J.T. Ismael
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195174366
- eISBN:
- 9780199872121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174366.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It addresses the problem of how to bring the view from within, on which I am the frame of the world, the unrepresented representer who contains the ...
More
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It addresses the problem of how to bring the view from within, on which I am the frame of the world, the unrepresented representer who contains the whole of it, together with the view from without, on which the world is the frame, and I am somewhere inside the picture, an undistinguished thing among things. It argues that the pressures that lead us to view the self, or the individual consciousness, as something outside of the natural order are many and deep, but a surprising number hinge in one way or another, on misunderstandings about reflexivity.Less
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. It addresses the problem of how to bring the view from within, on which I am the frame of the world, the unrepresented representer who contains the whole of it, together with the view from without, on which the world is the frame, and I am somewhere inside the picture, an undistinguished thing among things. It argues that the pressures that lead us to view the self, or the individual consciousness, as something outside of the natural order are many and deep, but a surprising number hinge in one way or another, on misunderstandings about reflexivity.
Andra Kalnača and Ilze Lokmane
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264607
- eISBN:
- 9780191734366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264607.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses the defective paradigms of the reflexive nouns and participles in the Latvian language. In Latvian, the reflexiveness of the nouns and the verbs functions as a complex ...
More
This chapter discusses the defective paradigms of the reflexive nouns and participles in the Latvian language. In Latvian, the reflexiveness of the nouns and the verbs functions as a complex derivational and inflectional system. In this language, the reflexive verbs, participles, and nouns are formed through the fusion of verbal or noun forms with enclitic accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Reflexive verbs have full person, tense and mood paradigms whilst reflexive nouns and participles have defective paradigms in Latvian. Although the rationale behind defectiveness of the paradigms of the reflexive nouns and participles are difficult to pinpoint, there are several types of compensation for the defectiveness in the Modern Latvian. These include the use of non-standard forms, the use of corresponding non-reflexive participle and noun forms, and the use of other forms of paradigms in lieu of the missing ones. These alternative paradigms depend however on the syntactic function of the word-form. Some topics discussed herein include: derivation and semantics of reflexive nouns; paradigmatic system of reflexive nouns and participles; and functioning of the paradigms of reflexive nouns and participles.Less
This chapter discusses the defective paradigms of the reflexive nouns and participles in the Latvian language. In Latvian, the reflexiveness of the nouns and the verbs functions as a complex derivational and inflectional system. In this language, the reflexive verbs, participles, and nouns are formed through the fusion of verbal or noun forms with enclitic accusative form of the reflexive pronoun. Reflexive verbs have full person, tense and mood paradigms whilst reflexive nouns and participles have defective paradigms in Latvian. Although the rationale behind defectiveness of the paradigms of the reflexive nouns and participles are difficult to pinpoint, there are several types of compensation for the defectiveness in the Modern Latvian. These include the use of non-standard forms, the use of corresponding non-reflexive participle and noun forms, and the use of other forms of paradigms in lieu of the missing ones. These alternative paradigms depend however on the syntactic function of the word-form. Some topics discussed herein include: derivation and semantics of reflexive nouns; paradigmatic system of reflexive nouns and participles; and functioning of the paradigms of reflexive nouns and participles.
David Schlosberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199286294
- eISBN:
- 9780191713323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286294.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
The focus of this final chapter is on how environmental and ecological justice can be applied in both state political practice and in the public realm. This conclusion explores practices of ...
More
The focus of this final chapter is on how environmental and ecological justice can be applied in both state political practice and in the public realm. This conclusion explores practices of ecological reflexivity and political engagement, and suggestions for democratic and institutional transformations, which can help us implement a broad and pluralist notion of environmental and ecological justice.Less
The focus of this final chapter is on how environmental and ecological justice can be applied in both state political practice and in the public realm. This conclusion explores practices of ecological reflexivity and political engagement, and suggestions for democratic and institutional transformations, which can help us implement a broad and pluralist notion of environmental and ecological justice.
Johan Rooryck and Guido Vanden Wyngaerd
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199691326
- eISBN:
- 9780191731785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691326.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This introductory chapter presents the main thesis adopted in this book: there are no grammatical rules that are specifically designed to account for the distribution of anaphors and pronouns in the ...
More
This introductory chapter presents the main thesis adopted in this book: there are no grammatical rules that are specifically designed to account for the distribution of anaphors and pronouns in the grammar. Instead, the syntax of simplex and complex reflexives are related to that of constructions that share morphological and distributional properties with them. Anaphoricity is derived by the syntactic mechanism of Agree. This chapter also contains an outline of the rest of the chapters, which serves as a roadmap for the book.Less
This introductory chapter presents the main thesis adopted in this book: there are no grammatical rules that are specifically designed to account for the distribution of anaphors and pronouns in the grammar. Instead, the syntax of simplex and complex reflexives are related to that of constructions that share morphological and distributional properties with them. Anaphoricity is derived by the syntactic mechanism of Agree. This chapter also contains an outline of the rest of the chapters, which serves as a roadmap for the book.
Maarten A. Hajer
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293330
- eISBN:
- 9780191599408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829333X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Discusses ecological modernization in the 1990s. Also makes the case that discourse indeed matters in the analysis of politics and policy. Gives a detailed account of the various discursive ...
More
Discusses ecological modernization in the 1990s. Also makes the case that discourse indeed matters in the analysis of politics and policy. Gives a detailed account of the various discursive mechanisms that were at work in the regulation of acid rain. Concludes with a search for a ‘reflexive’ form of ecological modernization in which the new discourse is combined with the introduction of a set of institutional practices that make it possible to combine it with a notion of discursive democracy.Less
Discusses ecological modernization in the 1990s. Also makes the case that discourse indeed matters in the analysis of politics and policy. Gives a detailed account of the various discursive mechanisms that were at work in the regulation of acid rain. Concludes with a search for a ‘reflexive’ form of ecological modernization in which the new discourse is combined with the introduction of a set of institutional practices that make it possible to combine it with a notion of discursive democracy.
JAN TERJE FAARLUND
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199235599
- eISBN:
- 9780191709401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235599.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter deals with various kinds of antecedent–anaphor relationships. Binding is as usual subject to c-command, but various functional categories can be binders: besides subjects, also dative ...
More
This chapter deals with various kinds of antecedent–anaphor relationships. Binding is as usual subject to c-command, but various functional categories can be binders: besides subjects, also dative and accusative objects.Less
This chapter deals with various kinds of antecedent–anaphor relationships. Binding is as usual subject to c-command, but various functional categories can be binders: besides subjects, also dative and accusative objects.
Johan Rooryck and Guido Vanden Wyngaerd
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199691326
- eISBN:
- 9780191731785
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691326.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book adopts the strong Minimalist thesis that grammar contains no rules or principles specifically designed to account for anaphors and pronouns. Lexically, anaphors have unvalued φ-features, ...
More
This book adopts the strong Minimalist thesis that grammar contains no rules or principles specifically designed to account for anaphors and pronouns. Lexically, anaphors have unvalued φ-features, which need to be valued under Agree. This leads to the novel assumption that anaphors c-command their antecedents. This idea underlies the analysis of both simplex and complex reflexives. Simplex reflexives are merged in a configuration of inalienable possession, with the simplex reflexive c-commanding its antecedent inside a possessive small clause. Self-reflexives share the syntax of self-intensifiers and floating quantifiers, raising to a vP-adjoined position to c-command their antecedents. In contrast to anaphors, pronouns have lexically valued φ-features. Postsyntactic lexical insertion accounts for absence of Principle B effects observed in many languages. The behaviour of pronouns and self-forms in snake-sentences is related to the nature of the Axpart projection of the locative preposition. Semantically, the difference between simplex and complex reflexives derives from the way they refer to spatiotemporal stages of their antecedents.Less
This book adopts the strong Minimalist thesis that grammar contains no rules or principles specifically designed to account for anaphors and pronouns. Lexically, anaphors have unvalued φ-features, which need to be valued under Agree. This leads to the novel assumption that anaphors c-command their antecedents. This idea underlies the analysis of both simplex and complex reflexives. Simplex reflexives are merged in a configuration of inalienable possession, with the simplex reflexive c-commanding its antecedent inside a possessive small clause. Self-reflexives share the syntax of self-intensifiers and floating quantifiers, raising to a vP-adjoined position to c-command their antecedents. In contrast to anaphors, pronouns have lexically valued φ-features. Postsyntactic lexical insertion accounts for absence of Principle B effects observed in many languages. The behaviour of pronouns and self-forms in snake-sentences is related to the nature of the Axpart projection of the locative preposition. Semantically, the difference between simplex and complex reflexives derives from the way they refer to spatiotemporal stages of their antecedents.
John S. Dryzek
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250431
- eISBN:
- 9780191717253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925043X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter links the strands that have been developed into a coherent democratic theory. This theory is related to the idea of reflexive modernization.
This chapter links the strands that have been developed into a coherent democratic theory. This theory is related to the idea of reflexive modernization.
Nathan Salmon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199284726
- eISBN:
- 9780191713774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284726.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
In this sequel to the previous chapter's essay, competing accounts of reflexive pronouns (e.g., ‘himself’) are considered and contrasted. The theory that reflexive-pronoun occurrences are typically ...
More
In this sequel to the previous chapter's essay, competing accounts of reflexive pronouns (e.g., ‘himself’) are considered and contrasted. The theory that reflexive-pronoun occurrences are typically bound variables is defended as the most likely of the accounts considered.Less
In this sequel to the previous chapter's essay, competing accounts of reflexive pronouns (e.g., ‘himself’) are considered and contrasted. The theory that reflexive-pronoun occurrences are typically bound variables is defended as the most likely of the accounts considered.
Johan Rooryck and Guido Vanden Wyngaerd
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199691326
- eISBN:
- 9780191731785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691326.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter wraps up the main results of the book. These are as follows. Absence of Principle B effects can be elegantly accounted for in terms of Distributed Morphology. Simplex reflexives are ...
More
This chapter wraps up the main results of the book. These are as follows. Absence of Principle B effects can be elegantly accounted for in terms of Distributed Morphology. Simplex reflexives are merged in a configuration of inalienable possession under unaccusative syntax, and their binding properties are derived by Agree. Self-reflexives share the syntax of floating quantifiers, raising to an adjoined position from which they probe their antecedent under Agree. Simplex and complex reflexives in PPs behave differently, depending on the adjunction site of the PP. French, Italian, German, and Swedish se reflexives are morphologically complex, and can figure in both the configurations of simplex zich and complex zichzelf in Dutch. The simple reflexive zich represents a spatiotemporal stage of its antecedent, thus disallowing dissociation readings that are available for the complex self-reflexive. The apparent lack of complementarity between pronoun and self-form in snake-sentences is related to the double-faced syntactic behavior of the Axpart projection of the locative preposition.Less
This chapter wraps up the main results of the book. These are as follows. Absence of Principle B effects can be elegantly accounted for in terms of Distributed Morphology. Simplex reflexives are merged in a configuration of inalienable possession under unaccusative syntax, and their binding properties are derived by Agree. Self-reflexives share the syntax of floating quantifiers, raising to an adjoined position from which they probe their antecedent under Agree. Simplex and complex reflexives in PPs behave differently, depending on the adjunction site of the PP. French, Italian, German, and Swedish se reflexives are morphologically complex, and can figure in both the configurations of simplex zich and complex zichzelf in Dutch. The simple reflexive zich represents a spatiotemporal stage of its antecedent, thus disallowing dissociation readings that are available for the complex self-reflexive. The apparent lack of complementarity between pronoun and self-form in snake-sentences is related to the double-faced syntactic behavior of the Axpart projection of the locative preposition.
Webb Keane
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691167732
- eISBN:
- 9781400873593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691167732.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This introductory chapter provides a definition of some key terms: ethics, morality, reflexive awareness, and affordance. Studies that focus on virtues, values, and ways of life tend to fall under ...
More
This introductory chapter provides a definition of some key terms: ethics, morality, reflexive awareness, and affordance. Studies that focus on virtues, values, and ways of life tend to fall under the rubric of ethics. Those that focus on obligations, prohibitions, general principles, systematicity, and momentary decisions are treated as morality. There is a great deal of overlap and interaction between these. Cutting across the distinction between ethics and morality is another one, that between the tacit and the explicit—those background assumptions, values, and motives that go without saying or are difficult to put into words, on the other hand, and those that easily lend themselves to conscious reflection, on the other. Meanwhile, ethical affordance is any aspects of people's experiences and perceptions that they might draw on in the process of making ethical evaluations and decisions, whether consciously or not.Less
This introductory chapter provides a definition of some key terms: ethics, morality, reflexive awareness, and affordance. Studies that focus on virtues, values, and ways of life tend to fall under the rubric of ethics. Those that focus on obligations, prohibitions, general principles, systematicity, and momentary decisions are treated as morality. There is a great deal of overlap and interaction between these. Cutting across the distinction between ethics and morality is another one, that between the tacit and the explicit—those background assumptions, values, and motives that go without saying or are difficult to put into words, on the other hand, and those that easily lend themselves to conscious reflection, on the other. Meanwhile, ethical affordance is any aspects of people's experiences and perceptions that they might draw on in the process of making ethical evaluations and decisions, whether consciously or not.
D.M. Gabbay and L. Maksimova
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198511748
- eISBN:
- 9780191705779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198511748.003.0010
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
This chapter examines the family NE(K) of normal extensions of K4. With any such logic L its reflexive fragment r(L) is associated, which contains the logic S4. A logic L is of infinite slice if ...
More
This chapter examines the family NE(K) of normal extensions of K4. With any such logic L its reflexive fragment r(L) is associated, which contains the logic S4. A logic L is of infinite slice if Kripke frames, satisfying L, can contain subchains of any finite length. It is proved that for any logic in NE(K4), being of infinite slice and possessing the interpolation property for deducibility, its reflexive fragment is contained in Grz.2. As a consequence, interpolation theorems fail in logics of infinite slice and of finite width, in logics of finite irreflexive trees, and so on.Less
This chapter examines the family NE(K) of normal extensions of K4. With any such logic L its reflexive fragment r(L) is associated, which contains the logic S4. A logic L is of infinite slice if Kripke frames, satisfying L, can contain subchains of any finite length. It is proved that for any logic in NE(K4), being of infinite slice and possessing the interpolation property for deducibility, its reflexive fragment is contained in Grz.2. As a consequence, interpolation theorems fail in logics of infinite slice and of finite width, in logics of finite irreflexive trees, and so on.
Ken Safir
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195166132
- eISBN:
- 9780199788460
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166132.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book establishes the need for a competitive approach to the distribution and interpretation of anaphoric relations in natural language, and makes a particular proposal about the sort of ...
More
This book establishes the need for a competitive approach to the distribution and interpretation of anaphoric relations in natural language, and makes a particular proposal about the sort of competitive theory of anaphora that might be on the right track. Linguists are especially interested in anaphoric relations because they provide evidence for the existence of an innate human language faculty in that they are conditioned by both structural relationships in natural language syntax and choices of morphological form. This work is another attempt to develop an explanatory theory of anaphoric relations general enough to capture the deep similarities across languages, while at the same time one flexible enough to account for the variety of patterns that have been observed to be possible. Rejecting binding theory and predicate-based approaches to Principle B and Principle C, which are both derived in this approach from the Form-to-Interpretation Principle, the competitive approach does however exploit c-command and dependent identity relations to determine which morphological forms that represent dependent identity are in competition for a given anaphoric interpretation. The morphology of anaphors, pronouns and referring expressions then plays a role in how they compete. For example, where a reflexive anaphor is possible, as in “John praised himself”, less dependent forms, like “him” and “John” are excluded for the interpretation where John is the x such that x praised x. This simple approach (with its antecedents in the literature that are explored in some detail) is then defended across a wide range of languages and constructions where it provides unique explanatory force, and in so doing, apparent counterexamples are addressed, many in detail. Ancillary proposals about the morphology of anaphors and the locality of anaphoric relations are then defended, and the variety of anaphoric interpretations are explored with respect to their role in determining the nature of dependent identity and the conditions on dependency competitions regulated by the Form-to-Interpretation Principle. The role of competitive algorithms in the architecture of generative grammar is then explored, and other minimalist approaches to anaphora are compared with this one.Less
This book establishes the need for a competitive approach to the distribution and interpretation of anaphoric relations in natural language, and makes a particular proposal about the sort of competitive theory of anaphora that might be on the right track. Linguists are especially interested in anaphoric relations because they provide evidence for the existence of an innate human language faculty in that they are conditioned by both structural relationships in natural language syntax and choices of morphological form. This work is another attempt to develop an explanatory theory of anaphoric relations general enough to capture the deep similarities across languages, while at the same time one flexible enough to account for the variety of patterns that have been observed to be possible. Rejecting binding theory and predicate-based approaches to Principle B and Principle C, which are both derived in this approach from the Form-to-Interpretation Principle, the competitive approach does however exploit c-command and dependent identity relations to determine which morphological forms that represent dependent identity are in competition for a given anaphoric interpretation. The morphology of anaphors, pronouns and referring expressions then plays a role in how they compete. For example, where a reflexive anaphor is possible, as in “John praised himself”, less dependent forms, like “him” and “John” are excluded for the interpretation where John is the x such that x praised x. This simple approach (with its antecedents in the literature that are explored in some detail) is then defended across a wide range of languages and constructions where it provides unique explanatory force, and in so doing, apparent counterexamples are addressed, many in detail. Ancillary proposals about the morphology of anaphors and the locality of anaphoric relations are then defended, and the variety of anaphoric interpretations are explored with respect to their role in determining the nature of dependent identity and the conditions on dependency competitions regulated by the Form-to-Interpretation Principle. The role of competitive algorithms in the architecture of generative grammar is then explored, and other minimalist approaches to anaphora are compared with this one.
Paul Kiparsky
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298495
- eISBN:
- 9780191711442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298495.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This chapter presents an absolute explanation for universal patterns. The following criteria should converge to identify true universals: (1) universals have no exceptions (for what does not arise by ...
More
This chapter presents an absolute explanation for universal patterns. The following criteria should converge to identify true universals: (1) universals have no exceptions (for what does not arise by change cannot be subverted by it either). That is, they are violable only in virtue of more highly ranked universal constraints. (2) Universals are process-independent. (3) Universals can be manifested in ‘emergence of the unmarked’ effects. (4) Universals constitute pathways for analogical change. (5) Universals are embedded in grammars as constraints and can interact with other grammatical constraints. Choosing as testing grounds Binding Theory and split ergativity in morphosyntax, and voicing neutralization and sonority in phonology, it is argued that criteria do converge rather cleanly in each case.Less
This chapter presents an absolute explanation for universal patterns. The following criteria should converge to identify true universals: (1) universals have no exceptions (for what does not arise by change cannot be subverted by it either). That is, they are violable only in virtue of more highly ranked universal constraints. (2) Universals are process-independent. (3) Universals can be manifested in ‘emergence of the unmarked’ effects. (4) Universals constitute pathways for analogical change. (5) Universals are embedded in grammars as constraints and can interact with other grammatical constraints. Choosing as testing grounds Binding Theory and split ergativity in morphosyntax, and voicing neutralization and sonority in phonology, it is argued that criteria do converge rather cleanly in each case.
Maura Velázquez‐castillo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter shows that the closest equivalents to voice alternations in Guarani cut across the transitive divide and respond to spatial relations between events and event participants. The ...
More
This chapter shows that the closest equivalents to voice alternations in Guarani cut across the transitive divide and respond to spatial relations between events and event participants. The constructions at issue, previously labeled ‘reflexive/passive’ and ‘inverse’, are sensitive to viewpoint and levels of proximity between the predicate and its arguments within inactive situations, and to deviations from the default outward directionality of active events.Less
This chapter shows that the closest equivalents to voice alternations in Guarani cut across the transitive divide and respond to spatial relations between events and event participants. The constructions at issue, previously labeled ‘reflexive/passive’ and ‘inverse’, are sensitive to viewpoint and levels of proximity between the predicate and its arguments within inactive situations, and to deviations from the default outward directionality of active events.
Alejandra Vidal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0017
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter describes the semantic alignment in the Guaykuruan language Pilagá (Chaco region, Argentina) and situates it in a typological context. Pilagá exhibits an extensive fluid marking which ...
More
This chapter describes the semantic alignment in the Guaykuruan language Pilagá (Chaco region, Argentina) and situates it in a typological context. Pilagá exhibits an extensive fluid marking which involves distinctions of caused vs. spontaneous events, high vs. low intentionality, non-reflexive vs. reflexive acts, and, interestingly, movement to/from a vantage point.Less
This chapter describes the semantic alignment in the Guaykuruan language Pilagá (Chaco region, Argentina) and situates it in a typological context. Pilagá exhibits an extensive fluid marking which involves distinctions of caused vs. spontaneous events, high vs. low intentionality, non-reflexive vs. reflexive acts, and, interestingly, movement to/from a vantage point.
Peter W. Culicover and Ray Jackendoff
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199271092
- eISBN:
- 9780191709418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271092.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ...
More
This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ‘A-movements’). It is argued that the system of so-called A-movements, the counterpart of the manipulations of RG, is essentially confined to subject and object positions, and excludes obliques. The grammatical function (GF) tier and raising, passive, binding reflexes in the GF-tier, and ways in which CS can be mapped to syntax are discussed.Less
This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ‘A-movements’). It is argued that the system of so-called A-movements, the counterpart of the manipulations of RG, is essentially confined to subject and object positions, and excludes obliques. The grammatical function (GF) tier and raising, passive, binding reflexes in the GF-tier, and ways in which CS can be mapped to syntax are discussed.
Johan Rooryck and Guido Vanden Wyngaerd
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199691326
- eISBN:
- 9780191731785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691326.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter extends the analysis. The first extension is to reflexives contained in PPs, which pose a problem for the syntactic analysis developed in Chapters 3 and 4. It is argued that PPs come in ...
More
This chapter extends the analysis. The first extension is to reflexives contained in PPs, which pose a problem for the syntactic analysis developed in Chapters 3 and 4. It is argued that PPs come in two kinds: functional ones and spatial/temporal ones. These occupy different configurational positions in the tree. Both types of PPs show different behaviour with regard to binding of anaphors and pronouns contained in them, due to their different configurational position in the tree. The second issue is that of nonlocal reflexives. These constitute a more recalcitrant problem, left as a matter for further research. Finally, the consequences of the analysis for simplex and complex reflexives in other languages are evaluated. It is argued that French, Italian, German, and Swedish se reflexives are morphologically complex, and can figure in both the configurations of simplex zich and complex zichzelf in Dutch.Less
This chapter extends the analysis. The first extension is to reflexives contained in PPs, which pose a problem for the syntactic analysis developed in Chapters 3 and 4. It is argued that PPs come in two kinds: functional ones and spatial/temporal ones. These occupy different configurational positions in the tree. Both types of PPs show different behaviour with regard to binding of anaphors and pronouns contained in them, due to their different configurational position in the tree. The second issue is that of nonlocal reflexives. These constitute a more recalcitrant problem, left as a matter for further research. Finally, the consequences of the analysis for simplex and complex reflexives in other languages are evaluated. It is argued that French, Italian, German, and Swedish se reflexives are morphologically complex, and can figure in both the configurations of simplex zich and complex zichzelf in Dutch.
Richard S. Kayne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179163
- eISBN:
- 9780199788330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179163.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter argues that the antecedent-pronoun relation must involve a movement relation, in a way partially similar to that stated in a recent work by John O'Neil and Norbert Hornstein. Taking this ...
More
This chapter argues that the antecedent-pronoun relation must involve a movement relation, in a way partially similar to that stated in a recent work by John O'Neil and Norbert Hornstein. Taking this position to the extreme leads to the conclusion that accidental coreference in the sense explained by Howard Lasnik has a much narrower part to play in universal grammar (UG) than has been thought. The movement approach pursued here eliminates Condition C as a primitive component of UG and has Condition B being more fundamental than is often assumed. By adopting the derivational perspective of Chomsky's work, the idea that binding should be rethought in movement terms even more generally, including what is regarded as Condition C effects, is discussed.Less
This chapter argues that the antecedent-pronoun relation must involve a movement relation, in a way partially similar to that stated in a recent work by John O'Neil and Norbert Hornstein. Taking this position to the extreme leads to the conclusion that accidental coreference in the sense explained by Howard Lasnik has a much narrower part to play in universal grammar (UG) than has been thought. The movement approach pursued here eliminates Condition C as a primitive component of UG and has Condition B being more fundamental than is often assumed. By adopting the derivational perspective of Chomsky's work, the idea that binding should be rethought in movement terms even more generally, including what is regarded as Condition C effects, is discussed.
Ken Safir
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195166132
- eISBN:
- 9780199788460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166132.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter explores coargument coconstrual relations and the varieties of dependent identity relations, including guise and proxy readings. It is shown that different dependent forms participate in ...
More
This chapter explores coargument coconstrual relations and the varieties of dependent identity relations, including guise and proxy readings. It is shown that different dependent forms participate in competitions differently based on the conditions on interpretation that hold of them, such that some reflexives do permit proxy readings and others do not. Certain counterexamples to complementary distribution — cases where there appear to be no successful competing forms — are cases where an independent principle on coargument interpretations does not permit a possible successful outcome. Inherent reflexives and the relations they represent are explored.Less
This chapter explores coargument coconstrual relations and the varieties of dependent identity relations, including guise and proxy readings. It is shown that different dependent forms participate in competitions differently based on the conditions on interpretation that hold of them, such that some reflexives do permit proxy readings and others do not. Certain counterexamples to complementary distribution — cases where there appear to be no successful competing forms — are cases where an independent principle on coargument interpretations does not permit a possible successful outcome. Inherent reflexives and the relations they represent are explored.
