Gunther Kühne
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199299874
- eISBN:
- 9780191714931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299874.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Over recent years, alternative modes of regulation have been increasingly accepted and practised in Germany, causing friction between traditional law-making procedures by constitutionally empowered ...
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Over recent years, alternative modes of regulation have been increasingly accepted and practised in Germany, causing friction between traditional law-making procedures by constitutionally empowered state organs and modern forms of rule-making by bodies and entities not vested by the Constitution with such functions. This chapter discusses this situation. After a short presentation of the constitutional foundations of traditional state rule-making mechanisms, it analyzes the tendencies towards contractual and self-regulatory mechanisms during the last decades, with particular emphasis on the inroads alternative forms of regulation have made into state rule-making in the areas of environmental law and, in particular, environment-related energy law. It describes the German experience with alternatives to classical regulation during implementation of the first generation of European Union internal energy market directives (electricity and gas) of 1996 and 1998, respectively. This experience is preponderantly negative in the sense that the new Energy Act 2005, which implements the second generation directives of 2003, has reverted to traditional state regulation (re-regulation) of an unprecedented dimension. Particular problems are raised by alternative (non-state) self-regulatory market-related mechanisms with regard to competition (antitrust) law, which, in essence, forbids all kinds of concerted action among market participants because of their actual or potential anti-competitive effects. The chapter concludes with observations which reflect the mixed experience with alternatives to regulation in Germany.Less
Over recent years, alternative modes of regulation have been increasingly accepted and practised in Germany, causing friction between traditional law-making procedures by constitutionally empowered state organs and modern forms of rule-making by bodies and entities not vested by the Constitution with such functions. This chapter discusses this situation. After a short presentation of the constitutional foundations of traditional state rule-making mechanisms, it analyzes the tendencies towards contractual and self-regulatory mechanisms during the last decades, with particular emphasis on the inroads alternative forms of regulation have made into state rule-making in the areas of environmental law and, in particular, environment-related energy law. It describes the German experience with alternatives to classical regulation during implementation of the first generation of European Union internal energy market directives (electricity and gas) of 1996 and 1998, respectively. This experience is preponderantly negative in the sense that the new Energy Act 2005, which implements the second generation directives of 2003, has reverted to traditional state regulation (re-regulation) of an unprecedented dimension. Particular problems are raised by alternative (non-state) self-regulatory market-related mechanisms with regard to competition (antitrust) law, which, in essence, forbids all kinds of concerted action among market participants because of their actual or potential anti-competitive effects. The chapter concludes with observations which reflect the mixed experience with alternatives to regulation in Germany.
Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199282555
- eISBN:
- 9780191700217
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282555.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This book examines the European Community legislation that regulates the safety of consumer products. The book surveys the extent to which this legislation aims to and succeeds in achieving safety ...
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This book examines the European Community legislation that regulates the safety of consumer products. The book surveys the extent to which this legislation aims to and succeeds in achieving safety for a wide range of products. There are different legal requirements for medicines, machines, electronics, toys and so on, which employ different regulatory mechanisms, including pre-marketing assessment, provision of information, control of the manufacturing environment, post-marketing obligations on producers and authorities, and obligations on distributors and users. The book compares the various mechanisms relating to medicinal products, products covered by New Approach Directives, cosmetics, biocides, tobacco products, and consumer products covered by the General Product Safety Directive, and asks why particular mechanisms are used, or not used for different products. The book then moves on to consider what is meant by product ‘safety’, demonstrating the relativity of this concept. It highlights an important problem: that consumers, the media, and experts can all have differing ideas on the level of safety that is relevant and acceptable. The book contends that the systems are in need of review, to ensure they work effectively and give value for money. In some cases, there is a need for more or less control. The volume argues for more systematic collection of safety data, and for consistency in surveillance and enforcement mechanisms across Europe, pointing towards the need for a European Product Safety Agency.Less
This book examines the European Community legislation that regulates the safety of consumer products. The book surveys the extent to which this legislation aims to and succeeds in achieving safety for a wide range of products. There are different legal requirements for medicines, machines, electronics, toys and so on, which employ different regulatory mechanisms, including pre-marketing assessment, provision of information, control of the manufacturing environment, post-marketing obligations on producers and authorities, and obligations on distributors and users. The book compares the various mechanisms relating to medicinal products, products covered by New Approach Directives, cosmetics, biocides, tobacco products, and consumer products covered by the General Product Safety Directive, and asks why particular mechanisms are used, or not used for different products. The book then moves on to consider what is meant by product ‘safety’, demonstrating the relativity of this concept. It highlights an important problem: that consumers, the media, and experts can all have differing ideas on the level of safety that is relevant and acceptable. The book contends that the systems are in need of review, to ensure they work effectively and give value for money. In some cases, there is a need for more or less control. The volume argues for more systematic collection of safety data, and for consistency in surveillance and enforcement mechanisms across Europe, pointing towards the need for a European Product Safety Agency.
Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199282555
- eISBN:
- 9780191700217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282555.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The chapters of Part two have critically analysed the various mechanisms included in the sectoral and horizontal legislation that contribute to the achievement of the safety in the use of products. ...
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The chapters of Part two have critically analysed the various mechanisms included in the sectoral and horizontal legislation that contribute to the achievement of the safety in the use of products. Various gaps and inconsistencies have been found in the mechanisms that are adopted in the various individual regimes, but this is not surprising given that the sectoral regimes, with the exception of the New Approach family, have developed independently and at different times. It can be seen that each individual mechanism is intended to contribute to product safety, and is likely to do so. The extent of such contribution, however, could only be measured empirically. Although the comparisons carried out in the above analysis have inevitably led to conclusions that some product regimes contain greater controls than others, it does not necessarily follow that every system should be identical or should comprise a complete range of regulatory mechanisms.Less
The chapters of Part two have critically analysed the various mechanisms included in the sectoral and horizontal legislation that contribute to the achievement of the safety in the use of products. Various gaps and inconsistencies have been found in the mechanisms that are adopted in the various individual regimes, but this is not surprising given that the sectoral regimes, with the exception of the New Approach family, have developed independently and at different times. It can be seen that each individual mechanism is intended to contribute to product safety, and is likely to do so. The extent of such contribution, however, could only be measured empirically. Although the comparisons carried out in the above analysis have inevitably led to conclusions that some product regimes contain greater controls than others, it does not necessarily follow that every system should be identical or should comprise a complete range of regulatory mechanisms.
Federica Carugati
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691195636
- eISBN:
- 9780691198712
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691195636.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
We live in an era of constitution-making. More than half of the world's constitutions have been drafted in the past half-century. Yet, one question still eludes theorists and practitioners alike: how ...
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We live in an era of constitution-making. More than half of the world's constitutions have been drafted in the past half-century. Yet, one question still eludes theorists and practitioners alike: how do stable, growth-enhancing constitutional structures emerge and endure? This book argues that ancient Athens offers a unique laboratory for exploring this question. Because the city-state was reasonably well-documented, smaller than most modern nations, and simpler in its institutional makeup, the case of Athens reveals key factors of successful constitution-making that are hard to flesh out in more complex settings. The book demonstrates that the institutional changes Athens undertook in the late fifth century BCE, after a period of war and internal strife, amounted to a de facto constitution. The constitution restored stability and allowed the democracy to flourish anew. The analysis of Athens' case reveals the importance of three factors for creating a successful constitution: first, a consensus on a set of shared values capable of commanding long-term support; second, a self-enforcing institutional structure that reflects those values; and, third, regulatory mechanisms for policymaking that enable tradeoffs of inclusion to foster growth without jeopardizing stability. The book is an account of how political and economic goals that we normally associate with Western developed countries were once achieved through different institutional arrangements.Less
We live in an era of constitution-making. More than half of the world's constitutions have been drafted in the past half-century. Yet, one question still eludes theorists and practitioners alike: how do stable, growth-enhancing constitutional structures emerge and endure? This book argues that ancient Athens offers a unique laboratory for exploring this question. Because the city-state was reasonably well-documented, smaller than most modern nations, and simpler in its institutional makeup, the case of Athens reveals key factors of successful constitution-making that are hard to flesh out in more complex settings. The book demonstrates that the institutional changes Athens undertook in the late fifth century BCE, after a period of war and internal strife, amounted to a de facto constitution. The constitution restored stability and allowed the democracy to flourish anew. The analysis of Athens' case reveals the importance of three factors for creating a successful constitution: first, a consensus on a set of shared values capable of commanding long-term support; second, a self-enforcing institutional structure that reflects those values; and, third, regulatory mechanisms for policymaking that enable tradeoffs of inclusion to foster growth without jeopardizing stability. The book is an account of how political and economic goals that we normally associate with Western developed countries were once achieved through different institutional arrangements.
M. L. Cuzner and T. Smith
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781872748795
- eISBN:
- 9780191724381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9781872748795.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Detailed immunocytochemical studies of the inflammatory lesion in post-mortem brain from acute cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) reinforce the growing conviction that the immune reaction can be ...
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Detailed immunocytochemical studies of the inflammatory lesion in post-mortem brain from acute cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) reinforce the growing conviction that the immune reaction can be fuelled from within the central nervous system (CNS), although the kinetics of lymphocyte traffic between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid suggest ready access to the CNS compartment for activated T cells. Thus, the persistence of an immune stimulus and the intermittent reactivation of the immune system suggest that MS is a disease of immune regulation, but the nature of its relapsing/remitting course and the exact mechanisms of demyelination are as yet unresolved. This chapter discusses the nature of the cellular infiltrate, humoral immunity in MS, inflammation and demyelination in the CNS in model systems, pathogenetic mechanisms in MS, and regulatory mechanisms in MS.Less
Detailed immunocytochemical studies of the inflammatory lesion in post-mortem brain from acute cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) reinforce the growing conviction that the immune reaction can be fuelled from within the central nervous system (CNS), although the kinetics of lymphocyte traffic between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid suggest ready access to the CNS compartment for activated T cells. Thus, the persistence of an immune stimulus and the intermittent reactivation of the immune system suggest that MS is a disease of immune regulation, but the nature of its relapsing/remitting course and the exact mechanisms of demyelination are as yet unresolved. This chapter discusses the nature of the cellular infiltrate, humoral immunity in MS, inflammation and demyelination in the CNS in model systems, pathogenetic mechanisms in MS, and regulatory mechanisms in MS.
Radu J. Bogdan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262026376
- eISBN:
- 9780262289214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026376.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter first explains how the author's take on self-consciousness relates to some intensely debated topics in the study of consciousness. It then makes the case for the intrinsically relational ...
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This chapter first explains how the author's take on self-consciousness relates to some intensely debated topics in the study of consciousness. It then makes the case for the intrinsically relational format of self-consciousness, on intuitive and conceptual grounds, and empirically through the work of self-regulatory mechanisms that demarcate the self from the world and supervise its relations to the world and their affordances. These self-regulatory mechanisms point to the executive premises of self-consciousness. The question, then, is for what reasons and in what conditions the executive mechanisms install self-consciousness. The chapter introduces the first piece of the eventual answer—the self-regulatory role of the children's intuitive psychology.Less
This chapter first explains how the author's take on self-consciousness relates to some intensely debated topics in the study of consciousness. It then makes the case for the intrinsically relational format of self-consciousness, on intuitive and conceptual grounds, and empirically through the work of self-regulatory mechanisms that demarcate the self from the world and supervise its relations to the world and their affordances. These self-regulatory mechanisms point to the executive premises of self-consciousness. The question, then, is for what reasons and in what conditions the executive mechanisms install self-consciousness. The chapter introduces the first piece of the eventual answer—the self-regulatory role of the children's intuitive psychology.
Robert Elsner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226246710
- eISBN:
- 9780226247045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226247045.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Behavior / Behavioral Ecology
This chapter focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of diving seals. Frequent dives demand exquisite timing of mechanisms that regulate respiration and circulation; long sustained immersions result in ...
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This chapter focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of diving seals. Frequent dives demand exquisite timing of mechanisms that regulate respiration and circulation; long sustained immersions result in metabolic depression. Continued functioning of the seal's heart when its blood-borne oxygen decreases, as the dive lengthens, depends on its enhanced capacity for reliance upon anaerobic energy sources, a capability generally greater than that of nondiving mammals. Increasing cardiac production of lactate that occurs as the dive progresses is a product of the conversion to anaerobic metabolic processes, and is supported by the seal heart muscle's unusually high glycogen content, a resource exceeding that of terrestrial mammal (dog or pig) hearts. The ensuing decline in blood oxygen, and increasing carbon dioxide and acid products of metabolism further activate signals originating in neural chemoreceptor organs perfused by arterial blood.Less
This chapter focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of diving seals. Frequent dives demand exquisite timing of mechanisms that regulate respiration and circulation; long sustained immersions result in metabolic depression. Continued functioning of the seal's heart when its blood-borne oxygen decreases, as the dive lengthens, depends on its enhanced capacity for reliance upon anaerobic energy sources, a capability generally greater than that of nondiving mammals. Increasing cardiac production of lactate that occurs as the dive progresses is a product of the conversion to anaerobic metabolic processes, and is supported by the seal heart muscle's unusually high glycogen content, a resource exceeding that of terrestrial mammal (dog or pig) hearts. The ensuing decline in blood oxygen, and increasing carbon dioxide and acid products of metabolism further activate signals originating in neural chemoreceptor organs perfused by arterial blood.
Robert Baldwin, Martin Cave, and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199576081
- eISBN:
- 9780191806698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199576081.003.0027
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This book has raised a number of issues about the nature of regulation, especially when it comes to regulatory solutions or designs that are couched in terms of single values. It has shown that ...
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This book has raised a number of issues about the nature of regulation, especially when it comes to regulatory solutions or designs that are couched in terms of single values. It has shown that regulation is not only a politically contentious activity, but also presents a host of technical and intellectual challenges. In particular, regulation cannot be easily disentangled from self-regulation; ‘public’ and ‘private’ actions, decisions, policies, and rules are difficult to separate from one another; domestic systems of regulation are intertwined with supra-national regimes; and different regulatory mechanisms operate in both coordination and competition. Furthermore, questions of enforcement are linked to those concerning policies and rules.Less
This book has raised a number of issues about the nature of regulation, especially when it comes to regulatory solutions or designs that are couched in terms of single values. It has shown that regulation is not only a politically contentious activity, but also presents a host of technical and intellectual challenges. In particular, regulation cannot be easily disentangled from self-regulation; ‘public’ and ‘private’ actions, decisions, policies, and rules are difficult to separate from one another; domestic systems of regulation are intertwined with supra-national regimes; and different regulatory mechanisms operate in both coordination and competition. Furthermore, questions of enforcement are linked to those concerning policies and rules.
Kerry O’Halloran
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199767717
- eISBN:
- 9780190259969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199767717.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter first reviews the type and effect of novel regulatory mechanisms introduced as an outcome of charity law reform in the jurisdiction studied. It then describes the novel governance and ...
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This chapter first reviews the type and effect of novel regulatory mechanisms introduced as an outcome of charity law reform in the jurisdiction studied. It then describes the novel governance and accountability requirements; the traditional constraints and new sanctions; the presentation of charity-specific lead regulatory bodies; and the fact that charitable purposes may be confirmed by the “activities test” in some jurisdictions. In addition, it evaluates the impact of judicial and regulatory rules that limit charities' capacity to trade and compete in the open market. The chapter also examines the nature and impact on trading charities of the raft of antiterrorism legislation now introduced in all jurisdictions.Less
This chapter first reviews the type and effect of novel regulatory mechanisms introduced as an outcome of charity law reform in the jurisdiction studied. It then describes the novel governance and accountability requirements; the traditional constraints and new sanctions; the presentation of charity-specific lead regulatory bodies; and the fact that charitable purposes may be confirmed by the “activities test” in some jurisdictions. In addition, it evaluates the impact of judicial and regulatory rules that limit charities' capacity to trade and compete in the open market. The chapter also examines the nature and impact on trading charities of the raft of antiterrorism legislation now introduced in all jurisdictions.
Federica Carugati
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691195636
- eISBN:
- 9780691198712
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691195636.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter combines tools and methodologies from institutional analysis, political economy, and history. It argues that the creation of a stable, growth-enhancing constitution requires a set of ...
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This chapter combines tools and methodologies from institutional analysis, political economy, and history. It argues that the creation of a stable, growth-enhancing constitution requires a set of steps. These include a consensus on a shared set of values capable of commanding support over time, a self-enforcing institutional structure that reflects those values, and regulatory mechanisms for policy-making that enable trade-offs of inclusion. By trade-off of inclusion, it means a process whereby institutional access is extended differentially across the domains of politics, economics, law, and society to increase prosperity without jeopardizing stability. The chapter aims to weave strands of the literature to provide a theoretically rigorous and empirically new account of constitutional emergence and endurance. It also connects the study of constitutions to the study of the conditions that foster political and economic development.Less
This chapter combines tools and methodologies from institutional analysis, political economy, and history. It argues that the creation of a stable, growth-enhancing constitution requires a set of steps. These include a consensus on a shared set of values capable of commanding support over time, a self-enforcing institutional structure that reflects those values, and regulatory mechanisms for policy-making that enable trade-offs of inclusion. By trade-off of inclusion, it means a process whereby institutional access is extended differentially across the domains of politics, economics, law, and society to increase prosperity without jeopardizing stability. The chapter aims to weave strands of the literature to provide a theoretically rigorous and empirically new account of constitutional emergence and endurance. It also connects the study of constitutions to the study of the conditions that foster political and economic development.
Samson A. Bezabeh
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774167294
- eISBN:
- 9781617976797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774167294.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter examines how the mobility of Yemenis during the first half of the twentieth century was structured in three spaces; namely the sea, port spaces, and the hinterland. To dispel the myth of ...
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This chapter examines how the mobility of Yemenis during the first half of the twentieth century was structured in three spaces; namely the sea, port spaces, and the hinterland. To dispel the myth of free travel, and also not to create a false dichotomy between a precolonial period marked by the free movement of people and a colonial period marked by increased control, this chapter first looks at the structures of control used to regulate the movement of people in the precolonial period. It then provides a brief account of precolonial regulatory mechanisms, before looking at Yemeni interactions with this process under the influence of state/empire, beginning from the end of the nineteenth century.Less
This chapter examines how the mobility of Yemenis during the first half of the twentieth century was structured in three spaces; namely the sea, port spaces, and the hinterland. To dispel the myth of free travel, and also not to create a false dichotomy between a precolonial period marked by the free movement of people and a colonial period marked by increased control, this chapter first looks at the structures of control used to regulate the movement of people in the precolonial period. It then provides a brief account of precolonial regulatory mechanisms, before looking at Yemeni interactions with this process under the influence of state/empire, beginning from the end of the nineteenth century.
Monica Ponce de Leon
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019415
- eISBN:
- 9780262315388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019415.003.0015
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
From the onset of industrialization, material production in the various design fields—from industrial design to the design of environments and buildings—has had and continues to have a devastating ...
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From the onset of industrialization, material production in the various design fields—from industrial design to the design of environments and buildings—has had and continues to have a devastating effect on the planet. Given the magnitude and complexity of the problem, this chapter asks, how can designers participate in the solution? The answer to this question is complex and the chapter investigates this. Voluntary programs are not enough; regulatory mechanisms that ensure change in the marketplace are needed. Access to innovation and information is critical so that building designers, owners, and users can make informed choices. The technology and capacity exist, but we are not moving fast enough. A design and construction revolution is necessary to move our society quickly to the next level of sustainability.Less
From the onset of industrialization, material production in the various design fields—from industrial design to the design of environments and buildings—has had and continues to have a devastating effect on the planet. Given the magnitude and complexity of the problem, this chapter asks, how can designers participate in the solution? The answer to this question is complex and the chapter investigates this. Voluntary programs are not enough; regulatory mechanisms that ensure change in the marketplace are needed. Access to innovation and information is critical so that building designers, owners, and users can make informed choices. The technology and capacity exist, but we are not moving fast enough. A design and construction revolution is necessary to move our society quickly to the next level of sustainability.
David Langlet and Said Mahmoudi
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198753926
- eISBN:
- 9780191831904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753926.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter is a brief introduction to the major trends and approaches in EU environmental regulation. Since the adoption of the first environmental action programme in 1973, EU environmental policy ...
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This chapter is a brief introduction to the major trends and approaches in EU environmental regulation. Since the adoption of the first environmental action programme in 1973, EU environmental policy has evolved over more than four decades. Starting with a rather narrow focus, it has come to encompass a large number of increasingly complex problems. With the advent of ozone depletion and climate change as major environmental issues, EU policy became increasingly global in focus. The EU is today party to the vast majority of global and relevant regional multilateral environmental agreements, and generally transposes its international obligations into secondary law acts. In parallel with the ambition of EU environmental policy to cover ever more problems has gone a partial shift in what kind of regulatory mechanisms are being employed.Less
This chapter is a brief introduction to the major trends and approaches in EU environmental regulation. Since the adoption of the first environmental action programme in 1973, EU environmental policy has evolved over more than four decades. Starting with a rather narrow focus, it has come to encompass a large number of increasingly complex problems. With the advent of ozone depletion and climate change as major environmental issues, EU policy became increasingly global in focus. The EU is today party to the vast majority of global and relevant regional multilateral environmental agreements, and generally transposes its international obligations into secondary law acts. In parallel with the ambition of EU environmental policy to cover ever more problems has gone a partial shift in what kind of regulatory mechanisms are being employed.
Kuldeep Mathur
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199490356
- eISBN:
- 9780199097036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199490356.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter illustrates the consequences of privatization and public–private partnerships in delivering education and health services in India. The reasons for using PPPs in providing physical ...
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This chapter illustrates the consequences of privatization and public–private partnerships in delivering education and health services in India. The reasons for using PPPs in providing physical infrastructure are very different from the ones for their use in the social sector. In both kinds of services, no single mode of PPP is implemented and experimentation has been widely undertaken. PPPs pose challenges of inclusion and affordability in the health and education sectors. Significantly, the chapter also underlines that the private sector hesitates to enter partnerships where profitability is low. It concludes that the regulatory mechanisms are ineffective as conceived at present.Less
This chapter illustrates the consequences of privatization and public–private partnerships in delivering education and health services in India. The reasons for using PPPs in providing physical infrastructure are very different from the ones for their use in the social sector. In both kinds of services, no single mode of PPP is implemented and experimentation has been widely undertaken. PPPs pose challenges of inclusion and affordability in the health and education sectors. Significantly, the chapter also underlines that the private sector hesitates to enter partnerships where profitability is low. It concludes that the regulatory mechanisms are ineffective as conceived at present.