; (b) knowledge integration as the use of related knowledge; and (c) knowledge integration as the combination of specialized and complementary knowledge. Empirical studies of knowledge integration are categorized into those that investigate factors influencing knowledge integration and those that study the outcomes of knowledge integration. Studies of influencing factors have in particular pointed to task characteristics, knowledge characteristics, and relational characteristics, while studies of outcomes of knowledge integration have primarily focused on outcomes pertaining to efficiency, effectiveness, and innovation. The chapter identifies needs for further research on the multilevel context of knowledge integration, the creative and dynamic aspects of knowledge integration, and the project-based setting of knowledge integration.Less
This chapter surveys the literature on knowledge integration. Three approaches to knowledge integration are identified: (a) knowledge integration as knowledge sharing or knowledge transfer; (b) knowledge integration as the use of related knowledge; and (c) knowledge integration as the combination of specialized and complementary knowledge. Empirical studies of knowledge integration are categorized into those that investigate factors influencing knowledge integration and those that study the outcomes of knowledge integration. Studies of influencing factors have in particular pointed to task characteristics, knowledge characteristics, and relational characteristics, while studies of outcomes of knowledge integration have primarily focused on outcomes pertaining to efficiency, effectiveness, and innovation. The chapter identifies needs for further research on the multilevel context of knowledge integration, the creative and dynamic aspects of knowledge integration, and the project-based setting of knowledge integration.
Catherine Nash
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816690633
- eISBN:
- 9781452950723
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816690633.001.0001
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
What might be wrong with genetic accounts of personal or shared ancestry and origins? Genetic studies are often presented as valuable ways of understanding where we come from and how people are ...
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What might be wrong with genetic accounts of personal or shared ancestry and origins? Genetic studies are often presented as valuable ways of understanding where we come from and how people are related. In Genetic Geographies, Catherine Nash pursues their troubling implications for our perception of sexual and national, as well as racial, difference. Bringing an incisive geographical focus to bear on new genetic histories and genetic genealogy, Nash explores the making of ideas of genetic ancestry, indigeneity, and origins; the global human family; and national genetic heritage. In particular, she engages with the science, culture, and commerce of ancestry in the United States and the United Kingdom, including National Geographic’s Genographic Project and the People of the British Isles project. Tracing the tensions and contradictions between the emphasis on human genetic similarity and shared ancestry, and the attention given to distinctive patterns of relatedness and different ancestral origins, Nash challenges the assumption that the concepts of shared ancestry are necessarily progressive. She extends this scrutiny to claims about the “natural” differences between the sexes and the “nature” of reproduction in studies of the geography of human genetic variation. Through its focus on sex, nation, and race, and its novel spatial lens, Genetic Geographies provides a timely critical guide to what happens when genetic science maps relatedness.Less
What might be wrong with genetic accounts of personal or shared ancestry and origins? Genetic studies are often presented as valuable ways of understanding where we come from and how people are related. In Genetic Geographies, Catherine Nash pursues their troubling implications for our perception of sexual and national, as well as racial, difference. Bringing an incisive geographical focus to bear on new genetic histories and genetic genealogy, Nash explores the making of ideas of genetic ancestry, indigeneity, and origins; the global human family; and national genetic heritage. In particular, she engages with the science, culture, and commerce of ancestry in the United States and the United Kingdom, including National Geographic’s Genographic Project and the People of the British Isles project. Tracing the tensions and contradictions between the emphasis on human genetic similarity and shared ancestry, and the attention given to distinctive patterns of relatedness and different ancestral origins, Nash challenges the assumption that the concepts of shared ancestry are necessarily progressive. She extends this scrutiny to claims about the “natural” differences between the sexes and the “nature” of reproduction in studies of the geography of human genetic variation. Through its focus on sex, nation, and race, and its novel spatial lens, Genetic Geographies provides a timely critical guide to what happens when genetic science maps relatedness.
Gregory Chan, Chung Tsing, and David Koh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195380002
- eISBN:
- 9780199893881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380002.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
All occupational diseases are preventable. They arise from exposures on the job and can be eliminated. Most of this chapter is devoted to medical evaluation of diseases caused by work. Workers may be ...
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All occupational diseases are preventable. They arise from exposures on the job and can be eliminated. Most of this chapter is devoted to medical evaluation of diseases caused by work. Workers may be exposed to hazardous exposures, such as chemicals or biological pathogens, through inhalation, by touching or ingestion. The medical evaluation may show that the condition is acute, meaning that the onset is sudden and the course of the disease progresses in a relatively short time, or chronic, meaning that the course of the disease, usually including the onset, takes years and often a lifetime. The key element of an evaluation of suspected occupational disease undertaken by a physician, nurse or other health care provider is the occupational history. The physician or other health care provider is generally concerned first with identifying the disease and making the diagnosis and then to establish work-relatedness. The health care provider assesses the worker's fitness to work, by determining if the worker, in the present condition, can do the tasks required by the job safely, at no risk to themselves or to others. If the disorder appears likely to be permanent, the health care provider assesses impairment. Disabilitymalingerers is the gap between what the worker can do and what is necessary to do a job or perform some normal function. Functional impairment may be so severe that the worker is not fit to work at his or her usual job or another job. Health care providers need to be alert to people who fake their symptoms, called malingerers, and people who tend to exaggerate their symptoms because they are anxious or want attention. More common is somatization, when some people who are stressed psychologically or anxious express their feelings through bodily symptoms or temporary impairment.Less
All occupational diseases are preventable. They arise from exposures on the job and can be eliminated. Most of this chapter is devoted to medical evaluation of diseases caused by work. Workers may be exposed to hazardous exposures, such as chemicals or biological pathogens, through inhalation, by touching or ingestion. The medical evaluation may show that the condition is acute, meaning that the onset is sudden and the course of the disease progresses in a relatively short time, or chronic, meaning that the course of the disease, usually including the onset, takes years and often a lifetime. The key element of an evaluation of suspected occupational disease undertaken by a physician, nurse or other health care provider is the occupational history. The physician or other health care provider is generally concerned first with identifying the disease and making the diagnosis and then to establish work-relatedness. The health care provider assesses the worker's fitness to work, by determining if the worker, in the present condition, can do the tasks required by the job safely, at no risk to themselves or to others. If the disorder appears likely to be permanent, the health care provider assesses impairment. Disabilitymalingerers is the gap between what the worker can do and what is necessary to do a job or perform some normal function. Functional impairment may be so severe that the worker is not fit to work at his or her usual job or another job. Health care providers need to be alert to people who fake their symptoms, called malingerers, and people who tend to exaggerate their symptoms because they are anxious or want attention. More common is somatization, when some people who are stressed psychologically or anxious express their feelings through bodily symptoms or temporary impairment.
Andrew Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679928
- eISBN:
- 9780191761508
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679928.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
Words can be related inflectionally, that is, by being inflected forms of a single lexeme, or derivationally, as when one lexeme is derived from another. But there are many types of relatedness that ...
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Words can be related inflectionally, that is, by being inflected forms of a single lexeme, or derivationally, as when one lexeme is derived from another. But there are many types of relatedness that fall between standard inflection and derivation. A very common example is the transposition, as exemplified by deverbal participles. These have the outward morphosyntax of adjectives and hence entail a shift in morphosyntactic category, as in derivation, but they are effectively forms of a verb lexeme and don’t constitute independent lexemes in their own right, much like inflected forms. Current paradigm-based models of morphology have difficulty handling these, and many other, intermediate types of relatedness. Also, paradigm-based models seem to require a strict demarcation between inflection and derivation: derived lexemes typically require an entirely distinct set of inflections from their base lexeme, but there is no obvious way to achieve this naturally in current models, given that there is no principled way of distinguishing inflection from derivation. This book proposes a way of describing all forms of lexical relatedness, whether systematic or non-systematic, by deploying an extension to the notion of Stump’s (2001) notion of paradigm function. The generalized paradigm function (GPF) can relate the form, the syntax, or the meaning of words, but independently. The GPF can also define a new ‘lexemic index’ for a derived word, thereby specifying that it is an independent lexeme. If these four lexical attributes covary independently, there are 15 (out of 16) logically possible types of relatedness. The 15th type is the identity relation, and the 16th is logically impossible. The book shows that all 14 non-trivial types (and several subtypes) are attested. The GPF maps a pairing of <LI, σ> for lexemic index LI and feature set σ, to a derived representation. Where σ is empty the GPF defines the lexical entry itself for the lexeme LI. When the GPF defines a new LI we have derivational morphology. By the Derived Lexical Entry Principle, such a GPF then underspecifies the syntactic and morphological properties of the derived word, and these are then re-specified by means of a default mechanism (the ‘Default Cascade’). In this way the same mechanism, the GPF, can define canonical inflectional relatedness, canonical derivational relatedness, the 12 intermediate cases, and all the other identified subtypes, in one overarching architecture. The book exemplifies the analysis with detailed discussion of event nominals, property nominalizations, and relational and possessive denominal adjectives, as well as a variety of instances of words belonging to the ‘wrong’ morpholexical category. It concludes with a summary of lexical relatedness in the Samoyedic language Selkup, in which a separate grammatical category has to be set up for the wealth of transpositions, and in which there are denominal adjective transpositions derived from case-marked noun forms which inflect like nouns for possessor agreement.Less
Words can be related inflectionally, that is, by being inflected forms of a single lexeme, or derivationally, as when one lexeme is derived from another. But there are many types of relatedness that fall between standard inflection and derivation. A very common example is the transposition, as exemplified by deverbal participles. These have the outward morphosyntax of adjectives and hence entail a shift in morphosyntactic category, as in derivation, but they are effectively forms of a verb lexeme and don’t constitute independent lexemes in their own right, much like inflected forms. Current paradigm-based models of morphology have difficulty handling these, and many other, intermediate types of relatedness. Also, paradigm-based models seem to require a strict demarcation between inflection and derivation: derived lexemes typically require an entirely distinct set of inflections from their base lexeme, but there is no obvious way to achieve this naturally in current models, given that there is no principled way of distinguishing inflection from derivation. This book proposes a way of describing all forms of lexical relatedness, whether systematic or non-systematic, by deploying an extension to the notion of Stump’s (2001) notion of paradigm function. The generalized paradigm function (GPF) can relate the form, the syntax, or the meaning of words, but independently. The GPF can also define a new ‘lexemic index’ for a derived word, thereby specifying that it is an independent lexeme. If these four lexical attributes covary independently, there are 15 (out of 16) logically possible types of relatedness. The 15th type is the identity relation, and the 16th is logically impossible. The book shows that all 14 non-trivial types (and several subtypes) are attested. The GPF maps a pairing of <LI, σ> for lexemic index LI and feature set σ, to a derived representation. Where σ is empty the GPF defines the lexical entry itself for the lexeme LI. When the GPF defines a new LI we have derivational morphology. By the Derived Lexical Entry Principle, such a GPF then underspecifies the syntactic and morphological properties of the derived word, and these are then re-specified by means of a default mechanism (the ‘Default Cascade’). In this way the same mechanism, the GPF, can define canonical inflectional relatedness, canonical derivational relatedness, the 12 intermediate cases, and all the other identified subtypes, in one overarching architecture. The book exemplifies the analysis with detailed discussion of event nominals, property nominalizations, and relational and possessive denominal adjectives, as well as a variety of instances of words belonging to the ‘wrong’ morpholexical category. It concludes with a summary of lexical relatedness in the Samoyedic language Selkup, in which a separate grammatical category has to be set up for the wealth of transpositions, and in which there are denominal adjective transpositions derived from case-marked noun forms which inflect like nouns for possessor agreement.
Andrew Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679928
- eISBN:
- 9780191761508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679928.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter serves to introduce the basic concepts of lexical relatedness and the concept of a paradigm bequeathed to us from studies, ancient and modern, of inflectional systems. Words can be ...
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This chapter serves to introduce the basic concepts of lexical relatedness and the concept of a paradigm bequeathed to us from studies, ancient and modern, of inflectional systems. Words can be related by virtue of being inflected forms of the same lexeme, or they can be derivationally related, but there are a host of other ways that words can be related. I identify 16 logical possibilities, 15 of which are instantiated in the world’s languages. I then claim that there is a way of adapting the paradigm-based class of models of inflection to account for systematic types of lexical relatedness beyond inflection. The chapter sets out the issues and provides a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book. It concludes with an explanation of the degree of formalization to be used in the book: there is just enough to make the relevant points but no more.Less
This chapter serves to introduce the basic concepts of lexical relatedness and the concept of a paradigm bequeathed to us from studies, ancient and modern, of inflectional systems. Words can be related by virtue of being inflected forms of the same lexeme, or they can be derivationally related, but there are a host of other ways that words can be related. I identify 16 logical possibilities, 15 of which are instantiated in the world’s languages. I then claim that there is a way of adapting the paradigm-based class of models of inflection to account for systematic types of lexical relatedness beyond inflection. The chapter sets out the issues and provides a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book. It concludes with an explanation of the degree of formalization to be used in the book: there is just enough to make the relevant points but no more.
Andrew Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679928
- eISBN:
- 9780191761508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679928.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter provides a detailed survey of the various ways in which words can be related. It discusses transpositions (action nominalizations, deverbal participles, relational and possessive ...
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This chapter provides a detailed survey of the various ways in which words can be related. It discusses transpositions (action nominalizations, deverbal participles, relational and possessive adjectives, property nominalizations of adjectives, and predicatively used nouns/adjectives) as well as the notion of mixed category. The chapter then addresses the question of meaning-bearing inflections: how do we know when the added meaning is ‘merely’ inflectional, and when it introduces an additional semantic predicate into the SEM attribute for the lexeme, characteristic of derivation? It is proposed that derivation entails a change in the value of the lexemic index. The chapter then reviews argument structure alternations (passives, causatives, applicatives, and others), as well as an intermediate type of relatedness called argument nominalization, which defines/denotes one of the arguments of a verb, typically the subject. There follows discussion of non-compositional (‘meaningless’) derivational processes, such as the prefixation which gives rise to words such as withstand, withhold, etc. The chapter then provides a systematic characterization of evaluative morphology. The next type is within-lexeme relatedness, which frequently throws up instances of morphosyntactic or category mismatch or category mixing. Not infrequently, this within-lexeme category mixing gives rise to mixed behaviour in the syntax, too (syntagmatic category mixing), a phenomenon very well known from studies of event nominalizations, but one which is much more widespread and general than that. The chapter surveys Russian nouns with adjectival morphology, conversion of adjectives to person-denoting nouns, morphological shift (Russian past tense morphology, Kayardild verbal case).Less
This chapter provides a detailed survey of the various ways in which words can be related. It discusses transpositions (action nominalizations, deverbal participles, relational and possessive adjectives, property nominalizations of adjectives, and predicatively used nouns/adjectives) as well as the notion of mixed category. The chapter then addresses the question of meaning-bearing inflections: how do we know when the added meaning is ‘merely’ inflectional, and when it introduces an additional semantic predicate into the SEM attribute for the lexeme, characteristic of derivation? It is proposed that derivation entails a change in the value of the lexemic index. The chapter then reviews argument structure alternations (passives, causatives, applicatives, and others), as well as an intermediate type of relatedness called argument nominalization, which defines/denotes one of the arguments of a verb, typically the subject. There follows discussion of non-compositional (‘meaningless’) derivational processes, such as the prefixation which gives rise to words such as withstand, withhold, etc. The chapter then provides a systematic characterization of evaluative morphology. The next type is within-lexeme relatedness, which frequently throws up instances of morphosyntactic or category mismatch or category mixing. Not infrequently, this within-lexeme category mixing gives rise to mixed behaviour in the syntax, too (syntagmatic category mixing), a phenomenon very well known from studies of event nominalizations, but one which is much more widespread and general than that. The chapter surveys Russian nouns with adjectival morphology, conversion of adjectives to person-denoting nouns, morphological shift (Russian past tense morphology, Kayardild verbal case).
Andrew Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679928
- eISBN:
- 9780191761508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679928.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter is an application of the model introduced in Chapter 5 to much of the empirical data summarized in Chapter 3, illustrating the intermediate types of lexical relatedness, specifically ...
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This chapter is an application of the model introduced in Chapter 5 to much of the empirical data summarized in Chapter 3, illustrating the intermediate types of lexical relatedness, specifically transpositions, argument nominalizations (such as DRIVER), the various paradigmatically mixed categories such as nouns which have the morphology of adjectives, diminutives and augmentatives, and finally, derivational morphology which can be defined formally but which is not associated with any systematic semantics (‘meaningless derivation’), as illustrated by prefixed verbs such as under-stand. One of the aspects of PFM which is explored in Stump’s work on paradigm linkage and related issues is the question of how inflected forms are interpreted semantically. In this chapter I take up this aspect in more detail. I modify Booij’s distinction between contextual and inherent inflection, arguing that some types of inflection are best thought of as introducing an additional semantic predicate into the lexical representation, in addition to realizing the value of a morphosyntactic feature. Inherent inflection is defined as relatedness which is part of the inflectional paradigm of a lexeme, and which therefore does not alter the lexemic index, but which nonetheless introduces a non-trivial change to the SEM value. Examples are case-marked forms of nouns in which the case marker has exactly the same meaning/function as a spatial preposition in English.Less
This chapter is an application of the model introduced in Chapter 5 to much of the empirical data summarized in Chapter 3, illustrating the intermediate types of lexical relatedness, specifically transpositions, argument nominalizations (such as DRIVER), the various paradigmatically mixed categories such as nouns which have the morphology of adjectives, diminutives and augmentatives, and finally, derivational morphology which can be defined formally but which is not associated with any systematic semantics (‘meaningless derivation’), as illustrated by prefixed verbs such as under-stand. One of the aspects of PFM which is explored in Stump’s work on paradigm linkage and related issues is the question of how inflected forms are interpreted semantically. In this chapter I take up this aspect in more detail. I modify Booij’s distinction between contextual and inherent inflection, arguing that some types of inflection are best thought of as introducing an additional semantic predicate into the lexical representation, in addition to realizing the value of a morphosyntactic feature. Inherent inflection is defined as relatedness which is part of the inflectional paradigm of a lexeme, and which therefore does not alter the lexemic index, but which nonetheless introduces a non-trivial change to the SEM value. Examples are case-marked forms of nouns in which the case marker has exactly the same meaning/function as a spatial preposition in English.
Andrew Spencer
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199679928
- eISBN:
- 9780191761508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679928.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
The final chapter presents summary conclusions. From the observation that a lexeme is a combination of four attributes, FORM, SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, LEXEMIC INDEX, we define lexical relatedness as a ...
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The final chapter presents summary conclusions. From the observation that a lexeme is a combination of four attributes, FORM, SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, LEXEMIC INDEX, we define lexical relatedness as a systematic relation between one attribute of a given word and the corresponding attribute of another word. Relatedness can thus be defined over any logical combination of these four attributes, giving a logical-relatedness space of 16 types. Of these, one is the identity relation, and one is logically impossible (two distinct lexemes which share all their properties except for the LI). The other 14 types are all attested, sometimes in various subtypes. The model proposed here adopts the assumptions of a lexicalist approach to morphosyntax of the kind espoused in LFG or HPSG, together with an inferential–realizational approach to morphology, an extension of Stump’s notion of paradigm function, the generalized paradigm function. The GPF, together with principles such as the Default Cascade and the Derived Lexical Entry Principle, allows us to define all 16 logically possible types of relatedness but using essentially the same formal machinery for each type. The same machinery can also be used to define the notion ‘lexical entry’ itself. We thus arrive at a unified model of lexical representation and lexical relatedness.Less
The final chapter presents summary conclusions. From the observation that a lexeme is a combination of four attributes, FORM, SYNTAX, SEMANTICS, LEXEMIC INDEX, we define lexical relatedness as a systematic relation between one attribute of a given word and the corresponding attribute of another word. Relatedness can thus be defined over any logical combination of these four attributes, giving a logical-relatedness space of 16 types. Of these, one is the identity relation, and one is logically impossible (two distinct lexemes which share all their properties except for the LI). The other 14 types are all attested, sometimes in various subtypes. The model proposed here adopts the assumptions of a lexicalist approach to morphosyntax of the kind espoused in LFG or HPSG, together with an inferential–realizational approach to morphology, an extension of Stump’s notion of paradigm function, the generalized paradigm function. The GPF, together with principles such as the Default Cascade and the Derived Lexical Entry Principle, allows us to define all 16 logically possible types of relatedness but using essentially the same formal machinery for each type. The same machinery can also be used to define the notion ‘lexical entry’ itself. We thus arrive at a unified model of lexical representation and lexical relatedness.
Rane Willerslev
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252165
- eISBN:
- 9780520941007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252165.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter discusses the animism debate and explains how mimesis might help people take animism seriously. It first studies the metaphor model, and then discusses the concepts of Cartesianism, ...
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This chapter discusses the animism debate and explains how mimesis might help people take animism seriously. It first studies the metaphor model, and then discusses the concepts of Cartesianism, meaning, relatedness, and autonomy. The chapter ends with a section on the principle of sharing, which serves as the basis for the Yukaghir sociality.Less
This chapter discusses the animism debate and explains how mimesis might help people take animism seriously. It first studies the metaphor model, and then discusses the concepts of Cartesianism, meaning, relatedness, and autonomy. The chapter ends with a section on the principle of sharing, which serves as the basis for the Yukaghir sociality.
Jonathan Birch
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198733058
- eISBN:
- 9780191797491
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198733058.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
From microbes to humans, the natural world is full of spectacular examples of social behaviour. In the 1960s, W. D. Hamilton introduced three key innovations—now known as Hamilton’s rule, kin ...
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From microbes to humans, the natural world is full of spectacular examples of social behaviour. In the 1960s, W. D. Hamilton introduced three key innovations—now known as Hamilton’s rule, kin selection, and inclusive fitness—that changed the way we think about how social behaviour evolves, beginning a research program now known as social evolution theory. This is a book about the philosophical foundations and future prospects of that program. Part I, ‘Foundations’, provides a philosophical analysis of Hamilton’s core ideas, with some modifications along the way. We will see that Hamilton’s rule provides a compelling way of organizing our thinking about the ultimate causes of social behaviour; and we will see how, in inclusive fitness, Hamilton found a fitness concept with a special role to play in explaining cumulative adaptation. Part II, ‘Extensions’, shows how these ideas, when extended in certain ways, can help us understand cooperation in micro-organisms, cooperation among the cells of a multicellular organism, and culturally evolved cooperation in the earliest human societies. In all these cases and more, living things cooperate because they are related, where the concept of relatedness picks out relevant statistical patterns of similarity in the transmissible basis (genetic or otherwise) of social traits.Less
From microbes to humans, the natural world is full of spectacular examples of social behaviour. In the 1960s, W. D. Hamilton introduced three key innovations—now known as Hamilton’s rule, kin selection, and inclusive fitness—that changed the way we think about how social behaviour evolves, beginning a research program now known as social evolution theory. This is a book about the philosophical foundations and future prospects of that program. Part I, ‘Foundations’, provides a philosophical analysis of Hamilton’s core ideas, with some modifications along the way. We will see that Hamilton’s rule provides a compelling way of organizing our thinking about the ultimate causes of social behaviour; and we will see how, in inclusive fitness, Hamilton found a fitness concept with a special role to play in explaining cumulative adaptation. Part II, ‘Extensions’, shows how these ideas, when extended in certain ways, can help us understand cooperation in micro-organisms, cooperation among the cells of a multicellular organism, and culturally evolved cooperation in the earliest human societies. In all these cases and more, living things cooperate because they are related, where the concept of relatedness picks out relevant statistical patterns of similarity in the transmissible basis (genetic or otherwise) of social traits.
Wolf Singer
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524823
- eISBN:
- 9780191689246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524823.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter argues that the brain can process stimulus information accurately within the millisecond range. Such amazing precision cannot rely on the activity of individual neurons, but needs a ...
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This chapter argues that the brain can process stimulus information accurately within the millisecond range. Such amazing precision cannot rely on the activity of individual neurons, but needs a neuronal assembly. The key to the relatedness of the responses of neurons in an assembly is in the synchronicity of individual discharges. Neurons need to be able to synchronize their discharges with a precision that is within the millisecond range. This chapter also explains that the nervous system binds the pattern elements that induce synchronized responses and interprets them as components of a coherent figure and neuronal responses can also become synchronized internally, in the absence of external stimuli. Towards the end of this chapter, it is argued that response synchronization also plays a role in memory.Less
This chapter argues that the brain can process stimulus information accurately within the millisecond range. Such amazing precision cannot rely on the activity of individual neurons, but needs a neuronal assembly. The key to the relatedness of the responses of neurons in an assembly is in the synchronicity of individual discharges. Neurons need to be able to synchronize their discharges with a precision that is within the millisecond range. This chapter also explains that the nervous system binds the pattern elements that induce synchronized responses and interprets them as components of a coherent figure and neuronal responses can also become synchronized internally, in the absence of external stimuli. Towards the end of this chapter, it is argued that response synchronization also plays a role in memory.
