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China-Inner Asian Borderlands: Discourse and Reality

Jonathan Karam Skaff

in Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800

This chapter presents a comparison of the Sui-Tan elite perceptions of the borderlands with the complications of interethnic relations in frontier regions. It describes the attitudes of the Sui-Tang ... More

This chapter presents a comparison of the Sui-Tan elite perceptions of the borderlands with the complications of interethnic relations in frontier regions. It describes the attitudes of the Sui-Tang elites towards the Turko-Mongols and discusses Confucian ideology and record-keeping practices that influenced premodern historiography to overlook the Turko-Mongols and other borderland inhabitants living within the empires. This chapter also assesses the Sui-Tang elite, the role of Turko-Mongols, and the China-Inner Asian borderlands.Less

Reporting Systematic Qualitative Synthesis

Michael Saini and Aron Shlonsky

in Systematic Synthesis of Qualitative Research

Transparency of the review process acts as a driving principle when considering how to organize and present the results of qualitative synthesis within systematic reviews. In this chapter, we ... More

Transparency of the review process acts as a driving principle when considering how to organize and present the results of qualitative synthesis within systematic reviews. In this chapter, we illustrate strategies for reporting systematic qualitative synthesis. Findings in a systematic review approach should detail a clear process of the review. A comprehensive presentation of the review means keeping detailed and accurate records throughout the review process. Record keeping means recording the following: all decision points made during the review, key questions for the review, search terms used, the time period for conducting the search, the number of hits located, details of the screening process and decisions to include or exclude studies, the included studies, and clear articulation of the steps taken for the data analysis and report writing.Less

Protecting the health and safety of rescue and recovery workers

Bruce Lippy

in Terrorism and Public Health: A balanced approach to strengthening systems and protecting people

This chapter addresses the protection of the health and safety of rescue and recovery workers at the World Trade Center site. It covers hazards faced by rescue and recovery workers, deficiencies in ... More

This chapter addresses the protection of the health and safety of rescue and recovery workers at the World Trade Center site. It covers hazards faced by rescue and recovery workers, deficiencies in systems, including inappropriate gaps and overlaps in responsibilities of governmental agencies, the delayed health and safety plan, difficulties with communication, inadequate respiratory protection, inadequate safety protection, and medical services and record-keeping issues. It concludes with recommendations to planners for future responses, including OSHA responsibilities, personal protective equipment, air monitoring, training, and using technology to protect workers.Less

The Rise of Mass Misdemeanors

Issa Kohler-Hausmann

in Misdemeanorland: Criminal Courts and Social Control in an Age of Broken Windows Policing

This chapter briefly recounts the origins of the policing experiment of the early 1990s that flew under the Broken Windows banner. It also explores how that experiment has become an institutionalized ... More

This chapter briefly recounts the origins of the policing experiment of the early 1990s that flew under the Broken Windows banner. It also explores how that experiment has become an institutionalized feature of New York City's law enforcement since then. The history is tailored to highlight those changes in enforcement that most affected the flow and composition of cases into the lower criminal courts. It also portrays how the justifications for this policing model demanded bureaucratic practices that in turn shaped how these low-level cases came to be processed by criminal justice actors. Specifically, the chapter emphasizes the new record-keeping and record-sharing practices that the police and courts innovated in this period in an effort to mark suspected persons for later encounters and to check up on prior records to identify and target persistent or serious offenders.Less

Introduction: Archives and Information in the Early Modern World

Alexandra Walsham, Kate Peters, and Liesbeth Corens

in Archives and Information in the Early Modern World

The introduction to the volume explores the evolution and effect of the scholarly trends that have brought the study of archives and record-keeping to the forefront in both historical and archival ... More

The introduction to the volume explores the evolution and effect of the scholarly trends that have brought the study of archives and record-keeping to the forefront in both historical and archival circles in recent decades. It discusses key questions of definition that continue to obscure and bedevil our comprehension of how archival and information cultures functioned in the early modern era. It also provides an overview of the salient themes emerging from this collection of chapters and identifies some avenues for investigation in this field in the future. It calls for greater collaboration and cross-fertilisation to breach the lingering disciplinary divide between historians and archival scientists.Less

Early Modern European Archivality: Organised Records, Information, and State Power, c.1500

Randolph C. Head

in Archives and Information in the Early Modern World

Comparative case-study analysis can provide valuable insights into record-keeping systems within Europe and cross-culturally. Building on a comparison of empirical evidence from 16th-century Lisbon ... More

Comparative case-study analysis can provide valuable insights into record-keeping systems within Europe and cross-culturally. Building on a comparison of empirical evidence from 16th-century Lisbon and Würzburg, this chapter makes three methodological arguments. First, a critique of Ernst Posner’s path-breaking Archives of the Ancient World (1972) leads to the conclusion that we must revise our categories for the analysis of record-keeping across cultures. Instead of assimilating non-European repositories to European archives, the broader category of archivality avoids the uncritical naturalisation of European practices while still recognising similarities cross-culturally. Second, archivality is most useful if applied primarily to the accumulation of records by institutions of power, such as empires, kingdoms, and states, as one subset of record-keeping more broadly. Third, inventories and organisational structures represent a particularly promising area for comparative analysis. Comparison of the Lisbon and Würzburg evidence shows two related but diverging archivalities at work in early modern Europe.Less

‘Friction in the Archives’: Access and the Politics of Record-Keeping in Revolutionary England

Kate Peters

in Archives and Information in the Early Modern World

This chapter traces the legal and political frameworks that underpinned rights of access to archives in the decades preceding the outbreak of civil war in 1642, showing that there were two different ... More

This chapter traces the legal and political frameworks that underpinned rights of access to archives in the decades preceding the outbreak of civil war in 1642, showing that there were two different cultures of access: one determined by the rights of subjects to consult legal court records; the other shaped by the culture of secrecy associated with the records of crown estates and royal prerogative. Over the course of the civil war, a new language of access emerged. The assertion of parliamentary sovereignty and the dislocating experiences of civil war mobilisation led to a radical, perhaps unprecedented, articulation of the rights of the people to control and access the information that defined their material rights and status. Ultimately this chapter argues that this new, if short lived, articulation of public right of access to records is important not only for the history of record-keeping, but also reveals much about the political and material interests that were at stake in the English revolution.Less

Making Recipe Books in Early Modern England: Material Practices and the Social Production of Knowledge

Elaine Leong

in Recipes and Everyday Knowledge: Medicine, Science, and the Household in Early Modern England

Centered on the notebooks of Archdale Palmer (1610–73) and the Somerset-based Bennett family, this chapter presents a general overview of patterns of recipe collecting: adopting “starter” collections ... More

Centered on the notebooks of Archdale Palmer (1610–73) and the Somerset-based Bennett family, this chapter presents a general overview of patterns of recipe collecting: adopting “starter” collections and gathering single recipes. The chapter shows that many families cultivated local social relationships and used them to extend their treasuries of recipes. It situates the gathering and writing down of recipe knowledge alongside a range of social practices from forming alliances to giving gifts. Thus, it demonstrates that manuscript recipe collections had a dual role: on one hand as repositories of recipe knowledge and on the other as ledgers recording social ties, credits, and debts. Social structures, local networks and alliances shaped recipe knowledge in crucial ways, from information access to record keeping to practices of trying and testing.Less

Writing the Family Archive: Recipes and the Paperwork of Kinship

Elaine Leong

in Recipes and Everyday Knowledge: Medicine, Science, and the Household in Early Modern England

This chapter explores the multitude of ways householders used collecting recipes and creating recipe collections to construct and write their own family histories. It argues that gathering recipes ... More

This chapter explores the multitude of ways householders used collecting recipes and creating recipe collections to construct and write their own family histories. It argues that gathering recipes and creating recipe collections constituted one aspect of what we might call the “paperwork of kinship.” Early modern householders, it shows, wrote down, collated, and preserved all kinds of paperwork concerning the social and economic holdings of the household, from land deeds to rent accounts to lists of births and deaths. Working together, these documents not only sketch out a social and economic history of a family but also construct its very identity. Recipes and recipe books, it contends, were a crucial part of this paperwork, and it is in no small part due to this role that so many examples survive in the archives.Less

Conclusion: Forgiving and Forgetting

Sarah Esther Lageson

in Digital Punishment: Privacy, Stigma, and the Harms of Data-Driven Criminal Justice

In the digitally connected world, people are confronted with an incredible array of information about one another. The US criminal justice system has become a central source for the data people use ... More

In the digitally connected world, people are confronted with an incredible array of information about one another. The US criminal justice system has become a central source for the data people use to make moral judgments about one another. This overreliance on the criminal justice system as a means to assess the value of other people should be replaced by rigorously questioning the information this system provides. Given the power of a criminal record to dictate the path of a person’s life, serious doubts must be raised about the accuracy and integrity of the information. It must be asked how much a criminal record reflects a person and how much it reflects a very imperfect system.Less

Making a Diary Standard

Molly McCarthy

in The Accidental Diarist: A History of the Daily Planner in America

This chapter discusses the end of the nineteenth century, when the diary was transformed from what once was a businessman's accounting accessory into a record-keeping standard. Diaries appealed to ... More

This chapter discusses the end of the nineteenth century, when the diary was transformed from what once was a businessman's accounting accessory into a record-keeping standard. Diaries appealed to national audiences, and publishers created a variety of diaries to satisfy any personal preference using advances in publishing technology. Diaries started not only to look modern, but also became actually modern by adding new features for users like an entire page for metric system charts, and a page dedicated to “Antidotes for Poison,”, which added more novelty to its content.Less

Mother, My Medical Record: What Role Do Patients with Chronic Conditions and Parents Play in the Management of Their Medical Information?

Carsten S. Østerlund, Nienke P. Dosa, and Catherine Arnott Smith

in Health Informatics: A Patient-Centered Approach to Diabetes

This chapter evaluates how young adults with chronic disease and their parents interact with their medical records. It analyzes how medical information is stored, who is involved in record keeping, ... More

This chapter evaluates how young adults with chronic disease and their parents interact with their medical records. It analyzes how medical information is stored, who is involved in record keeping, and what information is kept and shared among the different constituencies. It argues that mothers play a central role in the medical record management of adolescents with chronic diseases and explains that parent-maintained home-based records serve as a linking pin in a heterogeneous health care information environment.Less

Mediating Information, 1450–1800

Ann Blair and Peter Stallybrass

in This Is Enlightenment

This chapter argues that the Enlightenment involved not so much a radical break with, but an inheritance of, established technologies for storing, organizing, and retrieving information. In the long ... More

This chapter argues that the Enlightenment involved not so much a radical break with, but an inheritance of, established technologies for storing, organizing, and retrieving information. In the long history of information management, the first early modern period (ca. 1450–1650) was especially significant in the development of new techniques and the refinement of existing ones to manage an explosion of printed matter and manuscript record keeping. In portraying their work as a radical break from the Renaissance, Enlightenment authors often obscured the indebtedness of their works to preexisting methods of compiling.Less

The Synergies of Civilization

in Ancient Mesopotamia at the Dawn of Civilization: The Evolution of an Urban Landscape

This chapter argues that the environmental and geographical advantages accruing to southern Mesopotamian societies and the increases in the density and agglomeration of populations in the alluvium ... More

This chapter argues that the environmental and geographical advantages accruing to southern Mesopotamian societies and the increases in the density and agglomeration of populations in the alluvium throughout the Uruk period that were selected for by those natural advantages represent necessary but insufficient conditions for the Sumerian takeoff. The sufficient conditions were organizational innovations within the nascent city-states of southern Mesopotamian that fall entirely within the realm of Cronon's “created landscape.” Most important among these were new forms of organizing labor that delivered economies of scale in the production of subsistence and industrial commodities to southern societies; and new forms of record keeping that were much more capable of conveying information across time and space than the simpler reckoning systems used by contemporary polities elsewhere. These innovations furnished early Sumerian leaders and polities of the fourth millennium with what turned out to be their most important competitive advantages over neighboring societies.Less

Inclusiveness and Representation in Telling the Story of Barriers Encountered by Populations: Preparing Data for Analysis

Llewellyn J. Cornelius and Donna Harrington

in A Social Justice Approach to Survey Design and Analysis

Because data analyses are only as strong as the data available, Chapter 6 addresses data handling approaches that can be used with primary (i.e., data you collect yourself) or secondary (i.e., data ... More

Because data analyses are only as strong as the data available, Chapter 6 addresses data handling approaches that can be used with primary (i.e., data you collect yourself) or secondary (i.e., data that someone else has collected) survey data, with an emphasis on addressing social justice issues. Chapter 6 begins by addressing preliminary data analyses and “cleaning” that should be completed prior to conducting analyses to answer your research questions. This chapter also briefly discusses issues related to missing data, transformations, computing composite variables, and coding. Although much of the information presented in Chapter 6 is not unique to social justice research, approaching the data handling through a social justice framework may impact some of the data handling decisions that you will make.Less

Trading Zones

Richard Rottenburg

in Far-Fetched Facts: A Parable of Development Aid

In the Ruritania water supply project, the engineer was supposed to solve technical tasks for an Organizational Improvement Program without the necessary means at his disposal, and the system of ... More

In the Ruritania water supply project, the engineer was supposed to solve technical tasks for an Organizational Improvement Program without the necessary means at his disposal, and the system of process control was supposed to be reformed. The water management system is a central protagonist in the project and a full member in an actor network, equipped with human qualities. Although the data provided by the urban water engineers was incomplete and inconsistent, the project could not wait any longer for more reliable data. The causes behind the inconsistent lists are insufficient commitment to the system and a general lack of system standardization, and the waterworks of Baridi and Jamala started correcting and completing their customer data in 1994. This chapter explains a point of sale that requires six data records and reliable cross-referencing of those six records, and describes a house payment record card for a water customer.Less