David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter uses a knowledge typology to describe different characteristics of lost knowledge and their impacts on business performance. It shows how increased retirements interact with recruiting ...
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This chapter uses a knowledge typology to describe different characteristics of lost knowledge and their impacts on business performance. It shows how increased retirements interact with recruiting problems and increased mid-career turnover to threaten workforce capabilities. Five knowledge retention barriers are described, which undermine efforts to address aging workforce challenges.Less
This chapter uses a knowledge typology to describe different characteristics of lost knowledge and their impacts on business performance. It shows how increased retirements interact with recruiting problems and increased mid-career turnover to threaten workforce capabilities. Five knowledge retention barriers are described, which undermine efforts to address aging workforce challenges.
Beth L. Glixon and Jonathan E. Glixon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154160
- eISBN:
- 9780199868483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154160.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter looks at one of the impresario's chief responsibilities, the recruiting and hiring of suitable singers. Impresarios drew on complex networks built up with some of the leading families ...
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This chapter looks at one of the impresario's chief responsibilities, the recruiting and hiring of suitable singers. Impresarios drew on complex networks built up with some of the leading families throughout Italy, including the Medici in Florence and the Marquis Bentivoglio of Ferrara; various agents as well as diplomats in cities such as Rome, Turin, and Vienna were also called into service. During the mid-17th century, singers of many types looked towards opera as a way of earning extra income. Most of the male singers, whether castrati or not, were also active as church or court singers. Many of the leading prima donnas were recruited from Rome with increasingly high salaries. In some cases, the impresarios and singers (such as Anna Renzi) drew up detailed contracts in order to protect both parties. The complex negotiations necessary to recruit the best singers are described in a case study concerning the highest paid singer at the time in Venice, Giulia Masotti.Less
This chapter looks at one of the impresario's chief responsibilities, the recruiting and hiring of suitable singers. Impresarios drew on complex networks built up with some of the leading families throughout Italy, including the Medici in Florence and the Marquis Bentivoglio of Ferrara; various agents as well as diplomats in cities such as Rome, Turin, and Vienna were also called into service. During the mid-17th century, singers of many types looked towards opera as a way of earning extra income. Most of the male singers, whether castrati or not, were also active as church or court singers. Many of the leading prima donnas were recruited from Rome with increasingly high salaries. In some cases, the impresarios and singers (such as Anna Renzi) drew up detailed contracts in order to protect both parties. The complex negotiations necessary to recruit the best singers are described in a case study concerning the highest paid singer at the time in Venice, Giulia Masotti.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
This book explores how the U.S. military branches have deployed gender and, in particular, ideas about masculinity to sell military service to potential recruits. Military service has strong ...
More
This book explores how the U.S. military branches have deployed gender and, in particular, ideas about masculinity to sell military service to potential recruits. Military service has strong historical ties to masculinity, but conscription ended during a period when masculinity was widely perceived to be in crisis and women’s roles were expanding. The central question the book asks is whether, in the era of the all-volunteer force, masculinity is the underlying basis of military recruiting appeals and if so, in what forms It also asks how women fit into the gendering of service. Based on an analysis of more than 300 print advertisements published between the early 1970s and 2007, as well as television commercials and recruiting Websites, the book argues that masculinity is still a foundation of the appeals, but each branch deploys various constructions of masculinity that serve its particular personnel needs and culture, with conventional martial masculinity being only one among them. While the Marines rely almost exclusively on a traditional, warrior form of masculinity, the Army, Navy, and Air Force draw on various strands of masculinity that are in circulation in the wider culture, including economic independence and breadwinner status, dominance and mastery through technology, and hybrid masculinity which combines egalitarianism and compassion with strength and power. The inclusion of a few token military women in recruiting advertisements has become routine, but the representations of service make it clear that men are the primary audience and combat their exclusive domain.Less
This book explores how the U.S. military branches have deployed gender and, in particular, ideas about masculinity to sell military service to potential recruits. Military service has strong historical ties to masculinity, but conscription ended during a period when masculinity was widely perceived to be in crisis and women’s roles were expanding. The central question the book asks is whether, in the era of the all-volunteer force, masculinity is the underlying basis of military recruiting appeals and if so, in what forms It also asks how women fit into the gendering of service. Based on an analysis of more than 300 print advertisements published between the early 1970s and 2007, as well as television commercials and recruiting Websites, the book argues that masculinity is still a foundation of the appeals, but each branch deploys various constructions of masculinity that serve its particular personnel needs and culture, with conventional martial masculinity being only one among them. While the Marines rely almost exclusively on a traditional, warrior form of masculinity, the Army, Navy, and Air Force draw on various strands of masculinity that are in circulation in the wider culture, including economic independence and breadwinner status, dominance and mastery through technology, and hybrid masculinity which combines egalitarianism and compassion with strength and power. The inclusion of a few token military women in recruiting advertisements has become routine, but the representations of service make it clear that men are the primary audience and combat their exclusive domain.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 3 provides background material on the Army’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Army advertising sometimes showcases traditional ...
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Chapter 3 provides background material on the Army’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Army advertising sometimes showcases traditional warrior masculinity, featuring weaponry and soldiers who test themselves, but makes other masculine appeals as well, like acquiring a good trade that allows economic independence, building character and self-confidence, and gaining technological prowess. The Army has also created ads that combine martial imagery with the language of business, creating a bridge between the older forms of masculinity with which Army service had been associated and newer, business-world forms of masculinity that are gaining prominence in civilian society. The chapter gives a brief history of women in the Army and examines their portrayal in recruiting advertisements. The Army has presented women the most frequently of any of the services and has gone the furthest in framing them as normal, unexceptional members of the institution, though they are never associated with combat or weaponry.Less
Chapter 3 provides background material on the Army’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Army advertising sometimes showcases traditional warrior masculinity, featuring weaponry and soldiers who test themselves, but makes other masculine appeals as well, like acquiring a good trade that allows economic independence, building character and self-confidence, and gaining technological prowess. The Army has also created ads that combine martial imagery with the language of business, creating a bridge between the older forms of masculinity with which Army service had been associated and newer, business-world forms of masculinity that are gaining prominence in civilian society. The chapter gives a brief history of women in the Army and examines their portrayal in recruiting advertisements. The Army has presented women the most frequently of any of the services and has gone the furthest in framing them as normal, unexceptional members of the institution, though they are never associated with combat or weaponry.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 4 provides background material on the Navy’s culture and recruiting history, with some emphasis on the role of race, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting advertisements. Navy ...
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Chapter 4 provides background material on the Navy’s culture and recruiting history, with some emphasis on the role of race, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting advertisements. Navy recruiting appeals have tended to shift back and forth between a focus on career and benefits—first presented in terms of masculine pride in work that is physically and mentally challenging and later shifting to an emphasis on professional careers, personal success, and advanced technology, aligning the Navy with the high-status careers of the information age and its emerging dominant models of masculinity—and a focus on adventure and the traditional benefits of life at sea, like excitement, challenge, and travel. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Navy and examines their portrayal in recruiting materials. While recruiting materials have made token references to female sailors, women often represent the pleasures of travel and shore leave.Less
Chapter 4 provides background material on the Navy’s culture and recruiting history, with some emphasis on the role of race, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting advertisements. Navy recruiting appeals have tended to shift back and forth between a focus on career and benefits—first presented in terms of masculine pride in work that is physically and mentally challenging and later shifting to an emphasis on professional careers, personal success, and advanced technology, aligning the Navy with the high-status careers of the information age and its emerging dominant models of masculinity—and a focus on adventure and the traditional benefits of life at sea, like excitement, challenge, and travel. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Navy and examines their portrayal in recruiting materials. While recruiting materials have made token references to female sailors, women often represent the pleasures of travel and shore leave.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 5 provides background material on the Marine Corps’ culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Over the course of the all-volunteer force, ...
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Chapter 5 provides background material on the Marine Corps’ culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Over the course of the all-volunteer force, Marine Corps advertising has consistently emphasized elitism and sent the message that the Marines will demand that a recruit prove his worth, but once he has, he’s part of an exclusive warrior brotherhood. The Marines offer a rite of passage into manhood. Based on their structure and personnel needs, the Marines need to use only one version of masculinity—traditional warrior masculinity—in their appeals. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Marines and examines their portrayal in recruiting materials. The Marines have the smallest percentage of women of any of the services. Marine recruiting advertisements rarely show women and make no attempt to use gender-inclusive language. The few Marine ads that feature women are published only in magazines aimed at women.Less
Chapter 5 provides background material on the Marine Corps’ culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Over the course of the all-volunteer force, Marine Corps advertising has consistently emphasized elitism and sent the message that the Marines will demand that a recruit prove his worth, but once he has, he’s part of an exclusive warrior brotherhood. The Marines offer a rite of passage into manhood. Based on their structure and personnel needs, the Marines need to use only one version of masculinity—traditional warrior masculinity—in their appeals. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Marines and examines their portrayal in recruiting materials. The Marines have the smallest percentage of women of any of the services. Marine recruiting advertisements rarely show women and make no attempt to use gender-inclusive language. The few Marine ads that feature women are published only in magazines aimed at women.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 6 provides background material on the Air Force’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Air Force advertising has emphasized job training ...
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Chapter 6 provides background material on the Air Force’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Air Force advertising has emphasized job training and specifically offered respect and advancement to blue-collar, mechanically inclined young men, reinforcing a working-class masculinity. Air Force recruiting has also made advanced technology a central draw; through association with this technology, the Air Force offers the masculine rewards of mastery, dominance, and control. In recent years, the Air Force has offered recruits not direct physical excitement, but the vicarious thrills of video games, which provide extreme experiences through the mediation of technology. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Air Force and examines their portrayal in recruiting advertisements. The Air Force has the largest percentage of women, but its advertising has mainly targeted technically inclined young men; women have been only a token presence.Less
Chapter 6 provides background material on the Air Force’s culture and recruiting history, before presenting an analysis of the recruiting materials. Air Force advertising has emphasized job training and specifically offered respect and advancement to blue-collar, mechanically inclined young men, reinforcing a working-class masculinity. Air Force recruiting has also made advanced technology a central draw; through association with this technology, the Air Force offers the masculine rewards of mastery, dominance, and control. In recent years, the Air Force has offered recruits not direct physical excitement, but the vicarious thrills of video games, which provide extreme experiences through the mediation of technology. The chapter also gives a brief history of women in the Air Force and examines their portrayal in recruiting advertisements. The Air Force has the largest percentage of women, but its advertising has mainly targeted technically inclined young men; women have been only a token presence.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 7 takes up the question of how the gendered constructions of military service developed by each branch are altered by the context of actual war fighting. It examines how the Iraq War and ...
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Chapter 7 takes up the question of how the gendered constructions of military service developed by each branch are altered by the context of actual war fighting. It examines how the Iraq War and Afghanistan War have affected each branch’s ability to recruit and how each has responded to the conflicts in their recruiting materials. In a departure from earlier wartime recruiting practices, recruiting advertisements continued to offer the same range of inducements used throughout the course of the all-volunteer force and make only limited, mostly indirect references to the conflicts at hand. Combat imagery, disconnected from the conflicts, is used to denote a masculine realm of challenge, excitement, and brotherhood. Within the recruiting ads, women’s roles are carefully contained. Even as the wars have expanded their military roles and placed some women in combat, the depictions of women continue to segregate them from any markers of war.Less
Chapter 7 takes up the question of how the gendered constructions of military service developed by each branch are altered by the context of actual war fighting. It examines how the Iraq War and Afghanistan War have affected each branch’s ability to recruit and how each has responded to the conflicts in their recruiting materials. In a departure from earlier wartime recruiting practices, recruiting advertisements continued to offer the same range of inducements used throughout the course of the all-volunteer force and make only limited, mostly indirect references to the conflicts at hand. Combat imagery, disconnected from the conflicts, is used to denote a masculine realm of challenge, excitement, and brotherhood. Within the recruiting ads, women’s roles are carefully contained. Even as the wars have expanded their military roles and placed some women in combat, the depictions of women continue to segregate them from any markers of war.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 8 highlights the similarities in the constructions of gender produced by the branches and the emerging masculine models they mine—professional forms, masculinity tied to technology, hybrid ...
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Chapter 8 highlights the similarities in the constructions of gender produced by the branches and the emerging masculine models they mine—professional forms, masculinity tied to technology, hybrid masculinity that combines toughness with compassion and egalitarianism—as well the more traditional warrior type. Some of the trends identified in recruiting materials across the services include inattention to international events, the absence of references to duty or citizenship, the increasing role of technology, and the expectation that young men continue to seek adventure. The chapter compares each service’s approach to recruiting women and draws conclusions about the intersections of race and gender in recruiting advertisements. The chapter also argues that although most Americans believe they can ignore the military in the era of the all-volunteer force, when it comes to popular culture and ideas about gender, the military is not a thing apart from society, and it reflects on some of the implications of military recruiting materials for wider conceptions of masculinity and of military service.Less
Chapter 8 highlights the similarities in the constructions of gender produced by the branches and the emerging masculine models they mine—professional forms, masculinity tied to technology, hybrid masculinity that combines toughness with compassion and egalitarianism—as well the more traditional warrior type. Some of the trends identified in recruiting materials across the services include inattention to international events, the absence of references to duty or citizenship, the increasing role of technology, and the expectation that young men continue to seek adventure. The chapter compares each service’s approach to recruiting women and draws conclusions about the intersections of race and gender in recruiting advertisements. The chapter also argues that although most Americans believe they can ignore the military in the era of the all-volunteer force, when it comes to popular culture and ideas about gender, the military is not a thing apart from society, and it reflects on some of the implications of military recruiting materials for wider conceptions of masculinity and of military service.
MICHAEL WHEATLEY
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199273577
- eISBN:
- 9780191706165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273577.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
From the outset of the war, public expressions of sympathy for Britain became the norm, but the new-found mood of pro-war unity soon dissolved. Nationalist opponents of the war were labelled as ‘Sinn ...
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From the outset of the war, public expressions of sympathy for Britain became the norm, but the new-found mood of pro-war unity soon dissolved. Nationalist opponents of the war were labelled as ‘Sinn Feiners’. There was no general surge of recruiting to the British army, before or after the passage of the Home Rule Act, which was greeted with no more than relief. Redmond's immediate call to Irishmen to enlist was based on sympathy for the Allies, moral obligation, and compelling political calculation. It triggered a vigorous political fight for control of the Irish Volunteers, which was supposedly won by the Irish party. However, the response of most nationalists was to maintain an intense interest in the war, express sympathy for the Allies, and then keep their heads down. Recruitment outside of a few towns was dismal, while fear of conscription was already endemic and withdrawal from public ‘political’ activity commonplace.Less
From the outset of the war, public expressions of sympathy for Britain became the norm, but the new-found mood of pro-war unity soon dissolved. Nationalist opponents of the war were labelled as ‘Sinn Feiners’. There was no general surge of recruiting to the British army, before or after the passage of the Home Rule Act, which was greeted with no more than relief. Redmond's immediate call to Irishmen to enlist was based on sympathy for the Allies, moral obligation, and compelling political calculation. It triggered a vigorous political fight for control of the Irish Volunteers, which was supposedly won by the Irish party. However, the response of most nationalists was to maintain an intense interest in the war, express sympathy for the Allies, and then keep their heads down. Recruitment outside of a few towns was dismal, while fear of conscription was already endemic and withdrawal from public ‘political’ activity commonplace.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199258031
- eISBN:
- 9780191717840
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258031.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The regimental system has been the foundation of the British army for 300 years. This study of the Cardwell-Childers reforms shows how the army was refashioned in the late 19th century, and how it ...
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The regimental system has been the foundation of the British army for 300 years. This study of the Cardwell-Childers reforms shows how the army was refashioned in the late 19th century, and how it was subsequently and repeatedly reinvented to suit the changing roles that were forced upon the army. It challenges the assumptions of both the exponents and detractors of the system, showing that there was not one but several regimental systems. It demonstrates that localized recruiting was usually a failure, with many regiments unable to draw more than a small proportion of their recruits from their own districts. It shows that regimental loyalties were not a primordial force — regimental authorities had to create them and in the late 19th century they manufactured new traditions with gusto. It shows that in both world wars regimental postings quickly broke down, and regiments had to take recruits from wherever they could find them. It shows that the notion that the British army was bad at fighting big battles in the First and Second World Wars because the regimental system created a parochial military culture, is facile.Less
The regimental system has been the foundation of the British army for 300 years. This study of the Cardwell-Childers reforms shows how the army was refashioned in the late 19th century, and how it was subsequently and repeatedly reinvented to suit the changing roles that were forced upon the army. It challenges the assumptions of both the exponents and detractors of the system, showing that there was not one but several regimental systems. It demonstrates that localized recruiting was usually a failure, with many regiments unable to draw more than a small proportion of their recruits from their own districts. It shows that regimental loyalties were not a primordial force — regimental authorities had to create them and in the late 19th century they manufactured new traditions with gusto. It shows that in both world wars regimental postings quickly broke down, and regiments had to take recruits from wherever they could find them. It shows that the notion that the British army was bad at fighting big battles in the First and Second World Wars because the regimental system created a parochial military culture, is facile.
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The Maori population of Aotearoa was much reduced when European immigration from the UK turned the islands into New Zealand. Distance from preferred UK sources of settlers meant that recruiting was ...
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The Maori population of Aotearoa was much reduced when European immigration from the UK turned the islands into New Zealand. Distance from preferred UK sources of settlers meant that recruiting was always a highly politicized project, from the days of the New Zealand Company to 20th‐century ventures which initially tapped into imperial government funds. The balance between immigration and natural increase as a cause of population growth and alterations in migrants' occupations as the economy developed are examined, and the expectations and realities of settlement are compared. Controls restricting the entry of some migrants and the positive recruiting of others explain the age, occupations, experiences, and largely British identity of New Zealand. This last began to alter when other Europeans and especially non‐Europeans were admitted, and the UK became more orientated towards Europe.Less
The Maori population of Aotearoa was much reduced when European immigration from the UK turned the islands into New Zealand. Distance from preferred UK sources of settlers meant that recruiting was always a highly politicized project, from the days of the New Zealand Company to 20th‐century ventures which initially tapped into imperial government funds. The balance between immigration and natural increase as a cause of population growth and alterations in migrants' occupations as the economy developed are examined, and the expectations and realities of settlement are compared. Controls restricting the entry of some migrants and the positive recruiting of others explain the age, occupations, experiences, and largely British identity of New Zealand. This last began to alter when other Europeans and especially non‐Europeans were admitted, and the UK became more orientated towards Europe.
Kathleen M. Blee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842766
- eISBN:
- 9780199951161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842766.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter explores how emerging activist groups develop an organizational character as they wrestle with issues of belonging, membership, and recruitment. It explains how activist groups decide ...
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This chapter explores how emerging activist groups develop an organizational character as they wrestle with issues of belonging, membership, and recruitment. It explains how activist groups decide who they are able to recruit and who they want to recruit, as well as how they create expectations for what members are expected to do. The chapter shows how an early emphasis on recruiting fades away as groups adjust their goals to their existing membership size and become wary of newcomers. The chapter ends with a comparison of a civil liberties and anti-war group that started as a single group with considerable overlap among members. Members of one group developed a sense of responsibility and commitment that sustained them through difficult times. In the other, members played an increasingly minor role in shaping the group=s direction and it quickly lost momentumLess
This chapter explores how emerging activist groups develop an organizational character as they wrestle with issues of belonging, membership, and recruitment. It explains how activist groups decide who they are able to recruit and who they want to recruit, as well as how they create expectations for what members are expected to do. The chapter shows how an early emphasis on recruiting fades away as groups adjust their goals to their existing membership size and become wary of newcomers. The chapter ends with a comparison of a civil liberties and anti-war group that started as a single group with considerable overlap among members. Members of one group developed a sense of responsibility and commitment that sustained them through difficult times. In the other, members played an increasingly minor role in shaping the group=s direction and it quickly lost momentum
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, ...
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Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, investors, philanthropists, public authorities and governments. In a competitive market, migrants were attracted, selected and often assisted by professional agents employed by colonial governments. The imperial government, having become decreasingly involved during the 19th century as an agency— except in regulating shipping and selecting officials and some professional people for overseas service— became a more substantial operator following especially the passage of the Empire Settlement Act in 1922. The volume of migration and migrants' experiences were also affected by improvements in the safety and quality of transport and the relative reduction in cost, including eventually by air.Less
Decisions to migrate, by UK and all other empire migrants, were heavily influenced by information (and sometimes misinformation) about destinations, both from personal sources and from entrepreneurs, investors, philanthropists, public authorities and governments. In a competitive market, migrants were attracted, selected and often assisted by professional agents employed by colonial governments. The imperial government, having become decreasingly involved during the 19th century as an agency— except in regulating shipping and selecting officials and some professional people for overseas service— became a more substantial operator following especially the passage of the Empire Settlement Act in 1922. The volume of migration and migrants' experiences were also affected by improvements in the safety and quality of transport and the relative reduction in cost, including eventually by air.
David Malet
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199939459
- eISBN:
- 9780199333127
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199939459.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
What messages do insurgencies use to recruit foreign fighters? As recent events from Afghanistan and Iraq to Yemen and Somalia demonstrate, foreign fighters represent a significant concern in ...
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What messages do insurgencies use to recruit foreign fighters? As recent events from Afghanistan and Iraq to Yemen and Somalia demonstrate, foreign fighters represent a significant concern in counter-insurgency planning and a growing challenge to basic concepts of sovereignty. Yet transnational insurgencies are not merely a contemporary phenomenon, nor one limited to Islamists. How have recruiters in various conflicts elicited costly collective action in distant wars where foreigners would seem to have had no apparent grievances or interests at stake, and in which empirical evidence also suggests recruits were offered little in the way of material incentives? To answer this question, this study presents a data set of transnational insurgents and a typology of foreign fighters. It then offers comparisons across four disparate case studies: The Texas Revolution (1835-36), the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), the Israeli War of Independence (1948-49), and the Afghanistan War (1978-1992). The data indicates that transnational recruitment occurs when local insurgents attempt to broaden the scope of conflict to increase their resources and maximize their chances of victory. However, due to their lack of resources, they typically must motivate outsiders to join them for reasons other than material gain. They therefore overcome collective action barriers by framing participation in conflicts as a necessary defensive mobilization against existential threats to transnational ethnic, religious, or ideological groups they share in common with the recruits. This consistent recruitment pattern likewise suggests common dissuasion and disruption strategies available to counter-insurgency planners.Less
What messages do insurgencies use to recruit foreign fighters? As recent events from Afghanistan and Iraq to Yemen and Somalia demonstrate, foreign fighters represent a significant concern in counter-insurgency planning and a growing challenge to basic concepts of sovereignty. Yet transnational insurgencies are not merely a contemporary phenomenon, nor one limited to Islamists. How have recruiters in various conflicts elicited costly collective action in distant wars where foreigners would seem to have had no apparent grievances or interests at stake, and in which empirical evidence also suggests recruits were offered little in the way of material incentives? To answer this question, this study presents a data set of transnational insurgents and a typology of foreign fighters. It then offers comparisons across four disparate case studies: The Texas Revolution (1835-36), the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), the Israeli War of Independence (1948-49), and the Afghanistan War (1978-1992). The data indicates that transnational recruitment occurs when local insurgents attempt to broaden the scope of conflict to increase their resources and maximize their chances of victory. However, due to their lack of resources, they typically must motivate outsiders to join them for reasons other than material gain. They therefore overcome collective action barriers by framing participation in conflicts as a necessary defensive mobilization against existential threats to transnational ethnic, religious, or ideological groups they share in common with the recruits. This consistent recruitment pattern likewise suggests common dissuasion and disruption strategies available to counter-insurgency planners.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199258031
- eISBN:
- 9780191717840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258031.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter analyses patterns of recruiting in the British army since c.1870, both social and geographical, and demonstrates that localized recruiting remained an unattainable goal for most ...
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This chapter analyses patterns of recruiting in the British army since c.1870, both social and geographical, and demonstrates that localized recruiting remained an unattainable goal for most regiments. It also analyses the different reasons why officers and other ranks chose to enlist in particular regiments, demonstrating just how varied their motives were.Less
This chapter analyses patterns of recruiting in the British army since c.1870, both social and geographical, and demonstrates that localized recruiting remained an unattainable goal for most regiments. It also analyses the different reasons why officers and other ranks chose to enlist in particular regiments, demonstrating just how varied their motives were.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199258031
- eISBN:
- 9780191717840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258031.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the ways in which regular army regiments transformed civilian recruits into functioning members of their regiments by putting them through a system of basic training that not ...
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This chapter examines the ways in which regular army regiments transformed civilian recruits into functioning members of their regiments by putting them through a system of basic training that not only gave them basic military skills, but also socialized them into new patterns of behaviour.Less
This chapter examines the ways in which regular army regiments transformed civilian recruits into functioning members of their regiments by putting them through a system of basic training that not only gave them basic military skills, but also socialized them into new patterns of behaviour.
Roger B. Manning
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261499
- eISBN:
- 9780191718625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261499.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Military service was not linked to patriotism in the Dutch Republic, and the Dutch army was a mercenary force consisting mostly of foreigners. The native Dutch soldiers were usually found in ...
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Military service was not linked to patriotism in the Dutch Republic, and the Dutch army was a mercenary force consisting mostly of foreigners. The native Dutch soldiers were usually found in garrisons, and in the time of Maurice of Nassau, the English and the Scots comprised a large part of the Dutch field armies. While the English and Scots officers were all volunteers and eagerly pursued careers in the States’ Army, the private soldiers were mostly impressed, although many English lawyers regarded the practice as illegal. Both the English and Scots governments allowed military enterprisers to recruit for mainland European armies whether Catholic or Protestant. Moreover, wastage resulting from death, disease, and desertion required that regiments raised for foreign service be subsequently replenished.Less
Military service was not linked to patriotism in the Dutch Republic, and the Dutch army was a mercenary force consisting mostly of foreigners. The native Dutch soldiers were usually found in garrisons, and in the time of Maurice of Nassau, the English and the Scots comprised a large part of the Dutch field armies. While the English and Scots officers were all volunteers and eagerly pursued careers in the States’ Army, the private soldiers were mostly impressed, although many English lawyers regarded the practice as illegal. Both the English and Scots governments allowed military enterprisers to recruit for mainland European armies whether Catholic or Protestant. Moreover, wastage resulting from death, disease, and desertion required that regiments raised for foreign service be subsequently replenished.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199548231
- eISBN:
- 9780191739224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548231.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
In order to ensure that the army was properly manned the civil population had to produce an adequate supply of recruits who are sufficiently well‐educated and fit for military service. Once men had ...
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In order to ensure that the army was properly manned the civil population had to produce an adequate supply of recruits who are sufficiently well‐educated and fit for military service. Once men had been recruited the army then had to make the optimum use of them by allocating them to jobs that they could do, and by providing them with the kinds of training they needed to do them. Systems also had to be in place to ensure that the officer corps was properly trained to lead and manage them. This chapter examines who joined the army, how they were allocated between the different arms of the service, how they were trained, and the problems that the army had in recruiting and retaining sufficient manpower to fulfil its missions.Less
In order to ensure that the army was properly manned the civil population had to produce an adequate supply of recruits who are sufficiently well‐educated and fit for military service. Once men had been recruited the army then had to make the optimum use of them by allocating them to jobs that they could do, and by providing them with the kinds of training they needed to do them. Systems also had to be in place to ensure that the officer corps was properly trained to lead and manage them. This chapter examines who joined the army, how they were allocated between the different arms of the service, how they were trained, and the problems that the army had in recruiting and retaining sufficient manpower to fulfil its missions.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199548231
- eISBN:
- 9780191739224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548231.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
The manpower requirements of the all‐regular army were no different from those of the National Service army. It still needed an adequate supply of recruits who were sufficiently well‐educated and fit ...
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The manpower requirements of the all‐regular army were no different from those of the National Service army. It still needed an adequate supply of recruits who were sufficiently well‐educated and fit for military service. It then had to make the best possible use of them by allocating them to jobs that they could do, and it had to train them to do them. This chapter analyses the manpower base of the all‐regular army that emerged from the Sandy's reforms. It examines what the military authorities thought being a ‘good employer’ meant. It explores the difficulties they confronted in recruiting, and retaining sufficient manpower, and shows how they struggled to make the most effective use of the personnel they could find.Less
The manpower requirements of the all‐regular army were no different from those of the National Service army. It still needed an adequate supply of recruits who were sufficiently well‐educated and fit for military service. It then had to make the best possible use of them by allocating them to jobs that they could do, and it had to train them to do them. This chapter analyses the manpower base of the all‐regular army that emerged from the Sandy's reforms. It examines what the military authorities thought being a ‘good employer’ meant. It explores the difficulties they confronted in recruiting, and retaining sufficient manpower, and shows how they struggled to make the most effective use of the personnel they could find.
