Donald Markwell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198292364
- eISBN:
- 9780191715525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
From January to June 1919, Keynes was the principal British Treasury representative at the Paris Peace Conference (PPC). He was the Chancellor of the Exchequer’s representative on the Supreme ...
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From January to June 1919, Keynes was the principal British Treasury representative at the Paris Peace Conference (PPC). He was the Chancellor of the Exchequer’s representative on the Supreme Economic Council (SEC) from its creation in February, and a member of its Finance Section (FS), and of various other committees. This chapter deals with Keynes’s activities during the peace conference: concerning food supplies for Germany and Austria; seeking cancellation of war debts, and promoting a credit scheme for the rehabilitation of Europe; and concerning reparations, including his attempt to modify the draft Treaty.Less
From January to June 1919, Keynes was the principal British Treasury representative at the Paris Peace Conference (PPC). He was the Chancellor of the Exchequer’s representative on the Supreme Economic Council (SEC) from its creation in February, and a member of its Finance Section (FS), and of various other committees. This chapter deals with Keynes’s activities during the peace conference: concerning food supplies for Germany and Austria; seeking cancellation of war debts, and promoting a credit scheme for the rehabilitation of Europe; and concerning reparations, including his attempt to modify the draft Treaty.
Donald Markwell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198292364
- eISBN:
- 9780191715525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Within three weeks of leaving the Paris Peace Conference, Keynes had begun to write a book on the Treaty and the economic condition of Europe. He was uncertain whether he would persevere with it, but ...
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Within three weeks of leaving the Paris Peace Conference, Keynes had begun to write a book on the Treaty and the economic condition of Europe. He was uncertain whether he would persevere with it, but Cecil and others encouraged him to do so, andThe Economic Consequences of the Peacewas published in December 1919. In the months of writing, Keynes was involved in a number of discussions of the needs of post-war reconstruction, including talks with a group of European and American financiers meeting in Amsterdam in October and November. This chapter sets out his role in the Amsterdam process of private financial diplomacy; the argument ofThe Economic Consequences; criticisms against it; its impact in the USA; Keynes’s subsequent role in debate on post-war reconstruction leading up to its sequel,A Revision of the Treaty, which appeared in January 1922; and, briefly, debate on reparations and war debts down to 1933.Less
Within three weeks of leaving the Paris Peace Conference, Keynes had begun to write a book on the Treaty and the economic condition of Europe. He was uncertain whether he would persevere with it, but Cecil and others encouraged him to do so, andThe Economic Consequences of the Peacewas published in December 1919. In the months of writing, Keynes was involved in a number of discussions of the needs of post-war reconstruction, including talks with a group of European and American financiers meeting in Amsterdam in October and November. This chapter sets out his role in the Amsterdam process of private financial diplomacy; the argument ofThe Economic Consequences; criticisms against it; its impact in the USA; Keynes’s subsequent role in debate on post-war reconstruction leading up to its sequel,A Revision of the Treaty, which appeared in January 1922; and, briefly, debate on reparations and war debts down to 1933.
Deborah R. Becker and Robert E. Drake
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195131215
- eISBN:
- 9780199863808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195131215.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter describes some of the theoretical notions that led to the foundation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation theory ...
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This chapter describes some of the theoretical notions that led to the foundation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation theory indicates that individual functioning is enhanced by supportive environments and skill development. The theory of recovery is that people can move beyond illness and have meaningful life activities such as work. Disability is not an inherent part of illness but a secondary problem resulting from ways society marginalizes people (e.g., stigma, segregation). Furthermore, community mental health treatments and policies have resulted in experiences that lead to disempowerment and deflating learning experiences. For example, people steered to work in sheltered workshops come to believe that they can only work in that setting. Theories that have not been tested may lead to false information. For example, the notion that parallel services are more effective than integrated services was tested and found to be false. While there are many theories in psychology and rehabilitation, IPS supported employment is based not only on theory but also on empirical outcome studies.Less
This chapter describes some of the theoretical notions that led to the foundation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation theory indicates that individual functioning is enhanced by supportive environments and skill development. The theory of recovery is that people can move beyond illness and have meaningful life activities such as work. Disability is not an inherent part of illness but a secondary problem resulting from ways society marginalizes people (e.g., stigma, segregation). Furthermore, community mental health treatments and policies have resulted in experiences that lead to disempowerment and deflating learning experiences. For example, people steered to work in sheltered workshops come to believe that they can only work in that setting. Theories that have not been tested may lead to false information. For example, the notion that parallel services are more effective than integrated services was tested and found to be false. While there are many theories in psychology and rehabilitation, IPS supported employment is based not only on theory but also on empirical outcome studies.
Eleni Kechagia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199597239
- eISBN:
- 9780191731495
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199597239.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
Plutarch's philosophical work remained largely in the shadow of his celebrated Lives, partly because it was often dubbed ‘popular philosophy’, and partly because it was thought to be lacking in ...
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Plutarch's philosophical work remained largely in the shadow of his celebrated Lives, partly because it was often dubbed ‘popular philosophy’, and partly because it was thought to be lacking in originality. This book contributes to the ‘rehabilitation’ of Plutarch as a serious philosopher by discussing his work as a teacher, interpreter, and, eventually, historian of philosophy. It offers a critical analysis of Plutarch's anti-Epicurean treatise Against Colotes — a unique text that is rich in philosophical material and has been widely used as a source for ancient Greek philosophy but has not been studied in its own right so far. Combining a historical approach with structural analysis and close reading of selected sections of the text, the book demonstrates that Plutarch engaged with the philosophy of his past in a creative way. By refuting Colotes' Epicurean arguments against the main Greek philosophers up to the Hellenistic era, Plutarch gives an insightful critical assessment of the philosophy of his past and teaches his readers how to go about doing and reading philosophy. The book concludes that Plutarch emerges as a respected critic whose ‘reviews’ of the past philosophical theories are an essential companion when trying to piece together the puzzle of ancient Greek philosophy.Less
Plutarch's philosophical work remained largely in the shadow of his celebrated Lives, partly because it was often dubbed ‘popular philosophy’, and partly because it was thought to be lacking in originality. This book contributes to the ‘rehabilitation’ of Plutarch as a serious philosopher by discussing his work as a teacher, interpreter, and, eventually, historian of philosophy. It offers a critical analysis of Plutarch's anti-Epicurean treatise Against Colotes — a unique text that is rich in philosophical material and has been widely used as a source for ancient Greek philosophy but has not been studied in its own right so far. Combining a historical approach with structural analysis and close reading of selected sections of the text, the book demonstrates that Plutarch engaged with the philosophy of his past in a creative way. By refuting Colotes' Epicurean arguments against the main Greek philosophers up to the Hellenistic era, Plutarch gives an insightful critical assessment of the philosophy of his past and teaches his readers how to go about doing and reading philosophy. The book concludes that Plutarch emerges as a respected critic whose ‘reviews’ of the past philosophical theories are an essential companion when trying to piece together the puzzle of ancient Greek philosophy.
Susan Harkema, PhD, Andrea Behrman, PhD, PT, and Hugues Barbeau, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342086
- eISBN:
- 9780199897063
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342086.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is ...
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Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is discussed in this book. The book also reviews physical rehabilitation for posture, standing, and walking from a historical perspective that provides a context for the emergence of locomotor training as an activity-based therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke by implementing evidence-based practice providing new strategies to augment already successful therapeutic approaches. As an activity-based therapy, locomotor training provides activation of the neuromuscular system below the level of lesion with the goal of retraining the nervous system to recover specific motor tasks related to mobility, posture, standing, and walking. The book presents the four guiding principles that serve as the basis for clinical decisions throughout the three components of locomotor training. Successfully providing the locomotor training intervention is dependent on knowledge, skill, proper equipment and attire, and clinical decisions for progression. Community integration prepares the client for functioning at home and in the community. The primary goal of both overground assessment and community integration is to translate the capacity of the nervous system developed during step training to walking at home and in the community. The locomotor training intervention is implemented by identifying specific goals based on the current phase of recovery. Properly and continuously challenging clients to achieve higher levels of performance is critical to recovery. Even though the accomplished neural plasticity may not have yet resulted in reaching functional goals such as transferring, standing, or improvements in walking, the assessments in the phasing will show more incremental changes in neural recovery. The sequence of implementing these specific goals is based both on the scientific evidence and the experience of many physical therapists who have provided the intervention in research and clinical environments over the past decade.Less
Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is discussed in this book. The book also reviews physical rehabilitation for posture, standing, and walking from a historical perspective that provides a context for the emergence of locomotor training as an activity-based therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke by implementing evidence-based practice providing new strategies to augment already successful therapeutic approaches. As an activity-based therapy, locomotor training provides activation of the neuromuscular system below the level of lesion with the goal of retraining the nervous system to recover specific motor tasks related to mobility, posture, standing, and walking. The book presents the four guiding principles that serve as the basis for clinical decisions throughout the three components of locomotor training. Successfully providing the locomotor training intervention is dependent on knowledge, skill, proper equipment and attire, and clinical decisions for progression. Community integration prepares the client for functioning at home and in the community. The primary goal of both overground assessment and community integration is to translate the capacity of the nervous system developed during step training to walking at home and in the community. The locomotor training intervention is implemented by identifying specific goals based on the current phase of recovery. Properly and continuously challenging clients to achieve higher levels of performance is critical to recovery. Even though the accomplished neural plasticity may not have yet resulted in reaching functional goals such as transferring, standing, or improvements in walking, the assessments in the phasing will show more incremental changes in neural recovery. The sequence of implementing these specific goals is based both on the scientific evidence and the experience of many physical therapists who have provided the intervention in research and clinical environments over the past decade.
Paloma Aguilar
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240906
- eISBN:
- 9780191598869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240906.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
In all processes of political change the emerging regime must face the difficult task of deciding what to do with the legacies of the former dictatorship, which people were working for the previous ...
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In all processes of political change the emerging regime must face the difficult task of deciding what to do with the legacies of the former dictatorship, which people were working for the previous civil and military administration preserve, and whether or not to put on trial those responsible for having violated human rights under the previous regime. This chapter analyses what was done, and what was deliberately put aside in the Spanish case. The Spanish transition to democracy has been praised as mainly exemplary, and as demonstrating success in the stabilization of the new democratic regime. However, the final positive result should not obscure the fact that, because of the correlation of forces of the transitional period, and also because of the traumatic collective memory of the Spanish civil war, the victims of the Francoist repression were not properly rehabilitated and the dictatorship was not condemned in the Spanish parliament until 2002. In fact, a very broad Amnesty Law was passed in 1977 that not only allowed all ETA prisoners to get out of jail, but also impeded the judicial revision of the dictatorial past. None of these limitations have impeded the consolidation of democracy in Spain, but some important sectors of society feel that justice has not been done, which explains the very recent political, social and even cultural initiatives to face the authoritarian past.Less
In all processes of political change the emerging regime must face the difficult task of deciding what to do with the legacies of the former dictatorship, which people were working for the previous civil and military administration preserve, and whether or not to put on trial those responsible for having violated human rights under the previous regime. This chapter analyses what was done, and what was deliberately put aside in the Spanish case. The Spanish transition to democracy has been praised as mainly exemplary, and as demonstrating success in the stabilization of the new democratic regime. However, the final positive result should not obscure the fact that, because of the correlation of forces of the transitional period, and also because of the traumatic collective memory of the Spanish civil war, the victims of the Francoist repression were not properly rehabilitated and the dictatorship was not condemned in the Spanish parliament until 2002. In fact, a very broad Amnesty Law was passed in 1977 that not only allowed all ETA prisoners to get out of jail, but also impeded the judicial revision of the dictatorial past. None of these limitations have impeded the consolidation of democracy in Spain, but some important sectors of society feel that justice has not been done, which explains the very recent political, social and even cultural initiatives to face the authoritarian past.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as ...
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Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as efforts were made to regularize the status and control of stateless and denationalized people. During and after World War II, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) further expanded the international organizational framework for refugees. Since 1951, an international refugee regime—composed of UNHCR and a network of other international agencies, national governments, and voluntary or non‐governmental organizations—has developed a response strategy that permits some refugees to remain in their countries of first asylum, enables some to resettle in third countries and arranges for still others to be repatriated to their countries of origin.Less
Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as efforts were made to regularize the status and control of stateless and denationalized people. During and after World War II, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) further expanded the international organizational framework for refugees. Since 1951, an international refugee regime—composed of UNHCR and a network of other international agencies, national governments, and voluntary or non‐governmental organizations—has developed a response strategy that permits some refugees to remain in their countries of first asylum, enables some to resettle in third countries and arranges for still others to be repatriated to their countries of origin.
Rex Martin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292937
- eISBN:
- 9780191599811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292937.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The chapter suggests that there are three main modes of punishment (each with distinguishing features): (1) penalty, invoked against the offender; (2) compensation, to be paid to the victim of crime; ...
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The chapter suggests that there are three main modes of punishment (each with distinguishing features): (1) penalty, invoked against the offender; (2) compensation, to be paid to the victim of crime; and (3) treatment and rehabilitation of the adjudged offender. These are all modes of punishment in virtue of coming under the same general characterization, but each mode has distinguishing features as well. Penalty (e.g. imprisonment, fines) has the prevention of lawbreaking (and thereby the prevention of violations to the rights of others) as its exclusive or primary goal; it achieves this goal through credible examples of penalization or through incapacitation of the offender. Compensation is concerned principally with the good of the victims of crime (with restoration of such persons’ well being, with covering the losses they suffered through the violation of their rights by the offender); it achieves this goal by requiring that money or in‐kind aid be given to the victim (and achieves thereby, an incidental deterrent impact on crime as well). Treatment/rehabilitation is concerned with the good of the adjudged violator (though not exclusively, for the ultimate good of society is also contemplated); it achieves this goal through distinctive measures of treatment (e.g. medical treatment) and rehabilitation (e.g.education).One of the main thrusts of this chapter is to show that treatment/rehabilitation, in so far as it is required of adjudged violators is a quite specific and independent mode of punishment. The relevant argument here, respecting treatment/rehabilitation, is conducted mainly by considering a hard case: legal insanity, i.e. the after‐verdict handling of persons adjudged ‘not guilty by reason of insanity’.Less
The chapter suggests that there are three main modes of punishment (each with distinguishing features): (1) penalty, invoked against the offender; (2) compensation, to be paid to the victim of crime; and (3) treatment and rehabilitation of the adjudged offender. These are all modes of punishment in virtue of coming under the same general characterization, but each mode has distinguishing features as well. Penalty (e.g. imprisonment, fines) has the prevention of lawbreaking (and thereby the prevention of violations to the rights of others) as its exclusive or primary goal; it achieves this goal through credible examples of penalization or through incapacitation of the offender. Compensation is concerned principally with the good of the victims of crime (with restoration of such persons’ well being, with covering the losses they suffered through the violation of their rights by the offender); it achieves this goal by requiring that money or in‐kind aid be given to the victim (and achieves thereby, an incidental deterrent impact on crime as well). Treatment/rehabilitation is concerned with the good of the adjudged violator (though not exclusively, for the ultimate good of society is also contemplated); it achieves this goal through distinctive measures of treatment (e.g. medical treatment) and rehabilitation (e.g.education).
One of the main thrusts of this chapter is to show that treatment/rehabilitation, in so far as it is required of adjudged violators is a quite specific and independent mode of punishment. The relevant argument here, respecting treatment/rehabilitation, is conducted mainly by considering a hard case: legal insanity, i.e. the after‐verdict handling of persons adjudged ‘not guilty by reason of insanity’.
Rex Martin
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292937
- eISBN:
- 9780191599811
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292937.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The chapter argues that treatment and rehabilitation can be a mode of punishment only if it is required of convicted offenders, either in virtue of a legal sanction imposed on them or in virtue of ...
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The chapter argues that treatment and rehabilitation can be a mode of punishment only if it is required of convicted offenders, either in virtue of a legal sanction imposed on them or in virtue of their status as adjudged violators, and it can exhibit an essential tie with civil rights (as do the other two modes, penalty and compensation) only if convicts are, in virtue of their status, required to receive certain services or benefits that the violator (along with other citizens) has a right to. The argument is developed by reference to work in prisons.One problem faced by this analysis is the widespread belief that convicts qua adjudged violators have forfeited certain important rights (or, indeed, all rights); this claim about forfeit is challenged. Another problem is to distinguish beneficial and rehabilitative work in prisons from hard labour conceived as a penalty or from remunerative work designed to help prisoners pay compensation to their victims. The case for work in prisons asbeneficial and rehabilitative, rests on the idea that work there can be not only a general expectation attached to prisoner status but also a putative right of prisoners (as one feature of a policy of full employment for all citizens, which is itself justified by the idea of a right to work).This line of analysis completes the turn, begun with the discussion of compensation, toward emphasizing coercion of the adjudged law breaker (rather than emphasizing causing them pain) in one's characterization of punishment and, ultimately, of treating punishment in all its modes as integral to a system of rights. The chapter concludes by summarizing the place of punishment in such a system and the reforms needed to make it optimally suitable there.Less
The chapter argues that treatment and rehabilitation can be a mode of punishment only if it is required of convicted offenders, either in virtue of a legal sanction imposed on them or in virtue of their status as adjudged violators, and it can exhibit an essential tie with civil rights (as do the other two modes, penalty and compensation) only if convicts are, in virtue of their status, required to receive certain services or benefits that the violator (along with other citizens) has a right to. The argument is developed by reference to work in prisons.
One problem faced by this analysis is the widespread belief that convicts qua adjudged violators have forfeited certain important rights (or, indeed, all rights); this claim about forfeit is challenged. Another problem is to distinguish beneficial and rehabilitative work in prisons from hard labour conceived as a penalty or from remunerative work designed to help prisoners pay compensation to their victims. The case for work in prisons as
beneficial and rehabilitative, rests on the idea that work there can be not only a general expectation attached to prisoner status but also a putative right of prisoners (as one feature of a policy of full employment for all citizens, which is itself justified by the idea of a right to work).
This line of analysis completes the turn, begun with the discussion of compensation, toward emphasizing coercion of the adjudged law breaker (rather than emphasizing causing them pain) in one's characterization of punishment and, ultimately, of treating punishment in all its modes as integral to a system of rights. The chapter concludes by summarizing the place of punishment in such a system and the reforms needed to make it optimally suitable there.
Francis Wing-lin Lee
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028801
- eISBN:
- 9789882207226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028801.003.0017
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
In putting a stop to the criminalization process, the gradual procession in which a juvenile delinquent develops into an adult criminal because of insufficient intervention, intermediate intervention ...
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In putting a stop to the criminalization process, the gradual procession in which a juvenile delinquent develops into an adult criminal because of insufficient intervention, intermediate intervention is employed. This program enables the court to require attendance in one or more treatment groups for the probation order of a young offender. Effective rehabilitation and aftercare supervision involve measuring the effects of these programs through analyzing both hard and soft data. Whether these supervision measures are based on group guidance or individual work or interviews, mutual trust proves to be an integral factor. Before a consensus is arrived at regarding the most appropriate RJ measures, it is important that a mixed criminal justice model be continuously applied. This chapter emphasizes the need for utilizing CBTs, participation in therapeutic treatment groups, and support for these groups.Less
In putting a stop to the criminalization process, the gradual procession in which a juvenile delinquent develops into an adult criminal because of insufficient intervention, intermediate intervention is employed. This program enables the court to require attendance in one or more treatment groups for the probation order of a young offender. Effective rehabilitation and aftercare supervision involve measuring the effects of these programs through analyzing both hard and soft data. Whether these supervision measures are based on group guidance or individual work or interviews, mutual trust proves to be an integral factor. Before a consensus is arrived at regarding the most appropriate RJ measures, it is important that a mixed criminal justice model be continuously applied. This chapter emphasizes the need for utilizing CBTs, participation in therapeutic treatment groups, and support for these groups.
Christopher Slobogin and Mark R. Fondacaro
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199778355
- eISBN:
- 9780199895151
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778355.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
First established at the end of the 19th century, the juvenile justice system has long been searching for an effective set of guiding principles. Over the last hundred years, through a series of ...
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First established at the end of the 19th century, the juvenile justice system has long been searching for an effective set of guiding principles. Over the last hundred years, through a series of piecemeal rulings, it has undergone an evolution from its original foundation on the rehabilitation model to the current “get-tough” system that increasingly treats juvenile offenders as adults. At present, there is no overarching theory or model of juvenile justice intervention in this nation or even in any given state. Juvenile justice policy is best characterized as a helter-skelter array, inconsistent across jurisdictions, with no overarching theoretical framework providing guidance. Indeed, the field is desperately in need of a coherent model to serve as a guide to policymaking. In recent years, substantial gains have been made in the relevant knowledge on juveniles and offender treatment. We know more about the cognition and functioning of minors generally, and juvenile offenders specifically, as well as about how they respond to different types of interventions. Public attitudes have softened since the height of the “get-tough” era, and many policymakers are open to new ideas as they recognize that the current system just isn't effective. This book presents a vision for a new juvenile justice system, founded on the evidence at hand and promoting the principles of rehabilitation and reintegration into society. The book develops its own juvenile justice policy proposals effectively by carefully addressing the problems with past policy approaches and recent theoretical contributions, the science underlying the new perspective to be elucidated in the book, and how that science informs the book's perspective. Most helpfully, it provides a detailed description of the proposed new model along with discussion of the procedural rules that should accompany its implementation, and articulation of the way in which the model would work in practice.Less
First established at the end of the 19th century, the juvenile justice system has long been searching for an effective set of guiding principles. Over the last hundred years, through a series of piecemeal rulings, it has undergone an evolution from its original foundation on the rehabilitation model to the current “get-tough” system that increasingly treats juvenile offenders as adults. At present, there is no overarching theory or model of juvenile justice intervention in this nation or even in any given state. Juvenile justice policy is best characterized as a helter-skelter array, inconsistent across jurisdictions, with no overarching theoretical framework providing guidance. Indeed, the field is desperately in need of a coherent model to serve as a guide to policymaking. In recent years, substantial gains have been made in the relevant knowledge on juveniles and offender treatment. We know more about the cognition and functioning of minors generally, and juvenile offenders specifically, as well as about how they respond to different types of interventions. Public attitudes have softened since the height of the “get-tough” era, and many policymakers are open to new ideas as they recognize that the current system just isn't effective. This book presents a vision for a new juvenile justice system, founded on the evidence at hand and promoting the principles of rehabilitation and reintegration into society. The book develops its own juvenile justice policy proposals effectively by carefully addressing the problems with past policy approaches and recent theoretical contributions, the science underlying the new perspective to be elucidated in the book, and how that science informs the book's perspective. Most helpfully, it provides a detailed description of the proposed new model along with discussion of the procedural rules that should accompany its implementation, and articulation of the way in which the model would work in practice.
Anne E. Russon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0023
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. ...
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Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. This chapter assesses the role of rehabilitation in the conservation of orangutan populations in their natural habitat in light of over 40 years of operation. The chapter reviews the history of orangutan rehabilitation efforts, including its priorities, politics, and practicalities relative to conservation. The chapter also reviews available empirical data on survival rates, activity budgets, diet, and reproduction in an effort to assess the success of orangutan rehabilitation empirically, as a basis for responding to persistent criticisms that orangutan rehabilitation is not successful and does not contribute to conservation. Finally, the chapter discusses how orangutan rehabilitation operates today, as a basis for understanding the complexities involved, modern approaches to programming, remaining limitations, and continuing challenges.Less
Projects for rehabilitating then releasing ex-captive orangutans to free forest life have operated continuously, throughout the orangutan’s modern range, on both Borneo and Sumatra, since the 1960s. This chapter assesses the role of rehabilitation in the conservation of orangutan populations in their natural habitat in light of over 40 years of operation. The chapter reviews the history of orangutan rehabilitation efforts, including its priorities, politics, and practicalities relative to conservation. The chapter also reviews available empirical data on survival rates, activity budgets, diet, and reproduction in an effort to assess the success of orangutan rehabilitation empirically, as a basis for responding to persistent criticisms that orangutan rehabilitation is not successful and does not contribute to conservation. Finally, the chapter discusses how orangutan rehabilitation operates today, as a basis for understanding the complexities involved, modern approaches to programming, remaining limitations, and continuing challenges.
Simon Morrison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195181678
- eISBN:
- 9780199870806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181678.003.0009
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter describes Prokofiev's gradual rehabilitation within the Stalinist cultural and political establishment, his successful fulfillment of commissions for pallid works on themes of youth ...
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This chapter describes Prokofiev's gradual rehabilitation within the Stalinist cultural and political establishment, his successful fulfillment of commissions for pallid works on themes of youth (notably Winter Bonfire and On Guard for Peace), and his collaborations with the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. It also chronicles Prokofiev's hospitalizations and his solitary existence with his second wife Mira Mendelson in Nikolina Gora, where, in his final months, he conceived a series of works in the spirit of Bach. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Prokofiev's posthumous legacy.Less
This chapter describes Prokofiev's gradual rehabilitation within the Stalinist cultural and political establishment, his successful fulfillment of commissions for pallid works on themes of youth (notably Winter Bonfire and On Guard for Peace), and his collaborations with the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich. It also chronicles Prokofiev's hospitalizations and his solitary existence with his second wife Mira Mendelson in Nikolina Gora, where, in his final months, he conceived a series of works in the spirit of Bach. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Prokofiev's posthumous legacy.
Theodore Hamm
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520224278
- eISBN:
- 9780520925236
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520224278.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book uses the 1960 execution of Caryl Chessman as a lens for examining how politics and debates about criminal justice became a volatile mix that ignited postwar California. The effects of those ...
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This book uses the 1960 execution of Caryl Chessman as a lens for examining how politics and debates about criminal justice became a volatile mix that ignited postwar California. The effects of those years continue to be felt as the state's three-strikes law and expanding prison-construction program spark heated arguments over rehabilitation and punishment. Known as the Red Light Bandit, Chessman allegedly stalked lovers' lanes in Los Angeles. Eventually convicted of rape and kidnapping, he was sentenced to death in 1948. In prison he gained significant notoriety as a writer, beginning with his autobiographical Cell 2455 Death Row (1954). In the following years Chessman presented himself not only as an innocent man but also as one rehabilitated from his prior life of crime. He acquired an enthusiastic audience among leading criminologists, liberal intellectuals, and ordinary citizens, many of whom engaged in protests to halt Chessman's execution. The book analyzes how Chessman convinced thousands of Californians to support him, and why Governor Edmund G. (Pat) Brown, who opposed the death penalty, allowed the execution to go forward. It also demonstrates the intrinsic limits of the popular commitment to the rehabilitative ideal. This book places the Chessman case in a broad cultural and historical context, relating it to histories of prison reform, the anti-death penalty movement, the popularization of psychology, and the successive rise and decline of the New Left and the more enduring rise of the New Right.Less
This book uses the 1960 execution of Caryl Chessman as a lens for examining how politics and debates about criminal justice became a volatile mix that ignited postwar California. The effects of those years continue to be felt as the state's three-strikes law and expanding prison-construction program spark heated arguments over rehabilitation and punishment. Known as the Red Light Bandit, Chessman allegedly stalked lovers' lanes in Los Angeles. Eventually convicted of rape and kidnapping, he was sentenced to death in 1948. In prison he gained significant notoriety as a writer, beginning with his autobiographical Cell 2455 Death Row (1954). In the following years Chessman presented himself not only as an innocent man but also as one rehabilitated from his prior life of crime. He acquired an enthusiastic audience among leading criminologists, liberal intellectuals, and ordinary citizens, many of whom engaged in protests to halt Chessman's execution. The book analyzes how Chessman convinced thousands of Californians to support him, and why Governor Edmund G. (Pat) Brown, who opposed the death penalty, allowed the execution to go forward. It also demonstrates the intrinsic limits of the popular commitment to the rehabilitative ideal. This book places the Chessman case in a broad cultural and historical context, relating it to histories of prison reform, the anti-death penalty movement, the popularization of psychology, and the successive rise and decline of the New Left and the more enduring rise of the New Right.
Peng Xu
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199284511
- eISBN:
- 9780191713705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284511.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter presents evidence on recent bankruptcy resolution and bankruptcy reform in Japan. Prior to bankruptcy, bank lenders are less likely to intervene than they did before bankruptcy. Most ...
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This chapter presents evidence on recent bankruptcy resolution and bankruptcy reform in Japan. Prior to bankruptcy, bank lenders are less likely to intervene than they did before bankruptcy. Most bankrupt firms experience abnormal president turnover around bankruptcy filings. Civil Rehabilitation firm expenditure in bankruptcy is substantially shorter than that in a Corporate Reorganization firm. Also, Corporate Reorganization firms have proven to emerge quicker after the 2000 bankruptcy reform. The main difference between rehabilitation duration and reorganization duration is that leverage only prolongs Civil Rehabilitation duration.Less
This chapter presents evidence on recent bankruptcy resolution and bankruptcy reform in Japan. Prior to bankruptcy, bank lenders are less likely to intervene than they did before bankruptcy. Most bankrupt firms experience abnormal president turnover around bankruptcy filings. Civil Rehabilitation firm expenditure in bankruptcy is substantially shorter than that in a Corporate Reorganization firm. Also, Corporate Reorganization firms have proven to emerge quicker after the 2000 bankruptcy reform. The main difference between rehabilitation duration and reorganization duration is that leverage only prolongs Civil Rehabilitation duration.
Nha Voduc, Katherine Webb, and Denis E. OʼDonnell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530039.003.0009
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses pulmonary rehabilitation, a multidisciplinary program for caring for patients with chronic respiratory impairment. This program is individually tailored and specifically ...
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This chapter discusses pulmonary rehabilitation, a multidisciplinary program for caring for patients with chronic respiratory impairment. This program is individually tailored and specifically designed to address the needs of each patient and to assure delivery of optimized physical and social performance, and autonomy to each patient. Although initially met with doubt, pulmonary rehabilitation has established its significance and importance in the care of patients with chronic respiratory disease. In the chapter, the components and paradigm of pulmonary rehabilitation program, the benefits of rehabilitation, and the effects of rehabilitation on dyspnoea are considered and examined.Less
This chapter discusses pulmonary rehabilitation, a multidisciplinary program for caring for patients with chronic respiratory impairment. This program is individually tailored and specifically designed to address the needs of each patient and to assure delivery of optimized physical and social performance, and autonomy to each patient. Although initially met with doubt, pulmonary rehabilitation has established its significance and importance in the care of patients with chronic respiratory disease. In the chapter, the components and paradigm of pulmonary rehabilitation program, the benefits of rehabilitation, and the effects of rehabilitation on dyspnoea are considered and examined.
Hans-Otto Karnath, A. David Milner, and Giuseppe Vallar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198508335
- eISBN:
- 9780191687327
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508335.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Spatial neglect is a disorder of space-related behaviour. It is characterized by failure to explore the side of space contralateral to a brain lesion, or to react or respond to stimuli or subjects ...
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Spatial neglect is a disorder of space-related behaviour. It is characterized by failure to explore the side of space contralateral to a brain lesion, or to react or respond to stimuli or subjects located on this side. Research on spatial neglect and related disorders has developed rapidly in recent years. These advances have been made as a result of neuropsychological studies of patients with brain damage and behavioural studies of animal models, as well as through functional neurophysiological experiments and functional neuroimaging. This book provides an overview of this wide-ranging field, providing a cohesive synthesis of the most recent observations and results. The study of spatial neglect helps us to understand normal mechanisms of directing and maintaining spatial attention and is relevant to the contemporary search for the cerebral correlates of conscious experience, voluntary action and the nature of personal identity itself. The book is divided into seven sections covering the anatomical and neurophysiological bases of the disorder, frameworks of neglect, perceptual and motor factors, the relation to attention, the cognitive processes involved, and strategies for rehabilitation.Less
Spatial neglect is a disorder of space-related behaviour. It is characterized by failure to explore the side of space contralateral to a brain lesion, or to react or respond to stimuli or subjects located on this side. Research on spatial neglect and related disorders has developed rapidly in recent years. These advances have been made as a result of neuropsychological studies of patients with brain damage and behavioural studies of animal models, as well as through functional neurophysiological experiments and functional neuroimaging. This book provides an overview of this wide-ranging field, providing a cohesive synthesis of the most recent observations and results. The study of spatial neglect helps us to understand normal mechanisms of directing and maintaining spatial attention and is relevant to the contemporary search for the cerebral correlates of conscious experience, voluntary action and the nature of personal identity itself. The book is divided into seven sections covering the anatomical and neurophysiological bases of the disorder, frameworks of neglect, perceptual and motor factors, the relation to attention, the cognitive processes involved, and strategies for rehabilitation.
Joan Petersilia
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195160864
- eISBN:
- 9780199943395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160864.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This book assembles and analyzes the relevant information pertaining to prisoner reentry: the systems, people, programs, and prospects for implementing a more effective and just system. This chapter ...
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This book assembles and analyzes the relevant information pertaining to prisoner reentry: the systems, people, programs, and prospects for implementing a more effective and just system. This chapter summarizes the data and develops major themes and policy recommendations. No one believes that the current prison and parole system is working. Recent public opinion polls show an increasing dissatisfaction with the purely punitive approach to criminal justice. Data suggest that having to earn and demonstrate readiness for release and being supervised postprison may have some deterrent or rehabilitation benefits—particularly for the most dangerous offenders. Effective programs include therapeutic communities for drug addicts and substance abuse programs with aftercare for alcoholics and drug addicts; cognitive behavioral programs for sex offenders; and adult basic education, vocational education, and prison industries for the general prison population.Less
This book assembles and analyzes the relevant information pertaining to prisoner reentry: the systems, people, programs, and prospects for implementing a more effective and just system. This chapter summarizes the data and develops major themes and policy recommendations. No one believes that the current prison and parole system is working. Recent public opinion polls show an increasing dissatisfaction with the purely punitive approach to criminal justice. Data suggest that having to earn and demonstrate readiness for release and being supervised postprison may have some deterrent or rehabilitation benefits—particularly for the most dangerous offenders. Effective programs include therapeutic communities for drug addicts and substance abuse programs with aftercare for alcoholics and drug addicts; cognitive behavioral programs for sex offenders; and adult basic education, vocational education, and prison industries for the general prison population.
Joan Petersilia
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195160864
- eISBN:
- 9780199943395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160864.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter documents the decline of inmate participation in prison work, treatment, and education programs. It considers these trends in light of the growing amount of research documenting what ...
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This chapter documents the decline of inmate participation in prison work, treatment, and education programs. It considers these trends in light of the growing amount of research documenting what works, and the changing nature of inmates' characteristics. The data show that U.S. prisons today offer fewer services than they did when inmate problems were less severe, although history shows that not much has been invested in prison rehabilitation. Today, just one-third of all prisoners released will have received vocational or educational training while in prison. And despite the fact that three-quarters of all inmates have alcohol or drug abuse problems, just one-fourth of all inmates will participate in a substance abuse program prior to release. The treatment programs consist mostly of inmate self-help groups rather than the intensive therapeutic communities found to be most effective.Less
This chapter documents the decline of inmate participation in prison work, treatment, and education programs. It considers these trends in light of the growing amount of research documenting what works, and the changing nature of inmates' characteristics. The data show that U.S. prisons today offer fewer services than they did when inmate problems were less severe, although history shows that not much has been invested in prison rehabilitation. Today, just one-third of all prisoners released will have received vocational or educational training while in prison. And despite the fact that three-quarters of all inmates have alcohol or drug abuse problems, just one-fourth of all inmates will participate in a substance abuse program prior to release. The treatment programs consist mostly of inmate self-help groups rather than the intensive therapeutic communities found to be most effective.
Joan Petersilia
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195160864
- eISBN:
- 9780199943395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160864.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter focuses on the current and potential roles that victims might play in managing prisoner reentry. It discusses the legal rights of victims to be notified of a parolee's release and to ...
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This chapter focuses on the current and potential roles that victims might play in managing prisoner reentry. It discusses the legal rights of victims to be notified of a parolee's release and to testify at parole hearings. It also discusses the crucial role they might play in enhancing community safety and offender rehabilitation.Less
This chapter focuses on the current and potential roles that victims might play in managing prisoner reentry. It discusses the legal rights of victims to be notified of a parolee's release and to testify at parole hearings. It also discusses the crucial role they might play in enhancing community safety and offender rehabilitation.
