John R. B. Lighton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195310610
- eISBN:
- 9780199871414
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310610.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biotechnology
This chapter describes methods for validating the measurements made using flow-through respirometry. These methods include the injection of nitrogen at a known flow rate into a respirometry system; ...
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This chapter describes methods for validating the measurements made using flow-through respirometry. These methods include the injection of nitrogen at a known flow rate into a respirometry system; burning a small flame of ethanol or methanol at a rate measured by weighing the lamp (often called “alcohol recovery”); and burning hydrocarbon gases such as methane, ethane, or propane. The first two techniques yield information on absolute oxygen consumption rates; the gas flame technique yields information on ratios between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, as does the alcohol recovery technique. Full practical details including all relevant equations are given.Less
This chapter describes methods for validating the measurements made using flow-through respirometry. These methods include the injection of nitrogen at a known flow rate into a respirometry system; burning a small flame of ethanol or methanol at a rate measured by weighing the lamp (often called “alcohol recovery”); and burning hydrocarbon gases such as methane, ethane, or propane. The first two techniques yield information on absolute oxygen consumption rates; the gas flame technique yields information on ratios between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, as does the alcohol recovery technique. Full practical details including all relevant equations are given.
Olivier Blanchard
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293996
- eISBN:
- 9780191595998
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293992.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Transition in Central and Eastern Europe has led to a U‐shaped response of output, that is, a sharp decline in output followed by recovery. Six years after the beginning of transition, most of the ...
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Transition in Central and Eastern Europe has led to a U‐shaped response of output, that is, a sharp decline in output followed by recovery. Six years after the beginning of transition, most of the countries of Central Europe now seem firmly on the upside. Most of the countries of Eastern Europe are still close to the bottom of the U; an optimistic view is that they are now negotiating the turn.This U‐shaped response of output, its causes and its implications, is the subject of this book. That transition came with an often‐large initial decrease in output should be seen as a puzzle. After all, the previous economic system was characterized by myriad distortions. One might have expected that removing most of them would lead to a large increase, not decrease in output. This is not what happened. The purpose of this book is to understand why, and to draw general lessons.Less
Transition in Central and Eastern Europe has led to a U‐shaped response of output, that is, a sharp decline in output followed by recovery. Six years after the beginning of transition, most of the countries of Central Europe now seem firmly on the upside. Most of the countries of Eastern Europe are still close to the bottom of the U; an optimistic view is that they are now negotiating the turn.
This U‐shaped response of output, its causes and its implications, is the subject of this book. That transition came with an often‐large initial decrease in output should be seen as a puzzle. After all, the previous economic system was characterized by myriad distortions. One might have expected that removing most of them would lead to a large increase, not decrease in output. This is not what happened. The purpose of this book is to understand why, and to draw general lessons.
Deborah R. Becker and Robert E. Drake
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195131215
- eISBN:
- 9780199863808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195131215.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter describes some of the theoretical notions that led to the foundation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation theory ...
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This chapter describes some of the theoretical notions that led to the foundation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation theory indicates that individual functioning is enhanced by supportive environments and skill development. The theory of recovery is that people can move beyond illness and have meaningful life activities such as work. Disability is not an inherent part of illness but a secondary problem resulting from ways society marginalizes people (e.g., stigma, segregation). Furthermore, community mental health treatments and policies have resulted in experiences that lead to disempowerment and deflating learning experiences. For example, people steered to work in sheltered workshops come to believe that they can only work in that setting. Theories that have not been tested may lead to false information. For example, the notion that parallel services are more effective than integrated services was tested and found to be false. While there are many theories in psychology and rehabilitation, IPS supported employment is based not only on theory but also on empirical outcome studies.Less
This chapter describes some of the theoretical notions that led to the foundation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation theory indicates that individual functioning is enhanced by supportive environments and skill development. The theory of recovery is that people can move beyond illness and have meaningful life activities such as work. Disability is not an inherent part of illness but a secondary problem resulting from ways society marginalizes people (e.g., stigma, segregation). Furthermore, community mental health treatments and policies have resulted in experiences that lead to disempowerment and deflating learning experiences. For example, people steered to work in sheltered workshops come to believe that they can only work in that setting. Theories that have not been tested may lead to false information. For example, the notion that parallel services are more effective than integrated services was tested and found to be false. While there are many theories in psychology and rehabilitation, IPS supported employment is based not only on theory but also on empirical outcome studies.
Chris Jochnick and Fraser A. Preston (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168006
- eISBN:
- 9780199783458
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168003.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Recent world events have created a compelling need for new perspectives and realistic solutions to the problem of sovereign debt. The success of the Jubilee 2000 movement in raising public awareness ...
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Recent world events have created a compelling need for new perspectives and realistic solutions to the problem of sovereign debt. The success of the Jubilee 2000 movement in raising public awareness of the devastating effects of debt, coupled with the highly publicized Bono/O'Neill tour of Africa, and the spectacular default and economic implosion of Argentina, have helped spur a global debate over debt. A growing chorus of globalization critics, galvanized by the Catholic Church's demand for forgiveness and bolstered by recent defaults, has put debt near the top of the international agenda. Creditor governments and international financial institutions have belatedly recognized the need for more sustainable progress on debt as an inescapable step towards economic recovery in many parts of the world. This book advances the dialogue around these issues by providing an overview of the problems raised by debt and describing new and practical approaches to overcoming them. It brings together the voices of prominent members of the international debt community. It includes pieces from the most relevant constituencies: from creditors (the IMF/World Bank, government lenders, private investors) to critics (debtor representatives, activists, and academics) and analysis from economists, bankers, lawyers, social scientists, and politicians.Less
Recent world events have created a compelling need for new perspectives and realistic solutions to the problem of sovereign debt. The success of the Jubilee 2000 movement in raising public awareness of the devastating effects of debt, coupled with the highly publicized Bono/O'Neill tour of Africa, and the spectacular default and economic implosion of Argentina, have helped spur a global debate over debt. A growing chorus of globalization critics, galvanized by the Catholic Church's demand for forgiveness and bolstered by recent defaults, has put debt near the top of the international agenda. Creditor governments and international financial institutions have belatedly recognized the need for more sustainable progress on debt as an inescapable step towards economic recovery in many parts of the world. This book advances the dialogue around these issues by providing an overview of the problems raised by debt and describing new and practical approaches to overcoming them. It brings together the voices of prominent members of the international debt community. It includes pieces from the most relevant constituencies: from creditors (the IMF/World Bank, government lenders, private investors) to critics (debtor representatives, activists, and academics) and analysis from economists, bankers, lawyers, social scientists, and politicians.
Christopher Ringwald
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195147681
- eISBN:
- 9780199849338
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147681.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
It is common knowledge that for most alcoholics and addicts recovery programmes like AA seem to hold out the best hope of conquering addiction. Most of us also know that such programmes usually ...
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It is common knowledge that for most alcoholics and addicts recovery programmes like AA seem to hold out the best hope of conquering addiction. Most of us also know that such programmes usually stress reliance on some sort of “higher power.” This book shows that in fact spiritual development is the central factor in the recovery of a significant percentage of substance abusers, and that spirituality is the lynchpin of many if not most recovery programmes in America. The author of this book visited many treatment centres and interviewed hundreds of recovering alcoholics and addicts, counsellors, and family members, many of whose voices are heard within it. His purpose was to find out just how spirituality figures in the individual's recovery and how it is deployed by the treatment programmes. This book explores the differences among a wide range of programmes: twelve-step, Christian, Muslim, Native American, and those based in Eastern religions.Less
It is common knowledge that for most alcoholics and addicts recovery programmes like AA seem to hold out the best hope of conquering addiction. Most of us also know that such programmes usually stress reliance on some sort of “higher power.” This book shows that in fact spiritual development is the central factor in the recovery of a significant percentage of substance abusers, and that spirituality is the lynchpin of many if not most recovery programmes in America. The author of this book visited many treatment centres and interviewed hundreds of recovering alcoholics and addicts, counsellors, and family members, many of whose voices are heard within it. His purpose was to find out just how spirituality figures in the individual's recovery and how it is deployed by the treatment programmes. This book explores the differences among a wide range of programmes: twelve-step, Christian, Muslim, Native American, and those based in Eastern religions.
Susanne Mrozik
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195305005
- eISBN:
- 9780199785681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305005.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book and considers their ethical implications for both medieval and contemporary readers of the Compendium of Training. It employs a feminist hermeneutics ...
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This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book and considers their ethical implications for both medieval and contemporary readers of the Compendium of Training. It employs a feminist hermeneutics of recovery and suspicion to suggest how an early medieval Indian Buddhist discourse on bodies can offer intellectual resources for contemporary scholars and practitioners.Less
This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book and considers their ethical implications for both medieval and contemporary readers of the Compendium of Training. It employs a feminist hermeneutics of recovery and suspicion to suggest how an early medieval Indian Buddhist discourse on bodies can offer intellectual resources for contemporary scholars and practitioners.
Arthur C. Helton
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250318
- eISBN:
- 9780191599477
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250316.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
To prevent or mitigate refugee catastrophes, more effective international cooperation is needed in advance of crises. In this connection, new mechanisms are needed to marshal resources to promote the ...
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To prevent or mitigate refugee catastrophes, more effective international cooperation is needed in advance of crises. In this connection, new mechanisms are needed to marshal resources to promote the sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons, and successfully undertake post‐conflict recovery.Where prevention fails, more can be done to protect the displaced and help them find new homes. A greater degree of concerted action is needed among governments, international organizations, and NGOs in order to ensure the human security of the uprooted.Based on the experience of the last decade, institutional reform is a key determinant of effective cooperation. In particular, the author urges the consolidation of humanitarian functions within the U.N., and the creation of a single U.S. government Agency for Humanitarian Action, or AHA. As a first step in that direction, a proposal is made to establish Strategic Humanitarian Action and Research (SHARE), an operations‐oriented think tank designed to promote coherent responses and make humanitarian action more effective.Whether it is called humanitarian diplomacy or something else, a new form of statecraft is clearly needed in order to conduct effective humanitarian action in today's world. Success in this humanitarian management endeavour would surely mitigate the refugee problem and help us to avoid paying the high human, economic, political, and security costs –— the price of indifference.Less
To prevent or mitigate refugee catastrophes, more effective international cooperation is needed in advance of crises. In this connection, new mechanisms are needed to marshal resources to promote the sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons, and successfully undertake post‐conflict recovery.
Where prevention fails, more can be done to protect the displaced and help them find new homes. A greater degree of concerted action is needed among governments, international organizations, and NGOs in order to ensure the human security of the uprooted.
Based on the experience of the last decade, institutional reform is a key determinant of effective cooperation. In particular, the author urges the consolidation of humanitarian functions within the U.N., and the creation of a single U.S. government Agency for Humanitarian Action, or AHA. As a first step in that direction, a proposal is made to establish Strategic Humanitarian Action and Research (SHARE), an operations‐oriented think tank designed to promote coherent responses and make humanitarian action more effective.
Whether it is called humanitarian diplomacy or something else, a new form of statecraft is clearly needed in order to conduct effective humanitarian action in today's world. Success in this humanitarian management endeavour would surely mitigate the refugee problem and help us to avoid paying the high human, economic, political, and security costs –— the price of indifference.
Susan Harkema, PhD, Andrea Behrman, PhD, PT, and Hugues Barbeau, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342086
- eISBN:
- 9780199897063
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342086.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is ...
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Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is discussed in this book. The book also reviews physical rehabilitation for posture, standing, and walking from a historical perspective that provides a context for the emergence of locomotor training as an activity-based therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke by implementing evidence-based practice providing new strategies to augment already successful therapeutic approaches. As an activity-based therapy, locomotor training provides activation of the neuromuscular system below the level of lesion with the goal of retraining the nervous system to recover specific motor tasks related to mobility, posture, standing, and walking. The book presents the four guiding principles that serve as the basis for clinical decisions throughout the three components of locomotor training. Successfully providing the locomotor training intervention is dependent on knowledge, skill, proper equipment and attire, and clinical decisions for progression. Community integration prepares the client for functioning at home and in the community. The primary goal of both overground assessment and community integration is to translate the capacity of the nervous system developed during step training to walking at home and in the community. The locomotor training intervention is implemented by identifying specific goals based on the current phase of recovery. Properly and continuously challenging clients to achieve higher levels of performance is critical to recovery. Even though the accomplished neural plasticity may not have yet resulted in reaching functional goals such as transferring, standing, or improvements in walking, the assessments in the phasing will show more incremental changes in neural recovery. The sequence of implementing these specific goals is based both on the scientific evidence and the experience of many physical therapists who have provided the intervention in research and clinical environments over the past decade.Less
Locomotor training is an emerging rehabilitation intervention for recovery of function after neurologic injury or disease and the physiological basis and scientific evidence supporting its use is discussed in this book. The book also reviews physical rehabilitation for posture, standing, and walking from a historical perspective that provides a context for the emergence of locomotor training as an activity-based therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stroke by implementing evidence-based practice providing new strategies to augment already successful therapeutic approaches. As an activity-based therapy, locomotor training provides activation of the neuromuscular system below the level of lesion with the goal of retraining the nervous system to recover specific motor tasks related to mobility, posture, standing, and walking. The book presents the four guiding principles that serve as the basis for clinical decisions throughout the three components of locomotor training. Successfully providing the locomotor training intervention is dependent on knowledge, skill, proper equipment and attire, and clinical decisions for progression. Community integration prepares the client for functioning at home and in the community. The primary goal of both overground assessment and community integration is to translate the capacity of the nervous system developed during step training to walking at home and in the community. The locomotor training intervention is implemented by identifying specific goals based on the current phase of recovery. Properly and continuously challenging clients to achieve higher levels of performance is critical to recovery. Even though the accomplished neural plasticity may not have yet resulted in reaching functional goals such as transferring, standing, or improvements in walking, the assessments in the phasing will show more incremental changes in neural recovery. The sequence of implementing these specific goals is based both on the scientific evidence and the experience of many physical therapists who have provided the intervention in research and clinical environments over the past decade.
Mark Mazower
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202059
- eISBN:
- 9780191675126
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202059.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Economic History
The great depression of the inter-war years was the most profound shock ever to strike the world economy, and is widely held to have led directly to the collapse of parliamentary democracy in many ...
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The great depression of the inter-war years was the most profound shock ever to strike the world economy, and is widely held to have led directly to the collapse of parliamentary democracy in many countries. This study of Greece in the period between the two world wars, however, demonstrates that there was no simple correlation between economic and political crisis. How was an underdeveloped country such as Greece able to recover so fast from this unprecedented economic crisis? This book examines the complex processes involved, basing analysis on detailed statistical research. Recovery, like crisis, threatened prevailing notions of the relationship between state and society, and undermined traditional ruling elites.Less
The great depression of the inter-war years was the most profound shock ever to strike the world economy, and is widely held to have led directly to the collapse of parliamentary democracy in many countries. This study of Greece in the period between the two world wars, however, demonstrates that there was no simple correlation between economic and political crisis. How was an underdeveloped country such as Greece able to recover so fast from this unprecedented economic crisis? This book examines the complex processes involved, basing analysis on detailed statistical research. Recovery, like crisis, threatened prevailing notions of the relationship between state and society, and undermined traditional ruling elites.
Nanci Adler
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240906
- eISBN:
- 9780191598869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240906.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter explores Russia’s attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist ...
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This chapter explores Russia’s attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist repression and the legacy of Soviet terror. It goes on to focus on halted official efforts at truth telling, and persistent unofficial efforts, led by the organization Memorial, at remembering and commemorating; this provides insight into the issues that daunted the quest for moral recovery. The chapter then looks at post-Soviet efforts to come to terms with the Stalinist past, and finally it assesses the impact of the discussion of past injustices, or the politics of memory, on Russia’s subsequent process of democratization. The information presented and the conclusions drawn are necessarily based on a number of scattered sources, including memoirs, interviews and official archives; Russia’s experience is unique, and difficult to compare with other post-authoritarian political systems, especially as democracy has not taken substantial hold, and, since the transition is so new, questions of accountability are only beginning to be addressed.Less
This chapter explores Russia’s attempts to come to terms with its Stalinist past in an endeavour to build a civil society based on the rule of law. It begins by examining the nature of Stalinist repression and the legacy of Soviet terror. It goes on to focus on halted official efforts at truth telling, and persistent unofficial efforts, led by the organization Memorial, at remembering and commemorating; this provides insight into the issues that daunted the quest for moral recovery. The chapter then looks at post-Soviet efforts to come to terms with the Stalinist past, and finally it assesses the impact of the discussion of past injustices, or the politics of memory, on Russia’s subsequent process of democratization. The information presented and the conclusions drawn are necessarily based on a number of scattered sources, including memoirs, interviews and official archives; Russia’s experience is unique, and difficult to compare with other post-authoritarian political systems, especially as democracy has not taken substantial hold, and, since the transition is so new, questions of accountability are only beginning to be addressed.
David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter describes three different types of situations in organizations where knowledge retention strategies are needed. It then provides an overview of an integrated knowledge retention ...
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This chapter describes three different types of situations in organizations where knowledge retention strategies are needed. It then provides an overview of an integrated knowledge retention framework that includes: human resources practices and processes; knowledge transfer practices; information technology applications to capture, store, and share knowledge; and knowledge recovery initiatives.Less
This chapter describes three different types of situations in organizations where knowledge retention strategies are needed. It then provides an overview of an integrated knowledge retention framework that includes: human resources practices and processes; knowledge transfer practices; information technology applications to capture, store, and share knowledge; and knowledge recovery initiatives.
David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter describes three strategies that managers can use when employees actually leave an organization with critical intellectual capital. One is effectively rehiring retirees or other ...
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This chapter describes three strategies that managers can use when employees actually leave an organization with critical intellectual capital. One is effectively rehiring retirees or other ex-employees who return to work in the organization as contractors or consultants. The pros and cons of this increasingly common practice, which has led to the growth of a segment known as the “working retired”, are discussed. Another solution involves making smart outsourcing decisions about how to replace critical capabilities that a firm can no longer sustain internally. It is argued that outsourcing can actually accelerate the loss of essential knowledge and make organizations more vulnerable in the long term. When unique capabilities are lost, a detailed case study is presented with a suggested process for lost knowledge recovery.Less
This chapter describes three strategies that managers can use when employees actually leave an organization with critical intellectual capital. One is effectively rehiring retirees or other ex-employees who return to work in the organization as contractors or consultants. The pros and cons of this increasingly common practice, which has led to the growth of a segment known as the “working retired”, are discussed. Another solution involves making smart outsourcing decisions about how to replace critical capabilities that a firm can no longer sustain internally. It is argued that outsourcing can actually accelerate the loss of essential knowledge and make organizations more vulnerable in the long term. When unique capabilities are lost, a detailed case study is presented with a suggested process for lost knowledge recovery.
Jacqueline McGlade
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter examines the New Left argument that the Marshall Plan evolved out of the corporatist framework of American foreign economic policy-making set before the Second World War. It also ...
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This chapter examines the New Left argument that the Marshall Plan evolved out of the corporatist framework of American foreign economic policy-making set before the Second World War. It also challenges the notion that the economic goals and programmes of the Marshall Plan enhanced and remained compatible with the thrust of cold war strategic defence. As evidence to the contrary, this chapter focuses on one Marshall Aid programme, the US Productivity and Technical Assistance Programme (USTA&P), and its struggle to advance business reform overseas in the face of shifting cold war military objectives and European reactions.Less
This chapter examines the New Left argument that the Marshall Plan evolved out of the corporatist framework of American foreign economic policy-making set before the Second World War. It also challenges the notion that the economic goals and programmes of the Marshall Plan enhanced and remained compatible with the thrust of cold war strategic defence. As evidence to the contrary, this chapter focuses on one Marshall Aid programme, the US Productivity and Technical Assistance Programme (USTA&P), and its struggle to advance business reform overseas in the face of shifting cold war military objectives and European reactions.
Jacalyn Duffin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195336504
- eISBN:
- 9780199868612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336504.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The canonization process always sought the input of doctors wielding the most up-to-date diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Over time, the average number of physicians involved steadily increased. ...
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The canonization process always sought the input of doctors wielding the most up-to-date diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Over time, the average number of physicians involved steadily increased. Consultants sometimes argued over the diagnosis or management. Local experts were invoked to ascertain the physical condition of the supposedly cured patient, or to comment on the extraordinary nature of the events. The average number of medical experts also increased through time.The investigation annoyed some doctors; others were defensive, especially when the testimony was elicited many years after the cure. Originally a question about the religious practices of witnesses was a key part of their testimony. Eventually, medical witnesses were not required to be practicing Catholics; some were Protestants or Jews. In all cases, the doctors’ testimony was sought for its scientific content and clinical expertise. Miracles take place when the doctor is surprised by the outcome of desperate situations.Less
The canonization process always sought the input of doctors wielding the most up-to-date diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Over time, the average number of physicians involved steadily increased. Consultants sometimes argued over the diagnosis or management. Local experts were invoked to ascertain the physical condition of the supposedly cured patient, or to comment on the extraordinary nature of the events. The average number of medical experts also increased through time.
The investigation annoyed some doctors; others were defensive, especially when the testimony was elicited many years after the cure. Originally a question about the religious practices of witnesses was a key part of their testimony. Eventually, medical witnesses were not required to be practicing Catholics; some were Protestants or Jews. In all cases, the doctors’ testimony was sought for its scientific content and clinical expertise. Miracles take place when the doctor is surprised by the outcome of desperate situations.
Jennifer Erin Beste
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195311099
- eISBN:
- 9780199871117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311099.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter explores the ethical implications resulting from this revised understanding of the self, freedom, and God's grace—implications that are relevant to trauma survivors and to Christian ...
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This chapter explores the ethical implications resulting from this revised understanding of the self, freedom, and God's grace—implications that are relevant to trauma survivors and to Christian communities as a whole. This chapter argues that this revised theology of freedom and grace intensifies our sense of collective responsibility for enabling one another's freedom before God. The chapter proceeds to examine how Christian communities can practically reach out to trauma survivors to facilitate healing and recovery from traumatic violence. There is hope that creative acts of neighbor‐love can mediate divine grace, fostering incest survivors' freedom to relate lovingly to God and neighbor.Less
This chapter explores the ethical implications resulting from this revised understanding of the self, freedom, and God's grace—implications that are relevant to trauma survivors and to Christian communities as a whole. This chapter argues that this revised theology of freedom and grace intensifies our sense of collective responsibility for enabling one another's freedom before God. The chapter proceeds to examine how Christian communities can practically reach out to trauma survivors to facilitate healing and recovery from traumatic violence. There is hope that creative acts of neighbor‐love can mediate divine grace, fostering incest survivors' freedom to relate lovingly to God and neighbor.
Andrea Braides
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507840
- eISBN:
- 9780191709890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507840.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter introduces all the abstract notions and results on Gamma-convergence. Starting from upper and lower-semicontinuous functions, Gamma-convergence is defined and its differences from other ...
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This chapter introduces all the abstract notions and results on Gamma-convergence. Starting from upper and lower-semicontinuous functions, Gamma-convergence is defined and its differences from other types of convergence are illustrated. A number of equivalent definitions are given, including the liminf inequality and the existence of recovery sequences; the equality of upper and lower bonds, through Moreau-Yosida transforms; and the convergence of minimum problems. Upper and lower Gamma-limits are introduced, and their properties in the framework of lower-semicontinuous functions are illustrated. The main properties of compactness and stability are proved. The notion of development by Gamma-convergence is introduced.Less
This chapter introduces all the abstract notions and results on Gamma-convergence. Starting from upper and lower-semicontinuous functions, Gamma-convergence is defined and its differences from other types of convergence are illustrated. A number of equivalent definitions are given, including the liminf inequality and the existence of recovery sequences; the equality of upper and lower bonds, through Moreau-Yosida transforms; and the convergence of minimum problems. Upper and lower Gamma-limits are introduced, and their properties in the framework of lower-semicontinuous functions are illustrated. The main properties of compactness and stability are proved. The notion of development by Gamma-convergence is introduced.
Stephanie L. Brown, R. Michael Brown, Ashley Schiavone, and Dylan M. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182910
- eISBN:
- 9780199786794
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182910.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter reviews a program of research that was designed to explore the health benefits of helping or giving support to others. This work was inspired by a new evolutionary theory of altruism, ...
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This chapter reviews a program of research that was designed to explore the health benefits of helping or giving support to others. This work was inspired by a new evolutionary theory of altruism, selective investment theory (SIT), which recasts the functional significance of social bonds as designed by natural selection to promote adaptive instances of giving. SIT assumes that social bonds enable individuals to suppress self-interest so that they can reliably prioritize and promote the well-being of another, even at a cost to the self. In this way, the social bond resolves the motivational conflict inherent in deciding whether to promote self versus other interests. The chapter describes the results of four studies that demonstrate the health benefits of helping others, including decreased mortality risk, recovery from depressive symptoms following spousal loss, and relief from cardiovascular stress. It concludes with a discussion of promising new directions for future research in this area.Less
This chapter reviews a program of research that was designed to explore the health benefits of helping or giving support to others. This work was inspired by a new evolutionary theory of altruism, selective investment theory (SIT), which recasts the functional significance of social bonds as designed by natural selection to promote adaptive instances of giving. SIT assumes that social bonds enable individuals to suppress self-interest so that they can reliably prioritize and promote the well-being of another, even at a cost to the self. In this way, the social bond resolves the motivational conflict inherent in deciding whether to promote self versus other interests. The chapter describes the results of four studies that demonstrate the health benefits of helping others, including decreased mortality risk, recovery from depressive symptoms following spousal loss, and relief from cardiovascular stress. It concludes with a discussion of promising new directions for future research in this area.
Anthony R. Birley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199252374
- eISBN:
- 9780191719103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252374.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, British and Irish History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter assembles evidence for the ‘British empire’ created by the usurpation of Carausius, which lasted from AD 286 to 293; his overthrow by his lieutenant Allectus; and the latter’s rule from ...
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This chapter assembles evidence for the ‘British empire’ created by the usurpation of Carausius, which lasted from AD 286 to 293; his overthrow by his lieutenant Allectus; and the latter’s rule from 293 to 296. For both men, the questions of their origin and previous career are analysed. In the case of Allectus, it is argued that he was not rationalis summae rei (finance minister) of Carausius, but probably prefect of the guard. This is followed by an account of the recovery of Britain by the Caesar Constantius I. The literary sources and the single inscription of Carausius are cited in full, with translations and particular attention paid to the coinage of the two usurpers. On Carausius’ coins, several references to Virgil can now be identified.Less
This chapter assembles evidence for the ‘British empire’ created by the usurpation of Carausius, which lasted from AD 286 to 293; his overthrow by his lieutenant Allectus; and the latter’s rule from 293 to 296. For both men, the questions of their origin and previous career are analysed. In the case of Allectus, it is argued that he was not rationalis summae rei (finance minister) of Carausius, but probably prefect of the guard. This is followed by an account of the recovery of Britain by the Caesar Constantius I. The literary sources and the single inscription of Carausius are cited in full, with translations and particular attention paid to the coinage of the two usurpers. On Carausius’ coins, several references to Virgil can now be identified.
MARY AGER CAPLAN
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732326
- eISBN:
- 9780199863471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732326.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
The conventional model of treatment for mental illness involves a dynamic of expert and patient. By contrast, a social development approach to treating mental illness embraces the core tenets of the ...
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The conventional model of treatment for mental illness involves a dynamic of expert and patient. By contrast, a social development approach to treating mental illness embraces the core tenets of the client-led wellness, recovery and resiliency movement. This chapter compares the two approaches and explores how a social development approach can harness social capital and human capital to promote wellness and integrate mentally ill people into their communities. These principles are explored through a case study of the Village, a residential community located in Long Beach, California, where clients are involved in every level of organizational decision-making, provide peer-support services, and run businesses including catering and a credit union.Less
The conventional model of treatment for mental illness involves a dynamic of expert and patient. By contrast, a social development approach to treating mental illness embraces the core tenets of the client-led wellness, recovery and resiliency movement. This chapter compares the two approaches and explores how a social development approach can harness social capital and human capital to promote wellness and integrate mentally ill people into their communities. These principles are explored through a case study of the Village, a residential community located in Long Beach, California, where clients are involved in every level of organizational decision-making, provide peer-support services, and run businesses including catering and a credit union.
James D. Nichols, William L. Kendall, and Michael C. Runge
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520863
- eISBN:
- 9780191706189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520863.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The study of survival (or mortality) rates and movement patterns are central in bird population studies, but the collection and analysis of relevant data is sometimes difficult and beset with ...
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The study of survival (or mortality) rates and movement patterns are central in bird population studies, but the collection and analysis of relevant data is sometimes difficult and beset with potential biases. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of various methods of estimating the survival and movements of wild birds, including methods based on radio-telemetry, capture-recapture/re-sighting, and band recoveries — the latter often provided by members of the public. A large part of the chapter is concerned with the merits of the various statistical models available for analysing the resulting data. Advice is given on the selection of suitable methods and on which procedures are most appropriate in different situations.Less
The study of survival (or mortality) rates and movement patterns are central in bird population studies, but the collection and analysis of relevant data is sometimes difficult and beset with potential biases. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of various methods of estimating the survival and movements of wild birds, including methods based on radio-telemetry, capture-recapture/re-sighting, and band recoveries — the latter often provided by members of the public. A large part of the chapter is concerned with the merits of the various statistical models available for analysing the resulting data. Advice is given on the selection of suitable methods and on which procedures are most appropriate in different situations.
