Simon Morrison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195181678
- eISBN:
- 9780199870806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181678.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter provides a detailed description of Prokofiev's scores for the 1937 Pushkin centennial, specifically his incidental music for theatrical productions of Boris Godunov and Eugene Onegin, ...
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This chapter provides a detailed description of Prokofiev's scores for the 1937 Pushkin centennial, specifically his incidental music for theatrical productions of Boris Godunov and Eugene Onegin, and his score for a filmed version of The Queen of Spades. For political reasons, these three prestigious commissions went unrealized, obliging Prokofiev to recycle the music in other, later scores. The chapter details Prokofiev's collaborations with Meyerhold, the director Alexander Tairov, the writer Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky, and the filmmaker Mikhaíl Romm. Attention is paid to his theatrical and cinematic innovations, and to his effort to distance himself creatively from the operatic influences of Musorgsky and Chaikovsky.Less
This chapter provides a detailed description of Prokofiev's scores for the 1937 Pushkin centennial, specifically his incidental music for theatrical productions of Boris Godunov and Eugene Onegin, and his score for a filmed version of The Queen of Spades. For political reasons, these three prestigious commissions went unrealized, obliging Prokofiev to recycle the music in other, later scores. The chapter details Prokofiev's collaborations with Meyerhold, the director Alexander Tairov, the writer Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky, and the filmmaker Mikhaíl Romm. Attention is paid to his theatrical and cinematic innovations, and to his effort to distance himself creatively from the operatic influences of Musorgsky and Chaikovsky.
Kevin S. McCann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134178
- eISBN:
- 9781400840687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134178.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines how nutrient recycling and decomposition affect the dynamics and stability of food webs. It first reviews some of the existing theory on detritus and food web dynamics before ...
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This chapter examines how nutrient recycling and decomposition affect the dynamics and stability of food webs. It first reviews some of the existing theory on detritus and food web dynamics before discussing the basics of a model that takes into account grazing food webs and whole ecosystems. It then describes the N-R-D (nutrient pool, resource, detritus) submodule as well as the full N-C-R-D (nutrient pool, consumer, resource, detritus) model. It also explores how detritus may act to distribute nutrients by considering a model that begets nonequilibrium dynamics. It shows that detritus tends to stabilize consumer–resource interactions relative to the purely community module (no recycling) because the detritus tends to fall out of phase with the resource–nutrient interaction. The addition of a consumer–resource incteraction to the N-R-D module, even in a closed system, eventually can drive overshoot dynamics and destabilization by increased production, coupling, or interaction strength.Less
This chapter examines how nutrient recycling and decomposition affect the dynamics and stability of food webs. It first reviews some of the existing theory on detritus and food web dynamics before discussing the basics of a model that takes into account grazing food webs and whole ecosystems. It then describes the N-R-D (nutrient pool, resource, detritus) submodule as well as the full N-C-R-D (nutrient pool, consumer, resource, detritus) model. It also explores how detritus may act to distribute nutrients by considering a model that begets nonequilibrium dynamics. It shows that detritus tends to stabilize consumer–resource interactions relative to the purely community module (no recycling) because the detritus tends to fall out of phase with the resource–nutrient interaction. The addition of a consumer–resource incteraction to the N-R-D module, even in a closed system, eventually can drive overshoot dynamics and destabilization by increased production, coupling, or interaction strength.
Leah Price
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691114170
- eISBN:
- 9781400842186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691114170.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of ...
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This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.Less
This chapter suggests that two phenomena that usually get explained in terms of the rise of electronic media in the late twentieth century—the dematerialization of the text and the disembodiment of the reader—have more to do with two much earlier developments. One is legal: the 1861 repeal of the taxes previously imposed on all paper except that used for printing bibles. The other is technological: the rise first of wood-pulp paper in the late nineteenth century and then of plastics in the twentieth. The chapter then looks at Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor (1861–62), the loose, baggy ethnography of the urban underclass that swelled out of a messy series of media. Mayhew's “cyclopaedia of the industry, the want, and the vice of the great Metropolis” so encyclopedically catalogs the uses to which used paper can be turned.
Steve Woolgar and Daniel Neyland
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199584741
- eISBN:
- 9780191762994
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584741.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This book focuses on ways in which our lives are increasingly regulated and controlled in relation to ordinary objects and technologies. The analysis considers questions of governance, how this ...
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This book focuses on ways in which our lives are increasingly regulated and controlled in relation to ordinary objects and technologies. The analysis considers questions of governance, how this occurs, through what means, and with what consequence; accountability, to whom (or what) for which kinds of behaviour; and ontology; suggesting the very nature of people and things is entangled in governance. This book takes these questions as the starting point for exploring the ways in which relations of governance and accountability in contemporary life are organized around ordinary, everyday, pervasive objects, and technologies. In contrast to the contemporary literature on governance, the book argues for the importance of examining how governance and accountability relations are enacted on the ground, in relation to mundane objects and technologies. In particular, it is crucial to understand how governance and accountability are mediated through material relations involving ordinary everyday objects and technologies. The book argues that the key to understanding governance is to focus on political constitution at the level of ontology rather than just on the traditional politics of organization, structure, and human compliance. The term ontology is used here to draw attention to the social and cultural processes whereby the nature and existence of ordinary things come to matter. The argument is developed in relation to a wide variety of empirical materials drawn from three main areas of everyday life: waste management and recycling; the regulation and control of traffic (in particular, speed cameras and parking); and security and passenger movement in airports.Less
This book focuses on ways in which our lives are increasingly regulated and controlled in relation to ordinary objects and technologies. The analysis considers questions of governance, how this occurs, through what means, and with what consequence; accountability, to whom (or what) for which kinds of behaviour; and ontology; suggesting the very nature of people and things is entangled in governance. This book takes these questions as the starting point for exploring the ways in which relations of governance and accountability in contemporary life are organized around ordinary, everyday, pervasive objects, and technologies. In contrast to the contemporary literature on governance, the book argues for the importance of examining how governance and accountability relations are enacted on the ground, in relation to mundane objects and technologies. In particular, it is crucial to understand how governance and accountability are mediated through material relations involving ordinary everyday objects and technologies. The book argues that the key to understanding governance is to focus on political constitution at the level of ontology rather than just on the traditional politics of organization, structure, and human compliance. The term ontology is used here to draw attention to the social and cultural processes whereby the nature and existence of ordinary things come to matter. The argument is developed in relation to a wide variety of empirical materials drawn from three main areas of everyday life: waste management and recycling; the regulation and control of traffic (in particular, speed cameras and parking); and security and passenger movement in airports.
Ian Parry and Roberton C. Williams III
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199692873
- eISBN:
- 9780191738371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692873.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter estimates the welfare costs of the main medium‐term options for significantly reducing US energy‐related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, including carbon taxes and cap‐and‐trade systems ...
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This chapter estimates the welfare costs of the main medium‐term options for significantly reducing US energy‐related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, including carbon taxes and cap‐and‐trade systems applied economy‐wide and to the power sector only, and an emissions rate standard for power generation. The key theme is that welfare costs depend importantly on how policies interact with distortions in the economy created by the broader fiscal system. Economy‐wide cap‐and‐trade systems, or carbon taxes, where allowance rent or tax revenue is not used to increase economic efficiency, perform the worst on cost‐effectiveness grounds. In contrast, the costs of economy‐wide carbon taxes or auctioned allowance systems may be (slightly) negative, if revenues are used to substitute for distortionary income taxes (either directly, or indirectly through deficit reduction). The bottom line is that revenue/rents created under economy‐wide, market‐based carbon policies must be used to increase economic efficiency to ensure that these instruments are more cost‐effective than regulatory or sectoral approaches.Less
This chapter estimates the welfare costs of the main medium‐term options for significantly reducing US energy‐related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, including carbon taxes and cap‐and‐trade systems applied economy‐wide and to the power sector only, and an emissions rate standard for power generation. The key theme is that welfare costs depend importantly on how policies interact with distortions in the economy created by the broader fiscal system. Economy‐wide cap‐and‐trade systems, or carbon taxes, where allowance rent or tax revenue is not used to increase economic efficiency, perform the worst on cost‐effectiveness grounds. In contrast, the costs of economy‐wide carbon taxes or auctioned allowance systems may be (slightly) negative, if revenues are used to substitute for distortionary income taxes (either directly, or indirectly through deficit reduction). The bottom line is that revenue/rents created under economy‐wide, market‐based carbon policies must be used to increase economic efficiency to ensure that these instruments are more cost‐effective than regulatory or sectoral approaches.
Frederick R. Maxfield and Sushmita Mukherjee
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198508786
- eISBN:
- 9780191723803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508786.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the endosomal-lysosomal system. Many endocytic processes in neurones and glia share similarities with analogous processes in other cells. Thus, much that has been learned from ...
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This chapter discusses the endosomal-lysosomal system. Many endocytic processes in neurones and glia share similarities with analogous processes in other cells. Thus, much that has been learned from studies in cell types, such as fibroblasts or polarized epithelia, can be used as a starting point for understanding similar processes in the brain. Even endocytic processes that are highly specialized (e.g., synaptic vesicle uptake and recycling) share the use of common elements such as clathrin-coated pits and dynamin for pinching off vesicles and rab and SNARE proteins for regulating vesicle docking and fusion. The geometry and function of neurones does place special requirements on the endocytic system, such as the need to recycle and refill synaptic vesicles very rapidly. Furthermore, the length of some neurons can require vesicles to travel very long distances to reach the somatodendritic region from the axons. The long life of neurons and the special requirements for vesicle transport and recycling may make these cells especially vulnerable to defects in the endosomal/lysosomal systems.Less
This chapter discusses the endosomal-lysosomal system. Many endocytic processes in neurones and glia share similarities with analogous processes in other cells. Thus, much that has been learned from studies in cell types, such as fibroblasts or polarized epithelia, can be used as a starting point for understanding similar processes in the brain. Even endocytic processes that are highly specialized (e.g., synaptic vesicle uptake and recycling) share the use of common elements such as clathrin-coated pits and dynamin for pinching off vesicles and rab and SNARE proteins for regulating vesicle docking and fusion. The geometry and function of neurones does place special requirements on the endocytic system, such as the need to recycle and refill synaptic vesicles very rapidly. Furthermore, the length of some neurons can require vesicles to travel very long distances to reach the somatodendritic region from the axons. The long life of neurons and the special requirements for vesicle transport and recycling may make these cells especially vulnerable to defects in the endosomal/lysosomal systems.
Matthews James
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655748
- eISBN:
- 9780199949953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655748.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines serious breaches of discipline in both Nationalist and Republican armies. These threatened their systems of recruitment and their capacity to retain conscripted men within the ...
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This chapter examines serious breaches of discipline in both Nationalist and Republican armies. These threatened their systems of recruitment and their capacity to retain conscripted men within the armed forces. It examines the motivation behind decisions to defect and desert, and also looks at the opportunities outwardly to conform to mobilization, while simultaneously procuring the safest possible posting within both armies. The chapter also focuses on both sides’ attempts to limit the number of men avoiding military service, including via self-mutilation, and examines the measures for ‘recycling’ deserters and prisoners of war. These men were monitored and, if their conduct and background checks allowed it, they were enlisted to fight in their captors’ army. While this was practiced by both sides, it was particularly important for the Nationalists because they captured more enemy soldiers than the Republic.Less
This chapter examines serious breaches of discipline in both Nationalist and Republican armies. These threatened their systems of recruitment and their capacity to retain conscripted men within the armed forces. It examines the motivation behind decisions to defect and desert, and also looks at the opportunities outwardly to conform to mobilization, while simultaneously procuring the safest possible posting within both armies. The chapter also focuses on both sides’ attempts to limit the number of men avoiding military service, including via self-mutilation, and examines the measures for ‘recycling’ deserters and prisoners of war. These men were monitored and, if their conduct and background checks allowed it, they were enlisted to fight in their captors’ army. While this was practiced by both sides, it was particularly important for the Nationalists because they captured more enemy soldiers than the Republic.
Donald Eugene Canfield
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145020
- eISBN:
- 9781400849888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145020.003.0011
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter discusses the modeling of the history of atmospheric oxygen. The most recently deposited sediments will also be the most prone to weathering through processes like sea-level change or ...
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This chapter discusses the modeling of the history of atmospheric oxygen. The most recently deposited sediments will also be the most prone to weathering through processes like sea-level change or uplift of the land. Thus, through rapid recycling, high rates of oxygen production through the burial of organic-rich sediments will quickly lead to high rates of oxygen consumption through the exposure of these organic-rich sediments to weathering. From a modeling perspective, rapid recycling helps to dampen oxygen changes. This is important because the fluxes of oxygen through the atmosphere during organic carbon and pyrite burial, and by weathering, are huge compared to the relatively small amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere. Thus, all of the oxygen in the present atmosphere is cycled through geologic processes of oxygen liberation (organic carbon and pyrite burial) and consumption (weathering) on a time scale of about 2 to 3 million years.Less
This chapter discusses the modeling of the history of atmospheric oxygen. The most recently deposited sediments will also be the most prone to weathering through processes like sea-level change or uplift of the land. Thus, through rapid recycling, high rates of oxygen production through the burial of organic-rich sediments will quickly lead to high rates of oxygen consumption through the exposure of these organic-rich sediments to weathering. From a modeling perspective, rapid recycling helps to dampen oxygen changes. This is important because the fluxes of oxygen through the atmosphere during organic carbon and pyrite burial, and by weathering, are huge compared to the relatively small amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere. Thus, all of the oxygen in the present atmosphere is cycled through geologic processes of oxygen liberation (organic carbon and pyrite burial) and consumption (weathering) on a time scale of about 2 to 3 million years.
Jozef M. Pacyna, Kyrre Sundseth, and Elisabeth G. Pacyna
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029193
- eISBN:
- 9780262327619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029193.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses the occurrence, material flows, technical applications of and pollution by platinum, palladium), thallium, rare earth elements, gold, silver, and antimony, all of which are ...
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This chapter discusses the occurrence, material flows, technical applications of and pollution by platinum, palladium), thallium, rare earth elements, gold, silver, and antimony, all of which are essential for global economic growth. Modern technology relies on these chemicals for the production of various industrial goods. However, their use releases pollutants into the environment, thus posing a threat to human health. The impacts of these chemicals on human health are assessed in the context of their linkage to infectious diseases. The consequent environmental damage and political and economic implications of using these chemicals are also discussed. To reduce environmental emissions and impacts to human health, more efficient cost-effective approaches are needed in mining and production processes. It is suggested that recycling and waste management can be improved significantly in many regions of the world to lessen the environmental impact of using these metals while contributing to a better economic situation. Information on the potential impacts that REEs and technologies using these metals have on infectious diseases is largely missing in the literature. This information gap needs to be closed through forthcoming research.Less
This chapter discusses the occurrence, material flows, technical applications of and pollution by platinum, palladium), thallium, rare earth elements, gold, silver, and antimony, all of which are essential for global economic growth. Modern technology relies on these chemicals for the production of various industrial goods. However, their use releases pollutants into the environment, thus posing a threat to human health. The impacts of these chemicals on human health are assessed in the context of their linkage to infectious diseases. The consequent environmental damage and political and economic implications of using these chemicals are also discussed. To reduce environmental emissions and impacts to human health, more efficient cost-effective approaches are needed in mining and production processes. It is suggested that recycling and waste management can be improved significantly in many regions of the world to lessen the environmental impact of using these metals while contributing to a better economic situation. Information on the potential impacts that REEs and technologies using these metals have on infectious diseases is largely missing in the literature. This information gap needs to be closed through forthcoming research.
D. C. Greetham
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198119937
- eISBN:
- 9780191671265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119937.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter presents the different views and arguments, raised by different schools of thought, on the nature and historical development of the text, and begins by discussing the ambiguities that ...
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This chapter presents the different views and arguments, raised by different schools of thought, on the nature and historical development of the text, and begins by discussing the ambiguities that occur as a result of the ‘recycling’ of scripts, whereby a highly formal ‘book’ or ‘text’ script gradually loses its formality, becomes demotic and illegible, and is resuscitated by a later period as a deliberate recollection of the standards of an earlier period. It aims to counter the supposition that all handwriting styles could easily and unambiguously be arranged along a clear linear development from Roman to the present; that stylistically each script fell securely into one and only one historical moment.Less
This chapter presents the different views and arguments, raised by different schools of thought, on the nature and historical development of the text, and begins by discussing the ambiguities that occur as a result of the ‘recycling’ of scripts, whereby a highly formal ‘book’ or ‘text’ script gradually loses its formality, becomes demotic and illegible, and is resuscitated by a later period as a deliberate recollection of the standards of an earlier period. It aims to counter the supposition that all handwriting styles could easily and unambiguously be arranged along a clear linear development from Roman to the present; that stylistically each script fell securely into one and only one historical moment.
Mikael Skou Andersen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199570683
- eISBN:
- 9780191723186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570683.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This chapter reviews the theoretical debate on the properties of environmental tax reforms and implications for competitiveness. Starting from the Porter hypothesis, a claim was made for improvements ...
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This chapter reviews the theoretical debate on the properties of environmental tax reforms and implications for competitiveness. Starting from the Porter hypothesis, a claim was made for improvements in competitiveness from shifting taxation from good to bad – from labour to pollution. The chapter argues with reference to Leibenstein (1966) that the benefits of tax‐shifting need to be appreciated not only from the perspective of allocative efficiency, but also from associated improvements in incentive efficiency. The review is followed by a closer inspection of the concept of competitiveness, whereby both its broader connotations as well as some official definitions are considered. The purpose is to present a clarification of the conceptual and methodological basis for the assessment of competitiveness impacts for energy‐intensive industries and European economies undertaken in this book. In the final section, the chapter presents the research methodology underlying the book as a whole and provides a brief introduction to individual chapters. The need for a complementary research design combining a top‐down macroeconomic with bottom‐up sectoral approaches is argued.Less
This chapter reviews the theoretical debate on the properties of environmental tax reforms and implications for competitiveness. Starting from the Porter hypothesis, a claim was made for improvements in competitiveness from shifting taxation from good to bad – from labour to pollution. The chapter argues with reference to Leibenstein (1966) that the benefits of tax‐shifting need to be appreciated not only from the perspective of allocative efficiency, but also from associated improvements in incentive efficiency. The review is followed by a closer inspection of the concept of competitiveness, whereby both its broader connotations as well as some official definitions are considered. The purpose is to present a clarification of the conceptual and methodological basis for the assessment of competitiveness impacts for energy‐intensive industries and European economies undertaken in this book. In the final section, the chapter presents the research methodology underlying the book as a whole and provides a brief introduction to individual chapters. The need for a complementary research design combining a top‐down macroeconomic with bottom‐up sectoral approaches is argued.
Stefan Speck and Jirina Jilkova
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199570683
- eISBN:
- 9780191723186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570683.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This chapter provides an overview of carbon‐energy taxation introduced under environmental tax reforms in Europe. First a broad overview of the relative shares of taxes on energy, transport, and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of carbon‐energy taxation introduced under environmental tax reforms in Europe. First a broad overview of the relative shares of taxes on energy, transport, and pollution is presented. This overview treats developments in EU‐15 as well as in the ten new member states and shows that tax‐reform proposals are considered across Europe as a whole. Developments in tax‐shifting are most advanced in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, and the UK. Comprehensive reform proposals have also been put forward in countries such as France, Italy, and Belgium, while currently among the new member states Estonia and Czech Republic have announced tax shifts to be implemented. The chapter investigates whether there have been ‘implicit’ tax shifts, i.e. by examining how the ratios of labour taxation‐to‐GDP and of environmental taxes‐to‐GDP have developed during the last decade. Furthermore, the chapter looks into how European countries have designed their tax shifts, and in this connection how the concern of potential losses of competitiveness have been addressed and mitigated. This is done by explaining the different principles and measures applied in the seven countries which have already introduced tax shifts.Less
This chapter provides an overview of carbon‐energy taxation introduced under environmental tax reforms in Europe. First a broad overview of the relative shares of taxes on energy, transport, and pollution is presented. This overview treats developments in EU‐15 as well as in the ten new member states and shows that tax‐reform proposals are considered across Europe as a whole. Developments in tax‐shifting are most advanced in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden, and the UK. Comprehensive reform proposals have also been put forward in countries such as France, Italy, and Belgium, while currently among the new member states Estonia and Czech Republic have announced tax shifts to be implemented. The chapter investigates whether there have been ‘implicit’ tax shifts, i.e. by examining how the ratios of labour taxation‐to‐GDP and of environmental taxes‐to‐GDP have developed during the last decade. Furthermore, the chapter looks into how European countries have designed their tax shifts, and in this connection how the concern of potential losses of competitiveness have been addressed and mitigated. This is done by explaining the different principles and measures applied in the seven countries which have already introduced tax shifts.
Peter Wynn Kirby
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824834289
- eISBN:
- 9780824870515
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824834289.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
What does “environment” really mean in the complex, non-Western milieu of present-day Tokyo? How can anthropology contribute to the technical discussions and quantitative measures typically found in ...
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What does “environment” really mean in the complex, non-Western milieu of present-day Tokyo? How can anthropology contribute to the technical discussions and quantitative measures typically found in environmental studies? This book explores these questions through a deep cultural analysis of waste in contemporary Japan. The parameters are intentionally broad— encompassing ideas of “nature,” attitudes toward hygiene, notions of health and illness, problems with vermin and toxic waste, processes of social exclusion, and reproductive threats. The book concludes that how surroundings are conceived, invoked, and enacted is subjective, highly contextual, and under continual negotiation— with suggestive implications for anthropology, social science, and environmental studies generally. Focusing on two Tokyo neighborhoods, it shows how waste practices and ideas of pollution in the city tie clearly into broader social issues such as exclusionary practices, emergent lifestyle changes, recycling efforts, and novel forms of energy production. Throughout, waste and environmental health problems in Tokyo collide against diverse cultural elements linked to nature(s). The book's inquiry into the ways in which environmental questions circulate throughout Japanese society furnishes insight into central elements of contemporary Japanese life. As for the question of how to shape environmental policy internationally, the book reminds us that efforts to influence a society's waste shadow must unfold over a distinctive sociocultural topography where attitudes to garbage, health, purity, pollution, and excess can impact environmental priorities in profound ways.Less
What does “environment” really mean in the complex, non-Western milieu of present-day Tokyo? How can anthropology contribute to the technical discussions and quantitative measures typically found in environmental studies? This book explores these questions through a deep cultural analysis of waste in contemporary Japan. The parameters are intentionally broad— encompassing ideas of “nature,” attitudes toward hygiene, notions of health and illness, problems with vermin and toxic waste, processes of social exclusion, and reproductive threats. The book concludes that how surroundings are conceived, invoked, and enacted is subjective, highly contextual, and under continual negotiation— with suggestive implications for anthropology, social science, and environmental studies generally. Focusing on two Tokyo neighborhoods, it shows how waste practices and ideas of pollution in the city tie clearly into broader social issues such as exclusionary practices, emergent lifestyle changes, recycling efforts, and novel forms of energy production. Throughout, waste and environmental health problems in Tokyo collide against diverse cultural elements linked to nature(s). The book's inquiry into the ways in which environmental questions circulate throughout Japanese society furnishes insight into central elements of contemporary Japanese life. As for the question of how to shape environmental policy internationally, the book reminds us that efforts to influence a society's waste shadow must unfold over a distinctive sociocultural topography where attitudes to garbage, health, purity, pollution, and excess can impact environmental priorities in profound ways.
Madeleine Yue Dong
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230507
- eISBN:
- 9780520927636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230507.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines Republican Beijing's new market system and patterns of consumption. It explains that three types of goods, excluding food, circulated through Beijing's markets: industrial ...
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This chapter examines Republican Beijing's new market system and patterns of consumption. It explains that three types of goods, excluding food, circulated through Beijing's markets: industrial products, handicraft items from Chinese cities and the countryside, and recycled articles. Despite some overlaps, markets and shops tended to specialize in only one of these types of goods, and their customers tended to be limited to fairly distinct social groups. The chapter argues that while most forms of trading tended to divide the consuming population along class, status, or gender lines, the aspect of Beijing's business world that most often united them was recycling, which involved items ranging from extremely expensive antiques to strips of rag.Less
This chapter examines Republican Beijing's new market system and patterns of consumption. It explains that three types of goods, excluding food, circulated through Beijing's markets: industrial products, handicraft items from Chinese cities and the countryside, and recycled articles. Despite some overlaps, markets and shops tended to specialize in only one of these types of goods, and their customers tended to be limited to fairly distinct social groups. The chapter argues that while most forms of trading tended to divide the consuming population along class, status, or gender lines, the aspect of Beijing's business world that most often united them was recycling, which involved items ranging from extremely expensive antiques to strips of rag.
Salah M. El-Haggar, Lama El Hatow, Yasser Ibrahim, and Mohamed Abu Khatwa
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774166471
- eISBN:
- 9781617976803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166471.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Plastic rejects are plastics that cannot be recycled and are thus burned (causing harmful emissions) or landfilled. This chapter highlights the utilization of plastic rejects which are not recycled ...
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Plastic rejects are plastics that cannot be recycled and are thus burned (causing harmful emissions) or landfilled. This chapter highlights the utilization of plastic rejects which are not recycled (a) because of their material structure, as in the case of thermosets, which do not melt once they are set and if they are burned they turn to ash; (b) because the rejects are made of mixed plastics with different properties and different characteristics; or (c) because they are contaminated and it is more expensive to clean and recycle them than to buy new raw materials, as in the case of black garbage bags. The discussions cover the recycling technology for plastic rejects; product development from plastic rejects; construction materials made from plastic rejects; and properties of materials made from plastic rejects.Less
Plastic rejects are plastics that cannot be recycled and are thus burned (causing harmful emissions) or landfilled. This chapter highlights the utilization of plastic rejects which are not recycled (a) because of their material structure, as in the case of thermosets, which do not melt once they are set and if they are burned they turn to ash; (b) because the rejects are made of mixed plastics with different properties and different characteristics; or (c) because they are contaminated and it is more expensive to clean and recycle them than to buy new raw materials, as in the case of black garbage bags. The discussions cover the recycling technology for plastic rejects; product development from plastic rejects; construction materials made from plastic rejects; and properties of materials made from plastic rejects.
Irene Fahim and Salah M. El-Haggar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774166471
- eISBN:
- 9781617976803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166471.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter begins by discussing the plastic industry, types of plastic, and plastic waste. It then turns to the chemical or thermal treatment of natural fibers for use in different applications as ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the plastic industry, types of plastic, and plastic waste. It then turns to the chemical or thermal treatment of natural fibers for use in different applications as a reinforcing medium for polymers or other materials. It describes natural fiber-reinforced plastics (NFRP), which are useful in a number of industrial products, including underground pipes, water supply pipes, rag pipes, shield pipes for communication cables, and highway construction. The remainder of the chapter discusses flexural and tensile stress tests for fiber-reinforced polymers. The effects of fiber reinforcement on virgin low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and recycled LDPE using the flexural and tensile test were investigated using phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the plastic industry, types of plastic, and plastic waste. It then turns to the chemical or thermal treatment of natural fibers for use in different applications as a reinforcing medium for polymers or other materials. It describes natural fiber-reinforced plastics (NFRP), which are useful in a number of industrial products, including underground pipes, water supply pipes, rag pipes, shield pipes for communication cables, and highway construction. The remainder of the chapter discusses flexural and tensile stress tests for fiber-reinforced polymers. The effects of fiber reinforcement on virgin low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and recycled LDPE using the flexural and tensile test were investigated using phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide.
Dina Abdel Alim and Salah M. El-Haggar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774166471
- eISBN:
- 9781617976803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166471.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter first discusses the glass manufacturing, classification of glass wastes, glass waste recycling, and glass container recycling. It then turns to foam glass, a lightweight glass material ...
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This chapter first discusses the glass manufacturing, classification of glass wastes, glass waste recycling, and glass container recycling. It then turns to foam glass, a lightweight glass material of cellular structure that can be made entirely out of recycled glass. Foam glass is a valuable product that can be used in a range of engineering applications because of its structure. It is a heterophase system that consists of a solid phase and a gaseous phase. The solid phase is glass, which constitutes the thin walls of the cells. Inside the cells is the gaseous phase. Foam glass has a very low density (120kg/m3), yet a relatively high compressive strength and dimensional stability, making it an ideal candidate for thermally and acoustically insulating construction materials. The production and applications of foam glass are discussed.Less
This chapter first discusses the glass manufacturing, classification of glass wastes, glass waste recycling, and glass container recycling. It then turns to foam glass, a lightweight glass material of cellular structure that can be made entirely out of recycled glass. Foam glass is a valuable product that can be used in a range of engineering applications because of its structure. It is a heterophase system that consists of a solid phase and a gaseous phase. The solid phase is glass, which constitutes the thin walls of the cells. Inside the cells is the gaseous phase. Foam glass has a very low density (120kg/m3), yet a relatively high compressive strength and dimensional stability, making it an ideal candidate for thermally and acoustically insulating construction materials. The production and applications of foam glass are discussed.
Mokhtar Kamel and Salah M. El-Haggar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774166471
- eISBN:
- 9781617976803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774166471.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
During the last decade, natural fiber plastic composites (NFPCs) have been increasingly used as substitutes for natural wood in North America, Europe, and China. They have also become an important ...
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During the last decade, natural fiber plastic composites (NFPCs) have been increasingly used as substitutes for natural wood in North America, Europe, and China. They have also become an important topic of research because of their properties and advantages. Natural fibers, such as palm, wood, rice, jute, bamboo, kenaf, flax, hemp, cotton, kraft pulp, coconut husk, and many others, are widely used as reinforcements to thermoplastics because they offer a number of advantages over the use of synthetic fibers or the adoption of thermoplastics on their own. This chapter discusses applications for NFPCs and the testing of the mechanical properties of recycled composites. The results show that the main cause of variable performance of recycled composites was impurities and contaminants.Less
During the last decade, natural fiber plastic composites (NFPCs) have been increasingly used as substitutes for natural wood in North America, Europe, and China. They have also become an important topic of research because of their properties and advantages. Natural fibers, such as palm, wood, rice, jute, bamboo, kenaf, flax, hemp, cotton, kraft pulp, coconut husk, and many others, are widely used as reinforcements to thermoplastics because they offer a number of advantages over the use of synthetic fibers or the adoption of thermoplastics on their own. This chapter discusses applications for NFPCs and the testing of the mechanical properties of recycled composites. The results show that the main cause of variable performance of recycled composites was impurities and contaminants.
Steve Woolgar and Daniel Neyland
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199584741
- eISBN:
- 9780191762994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584741.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
Chapter 3 uses materials from waste management are used to explore accountability relations in action. It explores how containers provide a form of classification that constitutes the moral order of ...
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Chapter 3 uses materials from waste management are used to explore accountability relations in action. It explores how containers provide a form of classification that constitutes the moral order of waste and thus accomplishes the order of the waste management centre. Council-issued leaflets provide classification for the moral policing of household recycling. To clean, divide, and present the contents of a household recycling container, is to accomplish the moral order of the recycling container and thence governance of the local household waste management system. Accountability relations police these moral orders. Yet the waste management centre, with its multitude of staff, containers, and signs, is characterized by continuing messiness. Wrong things are placed in wrong containers, with staff employed to climb into containers to repair the inadequacy of centre users’ presentation of containment. Further, none of the households can remember receiving a leaflet setting out the ways to present their waste.Less
Chapter 3 uses materials from waste management are used to explore accountability relations in action. It explores how containers provide a form of classification that constitutes the moral order of waste and thus accomplishes the order of the waste management centre. Council-issued leaflets provide classification for the moral policing of household recycling. To clean, divide, and present the contents of a household recycling container, is to accomplish the moral order of the recycling container and thence governance of the local household waste management system. Accountability relations police these moral orders. Yet the waste management centre, with its multitude of staff, containers, and signs, is characterized by continuing messiness. Wrong things are placed in wrong containers, with staff employed to climb into containers to repair the inadequacy of centre users’ presentation of containment. Further, none of the households can remember receiving a leaflet setting out the ways to present their waste.
Terry Barker, Christian Lutz, Bernd Meyer, Hector Pollitt, and Stefan Speck
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199584505
- eISBN:
- 9780191725012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584505.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter describes the modelling of an ETR for Europe, using the models described in Chapter 8. The chapter starts by describing the role of the baseline in the analysis and why it is important ...
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This chapter describes the modelling of an ETR for Europe, using the models described in Chapter 8. The chapter starts by describing the role of the baseline in the analysis and why it is important to choose an appropriate baseline. It then describes the main scenarios undertaken, with a discussion of the taxes implemented and the relationship between the EU ETS and the carbon tax applied to the rest of the economy, the role of revenue recycling in the different scenarios, and spending of some of the tax revenues on eco-innovation. The major part of the chapter describes the results of the modelling, including: aggregate energy/environment results (i.e. reduction in emissions and energy demand); aggregate economic results; sectoral energy/environment results; sectoral economic results.Less
This chapter describes the modelling of an ETR for Europe, using the models described in Chapter 8. The chapter starts by describing the role of the baseline in the analysis and why it is important to choose an appropriate baseline. It then describes the main scenarios undertaken, with a discussion of the taxes implemented and the relationship between the EU ETS and the carbon tax applied to the rest of the economy, the role of revenue recycling in the different scenarios, and spending of some of the tax revenues on eco-innovation. The major part of the chapter describes the results of the modelling, including: aggregate energy/environment results (i.e. reduction in emissions and energy demand); aggregate economic results; sectoral energy/environment results; sectoral economic results.
