Bruce A. Thyer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195323375
- eISBN:
- 9780199864430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323375.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter introduces the unpleasant reality of having the research paper rejected by a professional journal, and how one can credibly cope and learn from the experience, resulting in its eventual ...
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This chapter introduces the unpleasant reality of having the research paper rejected by a professional journal, and how one can credibly cope and learn from the experience, resulting in its eventual acceptance by another periodical. Requests to revise the paper and to resubmit it to the original journal is a highly desirable outcome of the initial submission, and tips are given on how to turn around such papers in an efficient manner that is responsive to the reviewers' and Editor's suggestions. To score touchdowns a lot of hits need to be taken.Less
This chapter introduces the unpleasant reality of having the research paper rejected by a professional journal, and how one can credibly cope and learn from the experience, resulting in its eventual acceptance by another periodical. Requests to revise the paper and to resubmit it to the original journal is a highly desirable outcome of the initial submission, and tips are given on how to turn around such papers in an efficient manner that is responsive to the reviewers' and Editor's suggestions. To score touchdowns a lot of hits need to be taken.
Hans Daalder
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246748
- eISBN:
- 9780191599385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246742.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Hans Daalder systematically analyses writings since the beginning of the twentieth century that have dealt with an alleged ‘crisis of parties’, or, as described since the 1970s, ‘party decline’. He ...
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Hans Daalder systematically analyses writings since the beginning of the twentieth century that have dealt with an alleged ‘crisis of parties’, or, as described since the 1970s, ‘party decline’. He criticizes the normative or ideological pseudoconcepts used implicitly or explicitly in this literature in generally negative assessments of the status of parties in Western Europe. The term ‘crisis of parties’, he finds, was commonly used as a euphemism to reflect a rejection of parties in general, or a party in particular, and he argues that in the debate on the crisis of party, at least four different bodies of writing are intermingled, which should be clearly distinguished. The chapter is devoted to discussing these: the first set of literature, which Daalder calls ‘denial of party’, denies a legitimate role for party, and sees parties as a threat to the good society; the second set of literature, called ‘the selective rejection of party’, incorporates the views of those who regard certain types of parties as ‘good’ but other types of parties as ‘bad’; the third set of literature, called ‘the selective rejection of party systems’, contains writings that propose that certain party systems are ‘good’ and others are ‘bad’; the last set of literature, called ‘the redundancy of party’, incorporates the views of those who regard parties as a transient phenomenon—products of a period of past mass mobilization—now becoming increasingly irrelevant in democratic politics as other actors and institutions have taken over the major functions that parties once played.Less
Hans Daalder systematically analyses writings since the beginning of the twentieth century that have dealt with an alleged ‘crisis of parties’, or, as described since the 1970s, ‘party decline’. He criticizes the normative or ideological pseudoconcepts used implicitly or explicitly in this literature in generally negative assessments of the status of parties in Western Europe. The term ‘crisis of parties’, he finds, was commonly used as a euphemism to reflect a rejection of parties in general, or a party in particular, and he argues that in the debate on the crisis of party, at least four different bodies of writing are intermingled, which should be clearly distinguished. The chapter is devoted to discussing these: the first set of literature, which Daalder calls ‘denial of party’, denies a legitimate role for party, and sees parties as a threat to the good society; the second set of literature, called ‘the selective rejection of party’, incorporates the views of those who regard certain types of parties as ‘good’ but other types of parties as ‘bad’; the third set of literature, called ‘the selective rejection of party systems’, contains writings that propose that certain party systems are ‘good’ and others are ‘bad’; the last set of literature, called ‘the redundancy of party’, incorporates the views of those who regard parties as a transient phenomenon—products of a period of past mass mobilization—now becoming increasingly irrelevant in democratic politics as other actors and institutions have taken over the major functions that parties once played.
Niels Christian Hvidt
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195314472
- eISBN:
- 9780199785346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314472.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Prophecy has never gone without opposition, mainly due to the danger of false prophecy, a danger that can rightly be called the “Achilles heel” of prophecy. Without the process of testing the ...
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Prophecy has never gone without opposition, mainly due to the danger of false prophecy, a danger that can rightly be called the “Achilles heel” of prophecy. Without the process of testing the validity and truth of prophecy, prophecy will have no role to play in the life of the church. Throughout the centuries, various criteria have been developed that help towards the aim of discernment. They can be classified in intrinsic and extrinsic criteria. The intrinsic criteria relate to the physiology, psychology, and spiritual life of the prophet. The extrinsic criteria relate to how the church approves or rejects a prophetic revelation, and how we may define the nature of the church's judgment. The process of discernment and jugdment is necessary but contains an important ambiguity: it is the church that must judge a prophetic revelation, despite the fact that prophecy often is critical of the church that will judge it. Until that judgment is pronounced, must believers wait before they give heed to a prophetic message?Less
Prophecy has never gone without opposition, mainly due to the danger of false prophecy, a danger that can rightly be called the “Achilles heel” of prophecy. Without the process of testing the validity and truth of prophecy, prophecy will have no role to play in the life of the church. Throughout the centuries, various criteria have been developed that help towards the aim of discernment. They can be classified in intrinsic and extrinsic criteria. The intrinsic criteria relate to the physiology, psychology, and spiritual life of the prophet. The extrinsic criteria relate to how the church approves or rejects a prophetic revelation, and how we may define the nature of the church's judgment. The process of discernment and jugdment is necessary but contains an important ambiguity: it is the church that must judge a prophetic revelation, despite the fact that prophecy often is critical of the church that will judge it. Until that judgment is pronounced, must believers wait before they give heed to a prophetic message?
Sydney D. Bailey and Sam Daws
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280736
- eISBN:
- 9780191598746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280734.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Provides an account of the different types of meetings and consultations that take place at the UN Security Council, and gives details of their characteristics. Interpretation and translation, ...
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Provides an account of the different types of meetings and consultations that take place at the UN Security Council, and gives details of their characteristics. Interpretation and translation, documentation, and communications are also discussed. The different sections of the chapter cover: The two different types of meetings that take place at the Council — formal meetings and informal consultations; Convening a meeting; Notice of meetings; Place of meeting; ‘Periodic’ meetings; ‘Orientation’ and ‘exchange of views’ meetings; Private (closed) meetings; Informal consultations; Duration of meetings; The agenda; Rejection of items; Interpretation and translation; Documents and records; and Communications.Less
Provides an account of the different types of meetings and consultations that take place at the UN Security Council, and gives details of their characteristics. Interpretation and translation, documentation, and communications are also discussed. The different sections of the chapter cover: The two different types of meetings that take place at the Council — formal meetings and informal consultations; Convening a meeting; Notice of meetings; Place of meeting; ‘Periodic’ meetings; ‘Orientation’ and ‘exchange of views’ meetings; Private (closed) meetings; Informal consultations; Duration of meetings; The agenda; Rejection of items; Interpretation and translation; Documents and records; and Communications.
Allen Buchanan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198295358
- eISBN:
- 9780191600982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295359.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter grapples with the most controversial topic in the discourse of human rights: distributive justice. The chief questions to be addressed are (1) whether a justice‐based international legal ...
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This chapter grapples with the most controversial topic in the discourse of human rights: distributive justice. The chief questions to be addressed are (1) whether a justice‐based international legal order should include rights of distributive justice (sometimes called social and economic rights) for individuals that exceed the right to the means of subsistence that is already widely recognized in international and regional human rights instruments, and (2) whether international law should recognize not only individuals but collectivities such as states or “peoples” or nations as having rights of distributive justice. To situate these questions, the chapter begins by considering alternative explanations for widespread skepticism about the possibility that distributive justice can have a significant place in the international legal order. The remaining sections of the chapter discuss: I. The Place of Distributive Justice in International Law; II. Reasons for Rejecting a Prominent Role for Distributive Justice in International Law Today; III. Deep Distributive Pluralism; IV. Societal Distributive Autonomy; and V. Institutional Capacity and Lack of Political Will.Less
This chapter grapples with the most controversial topic in the discourse of human rights: distributive justice. The chief questions to be addressed are (1) whether a justice‐based international legal order should include rights of distributive justice (sometimes called social and economic rights) for individuals that exceed the right to the means of subsistence that is already widely recognized in international and regional human rights instruments, and (2) whether international law should recognize not only individuals but collectivities such as states or “peoples” or nations as having rights of distributive justice. To situate these questions, the chapter begins by considering alternative explanations for widespread skepticism about the possibility that distributive justice can have a significant place in the international legal order. The remaining sections of the chapter discuss: I. The Place of Distributive Justice in International Law; II. Reasons for Rejecting a Prominent Role for Distributive Justice in International Law Today; III. Deep Distributive Pluralism; IV. Societal Distributive Autonomy; and V. Institutional Capacity and Lack of Political Will.
Carlo Ginzburg
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394337
- eISBN:
- 9780199777358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394337.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter deals with the relationship between Eliade’s political commitment and Eliade’s work as a historian of religions, focusing on The Myth of the Eternal Return, probably his most interesting ...
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This chapter deals with the relationship between Eliade’s political commitment and Eliade’s work as a historian of religions, focusing on The Myth of the Eternal Return, probably his most interesting work. Eliade’s Lisbon Journal provides a context for the central theme of The Myth of the Eternal Return: the terror (or rejection) of history. The chapter argues that this theme and its implications throw much light on Eliade’s paradoxically ambivalent legacy.Less
This chapter deals with the relationship between Eliade’s political commitment and Eliade’s work as a historian of religions, focusing on The Myth of the Eternal Return, probably his most interesting work. Eliade’s Lisbon Journal provides a context for the central theme of The Myth of the Eternal Return: the terror (or rejection) of history. The chapter argues that this theme and its implications throw much light on Eliade’s paradoxically ambivalent legacy.
Dr. Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter describes the day-to-day management of a liquidation. It addresses the liquidator's need to secure office space, retain key employees, hire staff, take custody of the company's records, ...
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This chapter describes the day-to-day management of a liquidation. It addresses the liquidator's need to secure office space, retain key employees, hire staff, take custody of the company's records, establish internal controls for the handling of funds, maintain records, and comply with federal, state, and local laws. The process for the review and assumption or rejection of executory contracts to which the debtor is a party is outlined. The practical steps for liquidation management are also explained.Less
This chapter describes the day-to-day management of a liquidation. It addresses the liquidator's need to secure office space, retain key employees, hire staff, take custody of the company's records, establish internal controls for the handling of funds, maintain records, and comply with federal, state, and local laws. The process for the review and assumption or rejection of executory contracts to which the debtor is a party is outlined. The practical steps for liquidation management are also explained.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336634
- eISBN:
- 9780199868568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336634.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
T cells are the major barrier to the transplantation of organs between other than genetically identical twins. The basis for immune rejection lies in the incredible heterogeneity among humans in ...
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T cells are the major barrier to the transplantation of organs between other than genetically identical twins. The basis for immune rejection lies in the incredible heterogeneity among humans in histocompatibility genes and proteins. Rejection can be managed somewhat by careful histocompatibility matching of donor and recipient, and with drugs that suppress T cell function, but permanent acceptance of transplants has yet to be achieved. This chapter examines how T cells detect transplants as foreign, and the mechanisms they use to reject them. A close study of these processes may suggest better strategies for ensuring transplant survival.Less
T cells are the major barrier to the transplantation of organs between other than genetically identical twins. The basis for immune rejection lies in the incredible heterogeneity among humans in histocompatibility genes and proteins. Rejection can be managed somewhat by careful histocompatibility matching of donor and recipient, and with drugs that suppress T cell function, but permanent acceptance of transplants has yet to be achieved. This chapter examines how T cells detect transplants as foreign, and the mechanisms they use to reject them. A close study of these processes may suggest better strategies for ensuring transplant survival.
Daniel K. Finn
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199739813
- eISBN:
- 9780199866120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199739813.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter provides a moral evaluation of unjust contracts. The moral rejection of unjust contracts is ancient. The biblical condemnation of the practice found its most basic argument in the ...
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This chapter provides a moral evaluation of unjust contracts. The moral rejection of unjust contracts is ancient. The biblical condemnation of the practice found its most basic argument in the protection of the poor. There was little need to worry about the well-to-do entering into agreements that abused them. It was, rather, the poor and unfortunate who, under the strictures of unhappy circumstance, might agree to a loan with unfair conditions or terms of employment that left a family without enough to survive. The later history of Christian evaluations of contracts preserves this concern for the poor but expands it to articulate four distinct arguments in the condemnation of the unjust contract: the biblically based concern for the poor, the proper relation between human law and God's law, the character of justice, and the violation of freedom that unjust contracts entail. The chapter considers each of these and then focuses on an extension of one of them—the notion of justice—appropriate for Catholic social thought today.Less
This chapter provides a moral evaluation of unjust contracts. The moral rejection of unjust contracts is ancient. The biblical condemnation of the practice found its most basic argument in the protection of the poor. There was little need to worry about the well-to-do entering into agreements that abused them. It was, rather, the poor and unfortunate who, under the strictures of unhappy circumstance, might agree to a loan with unfair conditions or terms of employment that left a family without enough to survive. The later history of Christian evaluations of contracts preserves this concern for the poor but expands it to articulate four distinct arguments in the condemnation of the unjust contract: the biblically based concern for the poor, the proper relation between human law and God's law, the character of justice, and the violation of freedom that unjust contracts entail. The chapter considers each of these and then focuses on an extension of one of them—the notion of justice—appropriate for Catholic social thought today.
Hartry Field
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230747
- eISBN:
- 9780191710933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230747.003.0025
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter introduces ‘dialetheic’ approaches, according to which Liar sentences are both true and false, indeed both true and not true. (Some contradictions are accepted.) Dialetheism provides ...
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This chapter introduces ‘dialetheic’ approaches, according to which Liar sentences are both true and false, indeed both true and not true. (Some contradictions are accepted.) Dialetheism provides another way (in addition to restricting excluded middle) to retain the Intersubstitutivity Principle, but some who believe in dialetheism (such as Priest) prefer to give up the Intersubstitutivity Principle. The rationales for going one way or the other on this, the topic of gluts and gaps, and the relation to the classical glut theories of Chapter 8 are discussed.Less
This chapter introduces ‘dialetheic’ approaches, according to which Liar sentences are both true and false, indeed both true and not true. (Some contradictions are accepted.) Dialetheism provides another way (in addition to restricting excluded middle) to retain the Intersubstitutivity Principle, but some who believe in dialetheism (such as Priest) prefer to give up the Intersubstitutivity Principle. The rationales for going one way or the other on this, the topic of gluts and gaps, and the relation to the classical glut theories of Chapter 8 are discussed.
F. S. Naiden
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195183412
- eISBN:
- 9780199789399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183412.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
This chapter deals with the fourth step, the response made by the supplicandus. It may be positive, and so the supplication may be successful. Successful supplication involves not only xenia, as with ...
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This chapter deals with the fourth step, the response made by the supplicandus. It may be positive, and so the supplication may be successful. Successful supplication involves not only xenia, as with Gould, but also much more, including instances of negotiation between suppliant and supplicandus and even the enslavement of the suppliant. It always includes a pledge given to the suppliant by the supplicandus and witnessed by the gods. The response may be negative, and then the supplication is unsuccessful. Unsuccessful supplication includes not only the rejection of a suppliant but also the expulsion of a suppliant from the altar to which he may have come.Less
This chapter deals with the fourth step, the response made by the supplicandus. It may be positive, and so the supplication may be successful. Successful supplication involves not only xenia, as with Gould, but also much more, including instances of negotiation between suppliant and supplicandus and even the enslavement of the suppliant. It always includes a pledge given to the suppliant by the supplicandus and witnessed by the gods. The response may be negative, and then the supplication is unsuccessful. Unsuccessful supplication includes not only the rejection of a suppliant but also the expulsion of a suppliant from the altar to which he may have come.
Beth A. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195179194
- eISBN:
- 9780199784509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195179196.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores the relationship between rabbinic execution and Roman execution, asking how the rabbinic experience of Roman execution may have shaped the Rabbis’ own laws of execution. It ...
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This chapter explores the relationship between rabbinic execution and Roman execution, asking how the rabbinic experience of Roman execution may have shaped the Rabbis’ own laws of execution. It focuses on a text from the Mishnah and Tosefta that features a dispute about the proper method of decapitation according to rabbinic law. It suggests that the barely concealed subtext of this dispute is whether rabbinic power should model itself on Roman power, or reject it entirely. It then considers whether other rabbinic laws of execution may be driven by the same concern. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the quandaries the Rabbis faced as a minority group within the Roman Empire.Less
This chapter explores the relationship between rabbinic execution and Roman execution, asking how the rabbinic experience of Roman execution may have shaped the Rabbis’ own laws of execution. It focuses on a text from the Mishnah and Tosefta that features a dispute about the proper method of decapitation according to rabbinic law. It suggests that the barely concealed subtext of this dispute is whether rabbinic power should model itself on Roman power, or reject it entirely. It then considers whether other rabbinic laws of execution may be driven by the same concern. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the quandaries the Rabbis faced as a minority group within the Roman Empire.
Mary Douglas
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199265237
- eISBN:
- 9780191602054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199265232.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Continues the argument advanced in the first chapter on the anxiety of the Pentateuch's priestly editors about the solidarity between Judah and the descendants of Joseph's sons Ephraim and Manasseh. ...
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Continues the argument advanced in the first chapter on the anxiety of the Pentateuch's priestly editors about the solidarity between Judah and the descendants of Joseph's sons Ephraim and Manasseh. It addresses the concept of the Day of Atonement, which in the post‐exilic period was associated with Joseph, and is found in the Book of Jubilees, where the ceremony is described as a sin‐offering of a goat. The different sections of the chapter look at the conflicting meanings attached to the ceremony of the scapegoat (or goats) offering – fraternal reconciliation versus unbrotherly rejection. They discuss: the meaning of the ‘scapegoat’; Greek and Hebrew manifestations of the ceremony; scapegoat rituals around the world, the levitical purification ceremony – including the interpretation of the word Azazal (here viewed as the goat that is chosen to be presented to God alive and is then sent away, in contrast to that chosen as the sacrificial sin‐offering); Aaron's sacrifices of atonement; the need for transfer of the sins of Israel to an animal; the bearing of sin by an animal, the punishment of the sin‐bearing animal by exile; the parallels of the goat rites with the rites of two birds in Leviticus and with the stories of two brothers with uneven destinies (Isaac and Ishmael, and Jacob and Esau) in Genesis; and parallels between the assigning of the scapegoat and the commissioning of the Levites or the commissioning of Joshua by Moses in Numbers. The author argues that not much is left of the idea levitical scapegoating ceremony, and suggests that the priestly editors covered up their deep interest in politics and morals by writing in parables but dramatizing their teaching in vivid rituals.Less
Continues the argument advanced in the first chapter on the anxiety of the Pentateuch's priestly editors about the solidarity between Judah and the descendants of Joseph's sons Ephraim and Manasseh. It addresses the concept of the Day of Atonement, which in the post‐exilic period was associated with Joseph, and is found in the Book of Jubilees, where the ceremony is described as a sin‐offering of a goat. The different sections of the chapter look at the conflicting meanings attached to the ceremony of the scapegoat (or goats) offering – fraternal reconciliation versus unbrotherly rejection. They discuss: the meaning of the ‘scapegoat’; Greek and Hebrew manifestations of the ceremony; scapegoat rituals around the world, the levitical purification ceremony – including the interpretation of the word Azazal (here viewed as the goat that is chosen to be presented to God alive and is then sent away, in contrast to that chosen as the sacrificial sin‐offering); Aaron's sacrifices of atonement; the need for transfer of the sins of Israel to an animal; the bearing of sin by an animal, the punishment of the sin‐bearing animal by exile; the parallels of the goat rites with the rites of two birds in Leviticus and with the stories of two brothers with uneven destinies (Isaac and Ishmael, and Jacob and Esau) in Genesis; and parallels between the assigning of the scapegoat and the commissioning of the Levites or the commissioning of Joshua by Moses in Numbers. The author argues that not much is left of the idea levitical scapegoating ceremony, and suggests that the priestly editors covered up their deep interest in politics and morals by writing in parables but dramatizing their teaching in vivid rituals.
CHRISTOPHER HAIGH
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199216505
- eISBN:
- 9780191711947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216505.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Social History, History of Ideas
This chapter analyzes people's ignorance of catechism. It considers cases of parishioners who were barred from communion due to their ignorance of catechism. By about 1600, cases of rejection for ...
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This chapter analyzes people's ignorance of catechism. It considers cases of parishioners who were barred from communion due to their ignorance of catechism. By about 1600, cases of rejection for ignorance were less common, and after 1610 they were quite rare.Less
This chapter analyzes people's ignorance of catechism. It considers cases of parishioners who were barred from communion due to their ignorance of catechism. By about 1600, cases of rejection for ignorance were less common, and after 1610 they were quite rare.
Richard McElreath
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a ...
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Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a more sedentary and stable community of farmers from the agricultural areas of Utengule, and a more mobile and compositionally fluid community of agro‐pastoralists (individuals who sometimes farm but also derive a substantial amount of their income from livestock) from Ukwaheri. The Utengule community exhibited more rejections in the Ultimatum Game than the Ukwaheri community, although the two communities exhibited no differences in the distributions of offers made in the game, implying that they share an idealized norm for sharing (‘dividing equally’), but differ in their willingness or perception of the need to punish norm violations. Individual variables such as age and differences in the nature and duration (stability and longevity) of relationships among the two groups may explain some of the difference in offers and willingness to reject; an evaluation is also made of the possibility that differences in risk‐aversion may account for the differences in rejection rates. A method for describing and comparing the rejection rates of different populations is presented, and problems caused by the structure of the Ultimatum Game in the interpretation of data like these are discussed.Less
Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a more sedentary and stable community of farmers from the agricultural areas of Utengule, and a more mobile and compositionally fluid community of agro‐pastoralists (individuals who sometimes farm but also derive a substantial amount of their income from livestock) from Ukwaheri. The Utengule community exhibited more rejections in the Ultimatum Game than the Ukwaheri community, although the two communities exhibited no differences in the distributions of offers made in the game, implying that they share an idealized norm for sharing (‘dividing equally’), but differ in their willingness or perception of the need to punish norm violations. Individual variables such as age and differences in the nature and duration (stability and longevity) of relationships among the two groups may explain some of the difference in offers and willingness to reject; an evaluation is also made of the possibility that differences in risk‐aversion may account for the differences in rejection rates. A method for describing and comparing the rejection rates of different populations is presented, and problems caused by the structure of the Ultimatum Game in the interpretation of data like these are discussed.
Michael S. Alvard
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The Ultimatum Game was played with a group of traditional big game hunters: the Lamalera whalers of Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, whose community is described in the first section of the chapter. The ...
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The Ultimatum Game was played with a group of traditional big game hunters: the Lamalera whalers of Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, whose community is described in the first section of the chapter. The methods used for the study are then outlined and the results presented and discussed. The results were consistent in some ways with those from trials in western societies, with the primary difference that there were a number of cases of hyper‐fairness: one interpretation offered of these cases is that the whale hunters made strategic decisions when they made fair offers, but other explanations are also examined on the basis of the results of various cross‐cultural studies (including those in this book). These focus on the rejection of both fair and hyper‐fair offers in the Ultimatum Game (which have been interpreted as indicating an unwillingness to punish), and the issue of the variance seen in the cross‐cultural sample in this book in relation to fairness, for which strategic risk reduction is one explanation, but reputation effects are another, and the best model incorporates market integration and payoff to cooperation. The final section of the chapter discusses evolutionary theory and adaptive responses in relation to human cooperative behaviour.Less
The Ultimatum Game was played with a group of traditional big game hunters: the Lamalera whalers of Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, whose community is described in the first section of the chapter. The methods used for the study are then outlined and the results presented and discussed. The results were consistent in some ways with those from trials in western societies, with the primary difference that there were a number of cases of hyper‐fairness: one interpretation offered of these cases is that the whale hunters made strategic decisions when they made fair offers, but other explanations are also examined on the basis of the results of various cross‐cultural studies (including those in this book). These focus on the rejection of both fair and hyper‐fair offers in the Ultimatum Game (which have been interpreted as indicating an unwillingness to punish), and the issue of the variance seen in the cross‐cultural sample in this book in relation to fairness, for which strategic risk reduction is one explanation, but reputation effects are another, and the best model incorporates market integration and payoff to cooperation. The final section of the chapter discusses evolutionary theory and adaptive responses in relation to human cooperative behaviour.
Rodney Barker
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198274957
- eISBN:
- 9780191684104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198274957.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines political disobedience and the erosion or rejection of legitimacy. Resistance and the conscious denial of legitimacy are deliberate acts by discontented or disaffected subjects. ...
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This chapter examines political disobedience and the erosion or rejection of legitimacy. Resistance and the conscious denial of legitimacy are deliberate acts by discontented or disaffected subjects. The term ‘political disobedience’ is referred to as the performance of acts forbidden by law or the state which are consciously directed in some way against the authority of the state. The actions of governments, in so far as they are themselves likely to be the principal cause of the disturbance of legitimacy, make a contribution to the ensuing resistance. The causes and the character of both disobedience and denial of legitimacy are to be seen as much in terms of the state's actions as of the subjects. Just as states are the principal actors in legitimacy, there is much that they can do to destroy it, and have unrivalled power and opportunities for that destruction.Less
This chapter examines political disobedience and the erosion or rejection of legitimacy. Resistance and the conscious denial of legitimacy are deliberate acts by discontented or disaffected subjects. The term ‘political disobedience’ is referred to as the performance of acts forbidden by law or the state which are consciously directed in some way against the authority of the state. The actions of governments, in so far as they are themselves likely to be the principal cause of the disturbance of legitimacy, make a contribution to the ensuing resistance. The causes and the character of both disobedience and denial of legitimacy are to be seen as much in terms of the state's actions as of the subjects. Just as states are the principal actors in legitimacy, there is much that they can do to destroy it, and have unrivalled power and opportunities for that destruction.
Barbara Jo Fidler, Nicholas Bala, and Michael A. Saini
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199895496
- eISBN:
- 9780199980086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199895496.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter provides an overview of the historical context relating to alienation, beginning with Richard Gardner's introduction of parental alienation syndrome, followed by a discussion of Kelly ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the historical context relating to alienation, beginning with Richard Gardner's introduction of parental alienation syndrome, followed by a discussion of Kelly and Johnston's reformulated model and further developments in the field. Next, it discusses the need for differentiating alienation from other types of parent-child contact problems, including justified rejection, and the challenges in making this distinction. It concludes by discussing the current debate about whether alienation is a diagnosis or “syndrome”.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the historical context relating to alienation, beginning with Richard Gardner's introduction of parental alienation syndrome, followed by a discussion of Kelly and Johnston's reformulated model and further developments in the field. Next, it discusses the need for differentiating alienation from other types of parent-child contact problems, including justified rejection, and the challenges in making this distinction. It concludes by discussing the current debate about whether alienation is a diagnosis or “syndrome”.
Lee Jussim
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195366600
- eISBN:
- 9780199933044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366600.003.0080
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter reviews interesting and important research on self-fulfilling prophecies, expectancy biases, and accuracy that did not fit elsewhere in this book. With respect to self-fulfilling ...
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This chapter reviews interesting and important research on self-fulfilling prophecies, expectancy biases, and accuracy that did not fit elsewhere in this book. With respect to self-fulfilling prophecies, this chapter reviews evidence on processes and moderators, stereotype threat, stereotype priming, and rejection sensitivity. With respect to bias, this chapter reviews recent research on race bias in jury selection and, more generally, implores my fellow social psychologists to begin developing some standards for evaluating the true power and extent of bias (e.g., by articulating a model of rationality and assessing both how much people deviate from it and how close they come to it). With respect to accuracy, research on empathic accuracy and accuracy from thin slices of behavior is reviewed.Less
This chapter reviews interesting and important research on self-fulfilling prophecies, expectancy biases, and accuracy that did not fit elsewhere in this book. With respect to self-fulfilling prophecies, this chapter reviews evidence on processes and moderators, stereotype threat, stereotype priming, and rejection sensitivity. With respect to bias, this chapter reviews recent research on race bias in jury selection and, more generally, implores my fellow social psychologists to begin developing some standards for evaluating the true power and extent of bias (e.g., by articulating a model of rationality and assessing both how much people deviate from it and how close they come to it). With respect to accuracy, research on empathic accuracy and accuracy from thin slices of behavior is reviewed.
Richard J. Stevenson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199539352
- eISBN:
- 9780191724008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539352.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter argues that flavour hedonics contribute to three discrete functions: (1) acceptance or rejection of food prior to ingestion; (2) acceptance or rejection of food once it is initially ...
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This chapter argues that flavour hedonics contribute to three discrete functions: (1) acceptance or rejection of food prior to ingestion; (2) acceptance or rejection of food once it is initially placed in the mouth; and (3) regulation (partially at least) of the quantity and type of food ingested during a meal and following a meal. Two points are pertinent for discussion. The first concerns the extent to which hedonic states that are arguably involved in these three functions are consciously used in food choice (i.e., functions one and two) and in appetite regulation (i.e., function three). The position adopted here is that conscious decision making, involving affect, is important, but this comes with a significant caveat, in that many unconscious influences — psychological and biological — impact here as well.Less
This chapter argues that flavour hedonics contribute to three discrete functions: (1) acceptance or rejection of food prior to ingestion; (2) acceptance or rejection of food once it is initially placed in the mouth; and (3) regulation (partially at least) of the quantity and type of food ingested during a meal and following a meal. Two points are pertinent for discussion. The first concerns the extent to which hedonic states that are arguably involved in these three functions are consciously used in food choice (i.e., functions one and two) and in appetite regulation (i.e., function three). The position adopted here is that conscious decision making, involving affect, is important, but this comes with a significant caveat, in that many unconscious influences — psychological and biological — impact here as well.
