Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter follows the reform process forward until shortly before the Berlin Summit. This includes sections on the pressures driving the Agenda 2000 reforms and such wider considerations as the ...
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This chapter follows the reform process forward until shortly before the Berlin Summit. This includes sections on the pressures driving the Agenda 2000 reforms and such wider considerations as the rise of multifunctionality. The issue in July 1997 of the Agenda 2000 document marked the formal commencement of the next round of Common Agricultural Policy reform. It was envisaged that the proposals would prepare the Common Agricultural Policy for the next century; and, over the course of the reform process, the realization in concrete terms of a European Model of Agriculture was increasingly articulated as a guiding policy objective. In this context, it is necessary to consider, first, the pressures driving reform and, secondly, the policy developments and negotiations leading to the Berlin Summit of March 1999.Less
This chapter follows the reform process forward until shortly before the Berlin Summit. This includes sections on the pressures driving the Agenda 2000 reforms and such wider considerations as the rise of multifunctionality. The issue in July 1997 of the Agenda 2000 document marked the formal commencement of the next round of Common Agricultural Policy reform. It was envisaged that the proposals would prepare the Common Agricultural Policy for the next century; and, over the course of the reform process, the realization in concrete terms of a European Model of Agriculture was increasingly articulated as a guiding policy objective. In this context, it is necessary to consider, first, the pressures driving reform and, secondly, the policy developments and negotiations leading to the Berlin Summit of March 1999.
Stephen Howes and Sam Engele
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198092001
- eISBN:
- 9780199082513
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198092001.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Although Australia’s modern reform era began with the election of the Hawke Government in 1983, it was not till the National Competition Policy (NCP) which ran from 1995 to 2005, that a collaborative ...
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Although Australia’s modern reform era began with the election of the Hawke Government in 1983, it was not till the National Competition Policy (NCP) which ran from 1995 to 2005, that a collaborative reform effort emerged between the central and state governments. The subsequent period, covers the National Reform Agenda (NRA) which was aborted after a couple of years and the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Reform Agenda which is currently under implementation. The interim assessment of the COAG Reform Agenda contained in this chapter identifies several problems. Its main conclusion is that that for cooperative federal reform efforts to work there has to be a basis for cooperation, namely buy-in to an agreed solution to the identified problem. Unfortunately, this seems to be missing from much of the COAG Reform Agenda. As long as that remains the case, progress is likely to be slow and tortuous.Less
Although Australia’s modern reform era began with the election of the Hawke Government in 1983, it was not till the National Competition Policy (NCP) which ran from 1995 to 2005, that a collaborative reform effort emerged between the central and state governments. The subsequent period, covers the National Reform Agenda (NRA) which was aborted after a couple of years and the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Reform Agenda which is currently under implementation. The interim assessment of the COAG Reform Agenda contained in this chapter identifies several problems. Its main conclusion is that that for cooperative federal reform efforts to work there has to be a basis for cooperation, namely buy-in to an agreed solution to the identified problem. Unfortunately, this seems to be missing from much of the COAG Reform Agenda. As long as that remains the case, progress is likely to be slow and tortuous.
Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter seeks to focus upon and analyse certain key features of the European Model of Agriculture. It considers the impact of the reform process on the ‘first pillar’ and the ‘second pillar’ of ...
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This chapter seeks to focus upon and analyse certain key features of the European Model of Agriculture. It considers the impact of the reform process on the ‘first pillar’ and the ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy, and also on the relationship between these two pillars. In this context, three avenues of enquiry may be pursued. First, the impact of the Agenda 2000 reforms on the ‘first pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy may be assessed. Secondly, the success of the Agenda 2000 reforms in establishing a ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy may be examined. Thirdly, specific legal issues may be raised which flow directly from the impact of these reforms on one or both pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy. Particular reference is accorded to the enhanced, multifunctional role of direct payments. In addition, specific legal issues flowing from these reforms are identified.Less
This chapter seeks to focus upon and analyse certain key features of the European Model of Agriculture. It considers the impact of the reform process on the ‘first pillar’ and the ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy, and also on the relationship between these two pillars. In this context, three avenues of enquiry may be pursued. First, the impact of the Agenda 2000 reforms on the ‘first pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy may be assessed. Secondly, the success of the Agenda 2000 reforms in establishing a ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy may be examined. Thirdly, specific legal issues may be raised which flow directly from the impact of these reforms on one or both pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy. Particular reference is accorded to the enhanced, multifunctional role of direct payments. In addition, specific legal issues flowing from these reforms are identified.
Alan Peacock and Ilde Rizzo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213177
- eISBN:
- 9780191707124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213177.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
It is reasonable to suppose that economists may be able to supply useful data suitably analysed for use by policymakers, who should not to be allowed to ‘sit round the table’ with a vote on what are ...
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It is reasonable to suppose that economists may be able to supply useful data suitably analysed for use by policymakers, who should not to be allowed to ‘sit round the table’ with a vote on what are ‘good policies’. However, full use of economists' accumulated experience entails the opportunity to explain to decision makers why some policies may work and others may not and to warn them of some of the possible unintended consequences of adopting one policy rather than another. This book has been designed to illustrate how economics may be used at different levels of policy discourse, but goes further in concentrating on the policy scenario that accords with maximizing the welfare of those ultimately expected to benefit from heritage provision. This final chapter presents six principles that offer guidelines for this policy. They emphasize in particular that incentives and opportunities need to be offered to the public to develop interest, understanding, and participation in the arts as a whole, of which heritage provision is a major component, taking account of new technologies that encourage the expansion of individual choice.Less
It is reasonable to suppose that economists may be able to supply useful data suitably analysed for use by policymakers, who should not to be allowed to ‘sit round the table’ with a vote on what are ‘good policies’. However, full use of economists' accumulated experience entails the opportunity to explain to decision makers why some policies may work and others may not and to warn them of some of the possible unintended consequences of adopting one policy rather than another. This book has been designed to illustrate how economics may be used at different levels of policy discourse, but goes further in concentrating on the policy scenario that accords with maximizing the welfare of those ultimately expected to benefit from heritage provision. This final chapter presents six principles that offer guidelines for this policy. They emphasize in particular that incentives and opportunities need to be offered to the public to develop interest, understanding, and participation in the arts as a whole, of which heritage provision is a major component, taking account of new technologies that encourage the expansion of individual choice.
Brian Towers
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289463
- eISBN:
- 9780191684715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289463.003.0055
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Organization Studies
During the 1970s, in the UK little support was given for putting workers on private sector enterprise boards in measures for extending democracy into the workplace. In spite of how the Bullock ...
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During the 1970s, in the UK little support was given for putting workers on private sector enterprise boards in measures for extending democracy into the workplace. In spite of how the Bullock Committee of Inquiry on Industrial Democracy was able to advocate their causes, both the Trade Union Council (TUC) and the government provided only limited reinforcements for their recommendations. While the majority of the unions were opposed to this, the only option after the downfall of the Labour government in 1979 was collective bargaining. It is important to note that the unions and the TUC attempted to invalidate industrial relations legislation and that the strong unions, to a certain degree, influenced the outcomes and timing of general elections during that period. This chapter looks into how the various British contexts resulted to a reform agenda that is different to that implemented in the USA.Less
During the 1970s, in the UK little support was given for putting workers on private sector enterprise boards in measures for extending democracy into the workplace. In spite of how the Bullock Committee of Inquiry on Industrial Democracy was able to advocate their causes, both the Trade Union Council (TUC) and the government provided only limited reinforcements for their recommendations. While the majority of the unions were opposed to this, the only option after the downfall of the Labour government in 1979 was collective bargaining. It is important to note that the unions and the TUC attempted to invalidate industrial relations legislation and that the strong unions, to a certain degree, influenced the outcomes and timing of general elections during that period. This chapter looks into how the various British contexts resulted to a reform agenda that is different to that implemented in the USA.
Helen M. Gunter
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447339588
- eISBN:
- 9781447339625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447339588.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
At a time when public education and reform agendas are changing the way we approach education, this book critically examines the key issues facing the public with implications for education policy ...
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At a time when public education and reform agendas are changing the way we approach education, this book critically examines the key issues facing the public with implications for education policy makers, professionals and researchers. Drawing on empirical evidence gathered over 20 years, the book confronts current issues about social justice and segregation. The book uses Arendtian ideas to help the reader to ‘think politically’ about education and how and why public services education can be reimagined for the future.Less
At a time when public education and reform agendas are changing the way we approach education, this book critically examines the key issues facing the public with implications for education policy makers, professionals and researchers. Drawing on empirical evidence gathered over 20 years, the book confronts current issues about social justice and segregation. The book uses Arendtian ideas to help the reader to ‘think politically’ about education and how and why public services education can be reimagined for the future.
Orfeo Fioretos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449697
- eISBN:
- 9780801460715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449697.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter talks about the factors behind the different institutional trajectories of the British government in three periods: 1960s and 1970s, 1980s, and in the 1990s and 2000s. It gives specific ...
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This chapter talks about the factors behind the different institutional trajectories of the British government in three periods: 1960s and 1970s, 1980s, and in the 1990s and 2000s. It gives specific attention to the nature of support within the business community and the extent to which various firms are able to commit to structural reform agendas promoted by governments. The rationale behind a government's structural reform agenda is to influence corporate strategies through policies and institutional innovations in order to make firms more competitive in product markets. The chapter shows that the ability of governments to develop corporate strategies that make institutional reforms sustainable for the British market economy is a function of how governments reconcile domestic reforms with their foreign economic policies.Less
This chapter talks about the factors behind the different institutional trajectories of the British government in three periods: 1960s and 1970s, 1980s, and in the 1990s and 2000s. It gives specific attention to the nature of support within the business community and the extent to which various firms are able to commit to structural reform agendas promoted by governments. The rationale behind a government's structural reform agenda is to influence corporate strategies through policies and institutional innovations in order to make firms more competitive in product markets. The chapter shows that the ability of governments to develop corporate strategies that make institutional reforms sustainable for the British market economy is a function of how governments reconcile domestic reforms with their foreign economic policies.
Michael B. Fabricant
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816669608
- eISBN:
- 9781452946979
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816669608.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
Since the 1980s, strategies for improving public education in America have focused on either competition through voucher programs and charter schools or standardization as enacted into federal law ...
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Since the 1980s, strategies for improving public education in America have focused on either competition through voucher programs and charter schools or standardization as enacted into federal law through No Child Left Behind. These reforms, however, have failed to narrow the performance gap between poor urban students and other children. In response, parents have begun to organize local campaigns to strengthen the public schools in their communities. One of the most original, successful, and influential of these parent-led campaigns has been the Community Collaborative to Improve District 9 (CC9), a consortium of six neighborhood-based groups in the Bronx. This book tells the story of CC9 from its origins in 1995 as a small group of concerned parents to the citywide application of its reform agenda—concentrating on targeted investment in the development of teacher capacity—ten years later. Drawing on in-depth interviews with participants, analysis of qualitative data, and access to meetings and archives, the book evaluates CC9’s innovative approach to organizing and collaboration with other stakeholders, including the United Federation of Teachers, the NYC Department of Education, neighborhood nonprofits, and city colleges and universities. Situating this case within a wider exploration of parent participation in educational reform, the book explains why CC9 succeeded and other parent-led movements did not. It also examines the ways in which the movement effectively empowered parents by rigorously ensuring a democratic process in making decisions and, more broadly, an inclusive organizational culture.Less
Since the 1980s, strategies for improving public education in America have focused on either competition through voucher programs and charter schools or standardization as enacted into federal law through No Child Left Behind. These reforms, however, have failed to narrow the performance gap between poor urban students and other children. In response, parents have begun to organize local campaigns to strengthen the public schools in their communities. One of the most original, successful, and influential of these parent-led campaigns has been the Community Collaborative to Improve District 9 (CC9), a consortium of six neighborhood-based groups in the Bronx. This book tells the story of CC9 from its origins in 1995 as a small group of concerned parents to the citywide application of its reform agenda—concentrating on targeted investment in the development of teacher capacity—ten years later. Drawing on in-depth interviews with participants, analysis of qualitative data, and access to meetings and archives, the book evaluates CC9’s innovative approach to organizing and collaboration with other stakeholders, including the United Federation of Teachers, the NYC Department of Education, neighborhood nonprofits, and city colleges and universities. Situating this case within a wider exploration of parent participation in educational reform, the book explains why CC9 succeeded and other parent-led movements did not. It also examines the ways in which the movement effectively empowered parents by rigorously ensuring a democratic process in making decisions and, more broadly, an inclusive organizational culture.
Pradumna B. Rana and Wai-Mun Chia
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199479283
- eISBN:
- 9780199091010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199479283.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
As is well-known, the seminal work of the late Angus Maddison has established that 2,000 years ago the Indian subcontinent (modern day, South Asia) and China were by far the richest regions of the ...
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As is well-known, the seminal work of the late Angus Maddison has established that 2,000 years ago the Indian subcontinent (modern day, South Asia) and China were by far the richest regions of the world. Since the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century, the share of world GDP of the Indian subcontinent had started to decline. This trend reversed somewhat after the economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. More recently, however, economic growth in South Asia has softened yet once again for several reasons. This book focuses on the slowing pace of economic reforms and outlines a two-pronged strategy to jumpstart South Asian economies. First, South Asian countries should complete the economic reform process that they had begun in the 1980s and 1990s and implement the more microeconomic reforms, namely, the sectoral, and governance and institutional reforms to enhance competition and improve the operation of markets. Second, they should implement the second round of ‘Look East’ policies or LEP2 to (i) link themselves to production networks in East Asia, their fastest-growing markets, and (ii) develop production networks in manufacturing and services within their region. The book argues that the proposed strategy will lead to a win-win situation for all countries in South Asia and East Asia and reinvigorate economic integration within South Asia, one of the least integrated regions of the world. The book also identifies the unfinished policy reform agenda for each South Asian country and the components of the LEP2 that they should implement.Less
As is well-known, the seminal work of the late Angus Maddison has established that 2,000 years ago the Indian subcontinent (modern day, South Asia) and China were by far the richest regions of the world. Since the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century, the share of world GDP of the Indian subcontinent had started to decline. This trend reversed somewhat after the economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. More recently, however, economic growth in South Asia has softened yet once again for several reasons. This book focuses on the slowing pace of economic reforms and outlines a two-pronged strategy to jumpstart South Asian economies. First, South Asian countries should complete the economic reform process that they had begun in the 1980s and 1990s and implement the more microeconomic reforms, namely, the sectoral, and governance and institutional reforms to enhance competition and improve the operation of markets. Second, they should implement the second round of ‘Look East’ policies or LEP2 to (i) link themselves to production networks in East Asia, their fastest-growing markets, and (ii) develop production networks in manufacturing and services within their region. The book argues that the proposed strategy will lead to a win-win situation for all countries in South Asia and East Asia and reinvigorate economic integration within South Asia, one of the least integrated regions of the world. The book also identifies the unfinished policy reform agenda for each South Asian country and the components of the LEP2 that they should implement.
Narendra Subramanian
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804788786
- eISBN:
- 9780804790901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804788786.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter recapitulates the different ways states in developing societies responded to preexisting forms of patriarchal authority and strong cultural traditions as they augmented their capacity, ...
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This chapter recapitulates the different ways states in developing societies responded to preexisting forms of patriarchal authority and strong cultural traditions as they augmented their capacity, recognized difference, and regulated family life. By comparing Turkey, Tunisia, Indonesia, India, Egypt, and Lebanon, it shows that two factors influenced one another and shaped family law: regimes’ aims to change state-society relations, and salient discourses about the nation, its cultural groups, and traditions. These comparisons indicate that there is considerable scope in most developing societies for family law reforms based in cultural traditions that advance women's rights and individual liberties, and for forms of secularism that accommodate public religion significantly. Certain reform proposals are currently feasible in India (for example, no-fault divorce and shares in matrimonial property), but others are possible only if predominant visions of nation and community change (such as dissolution of Hindu joint property or Christian adoption rights).Less
This chapter recapitulates the different ways states in developing societies responded to preexisting forms of patriarchal authority and strong cultural traditions as they augmented their capacity, recognized difference, and regulated family life. By comparing Turkey, Tunisia, Indonesia, India, Egypt, and Lebanon, it shows that two factors influenced one another and shaped family law: regimes’ aims to change state-society relations, and salient discourses about the nation, its cultural groups, and traditions. These comparisons indicate that there is considerable scope in most developing societies for family law reforms based in cultural traditions that advance women's rights and individual liberties, and for forms of secularism that accommodate public religion significantly. Certain reform proposals are currently feasible in India (for example, no-fault divorce and shares in matrimonial property), but others are possible only if predominant visions of nation and community change (such as dissolution of Hindu joint property or Christian adoption rights).
Orfeo Fioretos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449697
- eISBN:
- 9780801460715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449697.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter discusses the book's firm-centric approach to accounting for variations in institutional development and for behavioral institutionalism. It demonstrates how the integration of national ...
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This chapter discusses the book's firm-centric approach to accounting for variations in institutional development and for behavioral institutionalism. It demonstrates how the integration of national and multilateral institutions shape patterns of institutional development by focusing on how the ways in which governments settle the so-called design problem affect their ability to sustain domestic economic reform agendas. In the process of adding a layer of multilateral institutions to existing national ones, the modern market economy becomes an open system of governance. Governments come to rely on innovations in the international sphere through the expanded use of multilateralism. Multilateralism, depending on its form, can both serve to reinforce and implement reform agendas.Less
This chapter discusses the book's firm-centric approach to accounting for variations in institutional development and for behavioral institutionalism. It demonstrates how the integration of national and multilateral institutions shape patterns of institutional development by focusing on how the ways in which governments settle the so-called design problem affect their ability to sustain domestic economic reform agendas. In the process of adding a layer of multilateral institutions to existing national ones, the modern market economy becomes an open system of governance. Governments come to rely on innovations in the international sphere through the expanded use of multilateralism. Multilateralism, depending on its form, can both serve to reinforce and implement reform agendas.
Corwin E. Smidt
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190455491
- eISBN:
- 9780190455521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190455491.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the political activism of clergy outside the context of congregational life. It first analyzes the political topics that clergy report they address publicly with regularity, the ...
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This chapter examines the political activism of clergy outside the context of congregational life. It first analyzes the political topics that clergy report they address publicly with regularity, the resulting particular political agendas advanced by clergy, and the changing relative emphasis given to such agendas over time. The second portion of the chapter examines the reported activities of clergy related to political campaigns, political contacting, and political protesting, along with changes in the reported levels of such activities. The final portion of the chapter examines the changing partisan nature of clergy engagement in politics. Clergy have shifted to placing an increased emphasis on a social justice as opposed to moral reform agenda, are no more political active today than two decades ago, have exhibited considerable change in the partisan identifications they hold, and have become more polarized politically over time.Less
This chapter examines the political activism of clergy outside the context of congregational life. It first analyzes the political topics that clergy report they address publicly with regularity, the resulting particular political agendas advanced by clergy, and the changing relative emphasis given to such agendas over time. The second portion of the chapter examines the reported activities of clergy related to political campaigns, political contacting, and political protesting, along with changes in the reported levels of such activities. The final portion of the chapter examines the changing partisan nature of clergy engagement in politics. Clergy have shifted to placing an increased emphasis on a social justice as opposed to moral reform agenda, are no more political active today than two decades ago, have exhibited considerable change in the partisan identifications they hold, and have become more polarized politically over time.
Francesco Caselli, Mário Centeno, and José Tavares (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198754688
- eISBN:
- 9780191816260
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754688.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This book reassesses the twin projects of structural reform and European integration in the wake of the Great Recession and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. A brief introduction compares the ...
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This book reassesses the twin projects of structural reform and European integration in the wake of the Great Recession and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. A brief introduction compares the pre-crises debate to the current situation, and highlights a number of ways in which both reform and further integration may have become more difficult, but also less complementary. The first chapter surveys the state of the structural-reform agenda, its successes, failures, and priorities for further action. The second chapter focuses on the fiscal-policy response to the crisis, advocating a greater balance between supply side reforms and demand side management. The third chapter focuses on the asymmetric shocks across economies in the monetary union, and discusses institutional mechanisms to reduce their frequency and impact. Chapter 4 examines the cyclical behaviour of output and financial indicators, as well as the counter-cyclical role of macro-financial policies, both at the national and the European level. The fifth chapter studies changes in Europeans’ attitudes, showing how the recent crises eroded public confidence in European institutions. The sixth chapter tackles the demographic challenges facing Europe, and particularly the way that demographic change may impact the reform agenda. Chapter 7 highlights the under-appreciated extent to which ‘Europe,’ taken as a whole, is characterized by a substantial amount of inequality and geographical income clustering, and the challenge these facts pose for further integration.Less
This book reassesses the twin projects of structural reform and European integration in the wake of the Great Recession and the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. A brief introduction compares the pre-crises debate to the current situation, and highlights a number of ways in which both reform and further integration may have become more difficult, but also less complementary. The first chapter surveys the state of the structural-reform agenda, its successes, failures, and priorities for further action. The second chapter focuses on the fiscal-policy response to the crisis, advocating a greater balance between supply side reforms and demand side management. The third chapter focuses on the asymmetric shocks across economies in the monetary union, and discusses institutional mechanisms to reduce their frequency and impact. Chapter 4 examines the cyclical behaviour of output and financial indicators, as well as the counter-cyclical role of macro-financial policies, both at the national and the European level. The fifth chapter studies changes in Europeans’ attitudes, showing how the recent crises eroded public confidence in European institutions. The sixth chapter tackles the demographic challenges facing Europe, and particularly the way that demographic change may impact the reform agenda. Chapter 7 highlights the under-appreciated extent to which ‘Europe,’ taken as a whole, is characterized by a substantial amount of inequality and geographical income clustering, and the challenge these facts pose for further integration.
Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Issues of food safety and food quality had attracted attention long before the commencement of the Agenda 2000 reforms. This chapter takes the study beyond the traditional confines of the Common ...
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Issues of food safety and food quality had attracted attention long before the commencement of the Agenda 2000 reforms. This chapter takes the study beyond the traditional confines of the Common Agricultural Policy to analyse certain other key features of the European Model of Agriculture. More broadly, attention is directed to the changing position of agriculture within the food chain. In this context, four aspects may be considered: first, legal aspects of food safety and food quality, with particular reference to the precautionary principle; secondly, specific legal aspects of genetically modified organisms; thirdly, legal aspects of animal welfare, with particular reference to the ability of States to impose their own standards; and, fourthly, and more broadly, the place of agriculture in the food chain.Less
Issues of food safety and food quality had attracted attention long before the commencement of the Agenda 2000 reforms. This chapter takes the study beyond the traditional confines of the Common Agricultural Policy to analyse certain other key features of the European Model of Agriculture. More broadly, attention is directed to the changing position of agriculture within the food chain. In this context, four aspects may be considered: first, legal aspects of food safety and food quality, with particular reference to the precautionary principle; secondly, specific legal aspects of genetically modified organisms; thirdly, legal aspects of animal welfare, with particular reference to the ability of States to impose their own standards; and, fourthly, and more broadly, the place of agriculture in the food chain.
Marta Gutman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226311289
- eISBN:
- 9780226156156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226156156.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
As the new progressive mood took hold in California, Elizabeth Watt led the expansion of the West Oakland Free Kindergarten into the class-bridging, racially integrated charity, first called the West ...
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As the new progressive mood took hold in California, Elizabeth Watt led the expansion of the West Oakland Free Kindergarten into the class-bridging, racially integrated charity, first called the West Oakland Settlement and later the New Century Club. A comparison with Manse Polytechnic and the Oakland Club shows how women used architecture to shape working class childhood. Inspired by Jane Addams and Hull House, Watt made a plain cottage into a feminized setting of fine design, suited for bourgeois women to meet and open to all in the neighborhood. Coupling a gender-defined reform agenda with self-interest, Watt led the settlement to help mothers in the Salvage Bureau, organize sewing classes and clubs for immigrant girls and boys, and acquire buildings for kitchen garden and domestic science classes. Her support of integration is situated in the disputes about racial exclusion that fractured the women’s club movement in the 1890s.Less
As the new progressive mood took hold in California, Elizabeth Watt led the expansion of the West Oakland Free Kindergarten into the class-bridging, racially integrated charity, first called the West Oakland Settlement and later the New Century Club. A comparison with Manse Polytechnic and the Oakland Club shows how women used architecture to shape working class childhood. Inspired by Jane Addams and Hull House, Watt made a plain cottage into a feminized setting of fine design, suited for bourgeois women to meet and open to all in the neighborhood. Coupling a gender-defined reform agenda with self-interest, Watt led the settlement to help mothers in the Salvage Bureau, organize sewing classes and clubs for immigrant girls and boys, and acquire buildings for kitchen garden and domestic science classes. Her support of integration is situated in the disputes about racial exclusion that fractured the women’s club movement in the 1890s.
Daniel P. Gitterman and Peter A. Coclanis
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807873359
- eISBN:
- 9781469602424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807872895_gitterman.8
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter describes how systemic educational reform was an integral part of Southern policy and politics. Indeed, a series of South-focused reports set the education reform agenda for the decades ...
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This chapter describes how systemic educational reform was an integral part of Southern policy and politics. Indeed, a series of South-focused reports set the education reform agenda for the decades ahead. Throughout the 1970s, Southern states lagged behind other states in educational funding per capita, educational standards, and teacher competency despite these reports' and other observers' recognition of persistent problems with student achievement, poor teacher quality, and teacher shortages. At the time of the first state-level omnibus education reform passage in Mississippi in 1982, every Southern state spent less on education than did states in other regions, and in Mississippi the per-pupil expenditure rate was just over half the national average. Among the states ranking lowest, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina almost always were near the bottom.Less
This chapter describes how systemic educational reform was an integral part of Southern policy and politics. Indeed, a series of South-focused reports set the education reform agenda for the decades ahead. Throughout the 1970s, Southern states lagged behind other states in educational funding per capita, educational standards, and teacher competency despite these reports' and other observers' recognition of persistent problems with student achievement, poor teacher quality, and teacher shortages. At the time of the first state-level omnibus education reform passage in Mississippi in 1982, every Southern state spent less on education than did states in other regions, and in Mississippi the per-pupil expenditure rate was just over half the national average. Among the states ranking lowest, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina almost always were near the bottom.
Christopher Hood and Ruth Dixon
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199687022
- eISBN:
- 9780191766930
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687022.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics, Comparative Politics
This introductory chapter briefly reviews the recent history of government modernization efforts with emphasis on the New Public Management, a reform agenda with which the UK is particularly ...
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This introductory chapter briefly reviews the recent history of government modernization efforts with emphasis on the New Public Management, a reform agenda with which the UK is particularly associated. Such reforms included drawing on ideas from business, bringing in new kinds of people as managers of government organizations, and structural makeovers of various kinds intended to cut running costs and make government more focused, responsive, or ‘joined-up’. New types of information technology were introduced with the aim of cost-cutting and introducing transformative change in the traditional workings of bureaucracy. And a stress on improved presentation and packaging of initiatives and ideas was aimed at making government more persuasive, effective and ‘user-friendly’. The chapter lays out nine possible outcomes of such reforms, in terms of what happened to costs of running government and of what happened to consistency and fairness in administration, to be explored in the subsequent chapters.Less
This introductory chapter briefly reviews the recent history of government modernization efforts with emphasis on the New Public Management, a reform agenda with which the UK is particularly associated. Such reforms included drawing on ideas from business, bringing in new kinds of people as managers of government organizations, and structural makeovers of various kinds intended to cut running costs and make government more focused, responsive, or ‘joined-up’. New types of information technology were introduced with the aim of cost-cutting and introducing transformative change in the traditional workings of bureaucracy. And a stress on improved presentation and packaging of initiatives and ideas was aimed at making government more persuasive, effective and ‘user-friendly’. The chapter lays out nine possible outcomes of such reforms, in terms of what happened to costs of running government and of what happened to consistency and fairness in administration, to be explored in the subsequent chapters.
