Meredith Baldwin Weddle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131383
- eISBN:
- 9780199834839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019513138X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Social and geographical context influenced the developing peace testimony. In England, early Quakers were outside the established order; in contrast, when they made their way into the wilds of ...
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Social and geographical context influenced the developing peace testimony. In England, early Quakers were outside the established order; in contrast, when they made their way into the wilds of Carolina, they represented societal order itself and Pennsylvania Quakers were dominant and confident. When Quakers arrived in New England in 1656, they represented a threat to the Puritan order; persecution and military service obligations challenged the peace testimony. Everywhere Quakers made use of their sufferings, both spiritually and as a practical tactic, keeping careful records of them. In a time when “carnal weapons” could be both actual and metaphorical, principles of peace could be at once complex, confused, and conscientious.Less
Social and geographical context influenced the developing peace testimony. In England, early Quakers were outside the established order; in contrast, when they made their way into the wilds of Carolina, they represented societal order itself and Pennsylvania Quakers were dominant and confident. When Quakers arrived in New England in 1656, they represented a threat to the Puritan order; persecution and military service obligations challenged the peace testimony. Everywhere Quakers made use of their sufferings, both spiritually and as a practical tactic, keeping careful records of them. In a time when “carnal weapons” could be both actual and metaphorical, principles of peace could be at once complex, confused, and conscientious.
Kate Peters
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780197266250
- eISBN:
- 9780191869181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266250.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter traces the legal and political frameworks that underpinned rights of access to archives in the decades preceding the outbreak of civil war in 1642, showing that there were two different ...
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This chapter traces the legal and political frameworks that underpinned rights of access to archives in the decades preceding the outbreak of civil war in 1642, showing that there were two different cultures of access: one determined by the rights of subjects to consult legal court records; the other shaped by the culture of secrecy associated with the records of crown estates and royal prerogative. Over the course of the civil war, a new language of access emerged. The assertion of parliamentary sovereignty and the dislocating experiences of civil war mobilisation led to a radical, perhaps unprecedented, articulation of the rights of the people to control and access the information that defined their material rights and status. Ultimately this chapter argues that this new, if short lived, articulation of public right of access to records is important not only for the history of record-keeping, but also reveals much about the political and material interests that were at stake in the English revolution.Less
This chapter traces the legal and political frameworks that underpinned rights of access to archives in the decades preceding the outbreak of civil war in 1642, showing that there were two different cultures of access: one determined by the rights of subjects to consult legal court records; the other shaped by the culture of secrecy associated with the records of crown estates and royal prerogative. Over the course of the civil war, a new language of access emerged. The assertion of parliamentary sovereignty and the dislocating experiences of civil war mobilisation led to a radical, perhaps unprecedented, articulation of the rights of the people to control and access the information that defined their material rights and status. Ultimately this chapter argues that this new, if short lived, articulation of public right of access to records is important not only for the history of record-keeping, but also reveals much about the political and material interests that were at stake in the English revolution.
Randolph C. Head
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780197266250
- eISBN:
- 9780191869181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266250.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Comparative case-study analysis can provide valuable insights into record-keeping systems within Europe and cross-culturally. Building on a comparison of empirical evidence from 16th-century Lisbon ...
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Comparative case-study analysis can provide valuable insights into record-keeping systems within Europe and cross-culturally. Building on a comparison of empirical evidence from 16th-century Lisbon and Würzburg, this chapter makes three methodological arguments. First, a critique of Ernst Posner’s path-breaking Archives of the Ancient World (1972) leads to the conclusion that we must revise our categories for the analysis of record-keeping across cultures. Instead of assimilating non-European repositories to European archives, the broader category of archivality avoids the uncritical naturalisation of European practices while still recognising similarities cross-culturally. Second, archivality is most useful if applied primarily to the accumulation of records by institutions of power, such as empires, kingdoms, and states, as one subset of record-keeping more broadly. Third, inventories and organisational structures represent a particularly promising area for comparative analysis. Comparison of the Lisbon and Würzburg evidence shows two related but diverging archivalities at work in early modern Europe.Less
Comparative case-study analysis can provide valuable insights into record-keeping systems within Europe and cross-culturally. Building on a comparison of empirical evidence from 16th-century Lisbon and Würzburg, this chapter makes three methodological arguments. First, a critique of Ernst Posner’s path-breaking Archives of the Ancient World (1972) leads to the conclusion that we must revise our categories for the analysis of record-keeping across cultures. Instead of assimilating non-European repositories to European archives, the broader category of archivality avoids the uncritical naturalisation of European practices while still recognising similarities cross-culturally. Second, archivality is most useful if applied primarily to the accumulation of records by institutions of power, such as empires, kingdoms, and states, as one subset of record-keeping more broadly. Third, inventories and organisational structures represent a particularly promising area for comparative analysis. Comparison of the Lisbon and Würzburg evidence shows two related but diverging archivalities at work in early modern Europe.
Stuart H. Deming
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199737710
- eISBN:
- 9780199363070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737710.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Private International Law, Comparative Law
The United States implementation of the OECD Convention was relatively minor since it already had the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). Subject to territorial and nationality jurisdiction, the ...
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The United States implementation of the OECD Convention was relatively minor since it already had the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). Subject to territorial and nationality jurisdiction, the FCPA has two principal mechanisms: the anti-bribery provisions, a general prohibition on payments to foreign public officials, and the accounting and record-keeping provisions, which impose requirements on the accounting and record-keeping practices of the domestic and foreign operations of issuers—in general, publicly held entities. Defenses or exceptions are available based upon the statute of limitations, the local written law, the payment being a facilitation payment, and duress. The FCPA Resource Guide identifies important factors in establishing adequate internal controls and an effective compliance program. The Travel Act may be applied to situations involving private or commercial bribery in foreign settings. Money laundering laws may also be applied to situations involving foreign bribery as well as laws relating to debarment from public contracting.Less
The United States implementation of the OECD Convention was relatively minor since it already had the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). Subject to territorial and nationality jurisdiction, the FCPA has two principal mechanisms: the anti-bribery provisions, a general prohibition on payments to foreign public officials, and the accounting and record-keeping provisions, which impose requirements on the accounting and record-keeping practices of the domestic and foreign operations of issuers—in general, publicly held entities. Defenses or exceptions are available based upon the statute of limitations, the local written law, the payment being a facilitation payment, and duress. The FCPA Resource Guide identifies important factors in establishing adequate internal controls and an effective compliance program. The Travel Act may be applied to situations involving private or commercial bribery in foreign settings. Money laundering laws may also be applied to situations involving foreign bribery as well as laws relating to debarment from public contracting.
Jonathan Karam Skaff
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199734139
- eISBN:
- 9780199950195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734139.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter presents a comparison of the Sui-Tan elite perceptions of the borderlands with the complications of interethnic relations in frontier regions. It describes the attitudes of the Sui-Tang ...
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This chapter presents a comparison of the Sui-Tan elite perceptions of the borderlands with the complications of interethnic relations in frontier regions. It describes the attitudes of the Sui-Tang elites towards the Turko-Mongols and discusses Confucian ideology and record-keeping practices that influenced premodern historiography to overlook the Turko-Mongols and other borderland inhabitants living within the empires. This chapter also assesses the Sui-Tang elite, the role of Turko-Mongols, and the China-Inner Asian borderlands.Less
This chapter presents a comparison of the Sui-Tan elite perceptions of the borderlands with the complications of interethnic relations in frontier regions. It describes the attitudes of the Sui-Tang elites towards the Turko-Mongols and discusses Confucian ideology and record-keeping practices that influenced premodern historiography to overlook the Turko-Mongols and other borderland inhabitants living within the empires. This chapter also assesses the Sui-Tang elite, the role of Turko-Mongols, and the China-Inner Asian borderlands.
Alexandra Walsham, Kate Peters, and Liesbeth Corens
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780197266250
- eISBN:
- 9780191869181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266250.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The introduction to the volume explores the evolution and effect of the scholarly trends that have brought the study of archives and record-keeping to the forefront in both historical and archival ...
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The introduction to the volume explores the evolution and effect of the scholarly trends that have brought the study of archives and record-keeping to the forefront in both historical and archival circles in recent decades. It discusses key questions of definition that continue to obscure and bedevil our comprehension of how archival and information cultures functioned in the early modern era. It also provides an overview of the salient themes emerging from this collection of chapters and identifies some avenues for investigation in this field in the future. It calls for greater collaboration and cross-fertilisation to breach the lingering disciplinary divide between historians and archival scientists.Less
The introduction to the volume explores the evolution and effect of the scholarly trends that have brought the study of archives and record-keeping to the forefront in both historical and archival circles in recent decades. It discusses key questions of definition that continue to obscure and bedevil our comprehension of how archival and information cultures functioned in the early modern era. It also provides an overview of the salient themes emerging from this collection of chapters and identifies some avenues for investigation in this field in the future. It calls for greater collaboration and cross-fertilisation to breach the lingering disciplinary divide between historians and archival scientists.
Kate Peters, Alexandra Walsham, and Liesbeth Corens (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780197266250
- eISBN:
- 9780191869181
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266250.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This volume investigates the relationship between archives and information in the early modern world. It explores how the physical documentation that proliferated on an unprecedented scale between ...
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This volume investigates the relationship between archives and information in the early modern world. It explores how the physical documentation that proliferated on an unprecedented scale between the 16th and 18th centuries was managed in the context of wider innovations in the sphere of communication and of significant upheaval and change. The chapters assess how archives were implicated in patterns of statecraft and scrutinise critical issues of secrecy and publicity, access and concealment. They analyse the interconnections between documentation and geographical distance, probing the part played by record-keeping in administration, governance, and justice, as well as its links with trade, commerce, education, evangelism, and piety. Alive to how the contents of archives were organised and filed, the contributors place paper technologies and physical repositories under the microscope. Extending beyond the framework of formal institutions to the family, household, and sect, this volume offers fresh insight into the possibilities and constraints of political participation and the nature of human agency. It deepens our understanding of the role of archives in the construction and preservation of knowledge and the exercise of power in its broadest sense. Above all, it calls for greater dialogue and creative collaboration to breach the lingering disciplinary divide between historians and archival scientists.Less
This volume investigates the relationship between archives and information in the early modern world. It explores how the physical documentation that proliferated on an unprecedented scale between the 16th and 18th centuries was managed in the context of wider innovations in the sphere of communication and of significant upheaval and change. The chapters assess how archives were implicated in patterns of statecraft and scrutinise critical issues of secrecy and publicity, access and concealment. They analyse the interconnections between documentation and geographical distance, probing the part played by record-keeping in administration, governance, and justice, as well as its links with trade, commerce, education, evangelism, and piety. Alive to how the contents of archives were organised and filed, the contributors place paper technologies and physical repositories under the microscope. Extending beyond the framework of formal institutions to the family, household, and sect, this volume offers fresh insight into the possibilities and constraints of political participation and the nature of human agency. It deepens our understanding of the role of archives in the construction and preservation of knowledge and the exercise of power in its broadest sense. Above all, it calls for greater dialogue and creative collaboration to breach the lingering disciplinary divide between historians and archival scientists.
Issa Kohler-Hausmann
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691196114
- eISBN:
- 9781400890354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691196114.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter briefly recounts the origins of the policing experiment of the early 1990s that flew under the Broken Windows banner. It also explores how that experiment has become an institutionalized ...
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This chapter briefly recounts the origins of the policing experiment of the early 1990s that flew under the Broken Windows banner. It also explores how that experiment has become an institutionalized feature of New York City's law enforcement since then. The history is tailored to highlight those changes in enforcement that most affected the flow and composition of cases into the lower criminal courts. It also portrays how the justifications for this policing model demanded bureaucratic practices that in turn shaped how these low-level cases came to be processed by criminal justice actors. Specifically, the chapter emphasizes the new record-keeping and record-sharing practices that the police and courts innovated in this period in an effort to mark suspected persons for later encounters and to check up on prior records to identify and target persistent or serious offenders.Less
This chapter briefly recounts the origins of the policing experiment of the early 1990s that flew under the Broken Windows banner. It also explores how that experiment has become an institutionalized feature of New York City's law enforcement since then. The history is tailored to highlight those changes in enforcement that most affected the flow and composition of cases into the lower criminal courts. It also portrays how the justifications for this policing model demanded bureaucratic practices that in turn shaped how these low-level cases came to be processed by criminal justice actors. Specifically, the chapter emphasizes the new record-keeping and record-sharing practices that the police and courts innovated in this period in an effort to mark suspected persons for later encounters and to check up on prior records to identify and target persistent or serious offenders.
Carsten S. Østerlund, Nienke P. Dosa, and Catherine Arnott Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014328
- eISBN:
- 9780262289498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014328.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter evaluates how young adults with chronic disease and their parents interact with their medical records. It analyzes how medical information is stored, who is involved in record keeping, ...
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This chapter evaluates how young adults with chronic disease and their parents interact with their medical records. It analyzes how medical information is stored, who is involved in record keeping, and what information is kept and shared among the different constituencies. It argues that mothers play a central role in the medical record management of adolescents with chronic diseases and explains that parent-maintained home-based records serve as a linking pin in a heterogeneous health care information environment.Less
This chapter evaluates how young adults with chronic disease and their parents interact with their medical records. It analyzes how medical information is stored, who is involved in record keeping, and what information is kept and shared among the different constituencies. It argues that mothers play a central role in the medical record management of adolescents with chronic diseases and explains that parent-maintained home-based records serve as a linking pin in a heterogeneous health care information environment.
Michael Saini and Aron Shlonsky
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387216
- eISBN:
- 9780199932092
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387216.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Transparency of the review process acts as a driving principle when considering how to organize and present the results of qualitative synthesis within systematic reviews. In this chapter, we ...
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Transparency of the review process acts as a driving principle when considering how to organize and present the results of qualitative synthesis within systematic reviews. In this chapter, we illustrate strategies for reporting systematic qualitative synthesis. Findings in a systematic review approach should detail a clear process of the review. A comprehensive presentation of the review means keeping detailed and accurate records throughout the review process. Record keeping means recording the following: all decision points made during the review, key questions for the review, search terms used, the time period for conducting the search, the number of hits located, details of the screening process and decisions to include or exclude studies, the included studies, and clear articulation of the steps taken for the data analysis and report writing.Less
Transparency of the review process acts as a driving principle when considering how to organize and present the results of qualitative synthesis within systematic reviews. In this chapter, we illustrate strategies for reporting systematic qualitative synthesis. Findings in a systematic review approach should detail a clear process of the review. A comprehensive presentation of the review means keeping detailed and accurate records throughout the review process. Record keeping means recording the following: all decision points made during the review, key questions for the review, search terms used, the time period for conducting the search, the number of hits located, details of the screening process and decisions to include or exclude studies, the included studies, and clear articulation of the steps taken for the data analysis and report writing.
Molly McCarthy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226033211
- eISBN:
- 9780226033495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226033495.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter discusses the end of the nineteenth century, when the diary was transformed from what once was a businessman's accounting accessory into a record-keeping standard. Diaries appealed to ...
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This chapter discusses the end of the nineteenth century, when the diary was transformed from what once was a businessman's accounting accessory into a record-keeping standard. Diaries appealed to national audiences, and publishers created a variety of diaries to satisfy any personal preference using advances in publishing technology. Diaries started not only to look modern, but also became actually modern by adding new features for users like an entire page for metric system charts, and a page dedicated to “Antidotes for Poison,”, which added more novelty to its content.Less
This chapter discusses the end of the nineteenth century, when the diary was transformed from what once was a businessman's accounting accessory into a record-keeping standard. Diaries appealed to national audiences, and publishers created a variety of diaries to satisfy any personal preference using advances in publishing technology. Diaries started not only to look modern, but also became actually modern by adding new features for users like an entire page for metric system charts, and a page dedicated to “Antidotes for Poison,”, which added more novelty to its content.
Bhavani Raman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226703275
- eISBN:
- 9780226703299
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226703299.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Historians of British colonial rule in India have noted both the place of military might and the imposition of new cultural categories in the making of Empire, but this book uncovers a lesser-known ...
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Historians of British colonial rule in India have noted both the place of military might and the imposition of new cultural categories in the making of Empire, but this book uncovers a lesser-known story of power: the power of bureaucracy. Drawing on archival research in the files of the East India Company's administrative offices in Madras, this book tells the story of a bureaucracy gone awry in a fever of documentation practices that grew ever more abstract—and the power, both economic and cultural, this created. In order to assert its legitimacy and value within the British Empire, the East India Company was diligent about record keeping. The book shows, however, that the sheer volume of their document production allowed colonial managers to subtly but substantively manipulate records for their own ends, increasingly drawing the real and the recorded further apart. While this administrative sleight of hand increased the company's reach and power within the Empire, it also bolstered profoundly new orientations to language, writing, memory, and pedagogy for the officers and Indian subordinates involved. Immersed in a subterranean world of delinquent scribes, translators, village accountants, and entrepreneurial fixers, the book maps the shifting boundaries of the legible and illegible, the legal and illegitimate, that would usher India into the modern world.Less
Historians of British colonial rule in India have noted both the place of military might and the imposition of new cultural categories in the making of Empire, but this book uncovers a lesser-known story of power: the power of bureaucracy. Drawing on archival research in the files of the East India Company's administrative offices in Madras, this book tells the story of a bureaucracy gone awry in a fever of documentation practices that grew ever more abstract—and the power, both economic and cultural, this created. In order to assert its legitimacy and value within the British Empire, the East India Company was diligent about record keeping. The book shows, however, that the sheer volume of their document production allowed colonial managers to subtly but substantively manipulate records for their own ends, increasingly drawing the real and the recorded further apart. While this administrative sleight of hand increased the company's reach and power within the Empire, it also bolstered profoundly new orientations to language, writing, memory, and pedagogy for the officers and Indian subordinates involved. Immersed in a subterranean world of delinquent scribes, translators, village accountants, and entrepreneurial fixers, the book maps the shifting boundaries of the legible and illegible, the legal and illegitimate, that would usher India into the modern world.
Elaine Leong
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226583495
- eISBN:
- 9780226583525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226583525.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter explores the multitude of ways householders used collecting recipes and creating recipe collections to construct and write their own family histories. It argues that gathering recipes ...
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This chapter explores the multitude of ways householders used collecting recipes and creating recipe collections to construct and write their own family histories. It argues that gathering recipes and creating recipe collections constituted one aspect of what we might call the “paperwork of kinship.” Early modern householders, it shows, wrote down, collated, and preserved all kinds of paperwork concerning the social and economic holdings of the household, from land deeds to rent accounts to lists of births and deaths. Working together, these documents not only sketch out a social and economic history of a family but also construct its very identity. Recipes and recipe books, it contends, were a crucial part of this paperwork, and it is in no small part due to this role that so many examples survive in the archives.Less
This chapter explores the multitude of ways householders used collecting recipes and creating recipe collections to construct and write their own family histories. It argues that gathering recipes and creating recipe collections constituted one aspect of what we might call the “paperwork of kinship.” Early modern householders, it shows, wrote down, collated, and preserved all kinds of paperwork concerning the social and economic holdings of the household, from land deeds to rent accounts to lists of births and deaths. Working together, these documents not only sketch out a social and economic history of a family but also construct its very identity. Recipes and recipe books, it contends, were a crucial part of this paperwork, and it is in no small part due to this role that so many examples survive in the archives.
Warren Boutcher
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198739661
- eISBN:
- 9780191831126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739661.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
Chapter 2.5 begins with Pierre Huet’s early eighteenth-century description of the school of Montaigne, which he says has been flourishing for more than a century. He denounces the Essais as ‘the ...
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Chapter 2.5 begins with Pierre Huet’s early eighteenth-century description of the school of Montaigne, which he says has been flourishing for more than a century. He denounces the Essais as ‘the breviary of urbane loafers and ignorant pseudointellectuals’, of undisciplined, over-free literates who do not want to pursue proper scholarship and knowledge. The chapter goes on to offer two further case-studies of the life-writing of such free literates in early modern France (Jean Maillefer and Pierre de L’Estoile), as well as a coda on Pierre Coste and John Locke. Both read Montaigne’s work while writing manuscript journals to domestic and private ends; both combined reading and writing in books with the keeping and reviewing of personal records. L’Estoile reveals the significance of Montaigne’s references to the Essais as a registre––both institutional and personal registers were ubiquitous in this period.Less
Chapter 2.5 begins with Pierre Huet’s early eighteenth-century description of the school of Montaigne, which he says has been flourishing for more than a century. He denounces the Essais as ‘the breviary of urbane loafers and ignorant pseudointellectuals’, of undisciplined, over-free literates who do not want to pursue proper scholarship and knowledge. The chapter goes on to offer two further case-studies of the life-writing of such free literates in early modern France (Jean Maillefer and Pierre de L’Estoile), as well as a coda on Pierre Coste and John Locke. Both read Montaigne’s work while writing manuscript journals to domestic and private ends; both combined reading and writing in books with the keeping and reviewing of personal records. L’Estoile reveals the significance of Montaigne’s references to the Essais as a registre––both institutional and personal registers were ubiquitous in this period.
Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199489923
- eISBN:
- 9780199095599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199489923.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter explores the fundamental issues encountered by the Government of India in archiving records. The colonial state was evolving a policy of record keeping that oscillated between certain ...
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This chapter explores the fundamental issues encountered by the Government of India in archiving records. The colonial state was evolving a policy of record keeping that oscillated between certain polar opposites. First, there were two opposite models in the 1860s—that of archival organization in a decentralized departmental basis, as opposed to the concept of a centralized record office. Second, there were different ideas about how to go about the business of documenting British rule in India. There was another issue: a choice between a policy of limiting access to documents to those authorized by virtue of bureaucratic privilege as opposed to allowing access to the interested public. The fourth area of conflicting policy perceptions was at the epistemological level: is the object of archiving acquisition, preservation, and dissemination of historical knowledge, or it something more limited, namely documentation as an instrument of governance?Less
This chapter explores the fundamental issues encountered by the Government of India in archiving records. The colonial state was evolving a policy of record keeping that oscillated between certain polar opposites. First, there were two opposite models in the 1860s—that of archival organization in a decentralized departmental basis, as opposed to the concept of a centralized record office. Second, there were different ideas about how to go about the business of documenting British rule in India. There was another issue: a choice between a policy of limiting access to documents to those authorized by virtue of bureaucratic privilege as opposed to allowing access to the interested public. The fourth area of conflicting policy perceptions was at the epistemological level: is the object of archiving acquisition, preservation, and dissemination of historical knowledge, or it something more limited, namely documentation as an instrument of governance?
Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780197547090
- eISBN:
- 9780197547120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197547090.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scientific inference. The different steps of research should be planned, monitored, reviewed, and documented ...
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Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scientific inference. The different steps of research should be planned, monitored, reviewed, and documented carefully, and research design should include built-in safeguards to ensure the quality, objectivity, reproducibility, and integrity of research data. Scientific records include data as well as other important records, such as protocols, standard operating procedures, regulatory approvals, software used in data analysis, and drafts of manuscripts. All research records should be kept accurately, stored securely, and backed-up. This chapter addresses ethical issues pertaining to data acquisition and management, including hypothesis formation and testing, biases, research design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, data storage, and data sharing.Less
Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scientific inference. The different steps of research should be planned, monitored, reviewed, and documented carefully, and research design should include built-in safeguards to ensure the quality, objectivity, reproducibility, and integrity of research data. Scientific records include data as well as other important records, such as protocols, standard operating procedures, regulatory approvals, software used in data analysis, and drafts of manuscripts. All research records should be kept accurately, stored securely, and backed-up. This chapter addresses ethical issues pertaining to data acquisition and management, including hypothesis formation and testing, biases, research design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, data storage, and data sharing.
Guillermo Algaze
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226013770
- eISBN:
- 9780226013787
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226013787.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
The alluvial lowlands of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southern Mesopotamia are widely known as the “cradle of civilization”; owing to the scale of the processes of urbanization that took place ...
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The alluvial lowlands of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southern Mesopotamia are widely known as the “cradle of civilization”; owing to the scale of the processes of urbanization that took place in the area by the second half of the fourth millennium bc. This book draws on the work of modern economic geographers to explore how the unique river-based ecology and geography of the Tigris–Euphrates alluvium impacted the development of urban civilization in southern Mesopotamia. It argues that these natural conditions granted southern polities significant competitive advantages over their landlocked rivals elsewhere in Southwest Asia, most importantly the ability to transport easily commodities. In due course, this resulted in increased trade and economic activity and higher population densities in the south than were possible elsewhere. As southern polities grew in scale and complexity throughout the fourth millennium, revolutionary new forms of labor organization and record keeping were created, and it is these socially created innovations, the author argues, that ultimately account for why fully developed city-states emerged earlier in southern Mesopotamia than elsewhere in Southwest Asia or the world.Less
The alluvial lowlands of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southern Mesopotamia are widely known as the “cradle of civilization”; owing to the scale of the processes of urbanization that took place in the area by the second half of the fourth millennium bc. This book draws on the work of modern economic geographers to explore how the unique river-based ecology and geography of the Tigris–Euphrates alluvium impacted the development of urban civilization in southern Mesopotamia. It argues that these natural conditions granted southern polities significant competitive advantages over their landlocked rivals elsewhere in Southwest Asia, most importantly the ability to transport easily commodities. In due course, this resulted in increased trade and economic activity and higher population densities in the south than were possible elsewhere. As southern polities grew in scale and complexity throughout the fourth millennium, revolutionary new forms of labor organization and record keeping were created, and it is these socially created innovations, the author argues, that ultimately account for why fully developed city-states emerged earlier in southern Mesopotamia than elsewhere in Southwest Asia or the world.
Elaine Leong
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226583495
- eISBN:
- 9780226583525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226583525.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Centered on the notebooks of Archdale Palmer (1610–73) and the Somerset-based Bennett family, this chapter presents a general overview of patterns of recipe collecting: adopting “starter” collections ...
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Centered on the notebooks of Archdale Palmer (1610–73) and the Somerset-based Bennett family, this chapter presents a general overview of patterns of recipe collecting: adopting “starter” collections and gathering single recipes. The chapter shows that many families cultivated local social relationships and used them to extend their treasuries of recipes. It situates the gathering and writing down of recipe knowledge alongside a range of social practices from forming alliances to giving gifts. Thus, it demonstrates that manuscript recipe collections had a dual role: on one hand as repositories of recipe knowledge and on the other as ledgers recording social ties, credits, and debts. Social structures, local networks and alliances shaped recipe knowledge in crucial ways, from information access to record keeping to practices of trying and testing.Less
Centered on the notebooks of Archdale Palmer (1610–73) and the Somerset-based Bennett family, this chapter presents a general overview of patterns of recipe collecting: adopting “starter” collections and gathering single recipes. The chapter shows that many families cultivated local social relationships and used them to extend their treasuries of recipes. It situates the gathering and writing down of recipe knowledge alongside a range of social practices from forming alliances to giving gifts. Thus, it demonstrates that manuscript recipe collections had a dual role: on one hand as repositories of recipe knowledge and on the other as ledgers recording social ties, credits, and debts. Social structures, local networks and alliances shaped recipe knowledge in crucial ways, from information access to record keeping to practices of trying and testing.
Paul Seaward
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780719099588
- eISBN:
- 9781526139030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099588.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Parliament in the course of a century after 1547 became almost certainly the best-recorded institution in Britain. This essay considers the nature of institutional memory in the late sixteenth-and ...
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Parliament in the course of a century after 1547 became almost certainly the best-recorded institution in Britain. This essay considers the nature of institutional memory in the late sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century House of Commons. It concerns firstly the nature and quality of institutional memory, and how, while it relied considerably on non-inscribed memory, it changed with the growth of the written record. It discusses the importance of precedent to parliamentarians, and how precedents were identified and selectively used. But more broadly it considers how written records, both of a formal and official nature and a private and unofficial kind, were developed over the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in order to generate a narrative about parliament that helps to consolidate its landmark status. As a result, parliament came to be recognised and revered as the key institution in the relationship between the state and the individual.Less
Parliament in the course of a century after 1547 became almost certainly the best-recorded institution in Britain. This essay considers the nature of institutional memory in the late sixteenth-and early seventeenth-century House of Commons. It concerns firstly the nature and quality of institutional memory, and how, while it relied considerably on non-inscribed memory, it changed with the growth of the written record. It discusses the importance of precedent to parliamentarians, and how precedents were identified and selectively used. But more broadly it considers how written records, both of a formal and official nature and a private and unofficial kind, were developed over the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in order to generate a narrative about parliament that helps to consolidate its landmark status. As a result, parliament came to be recognised and revered as the key institution in the relationship between the state and the individual.
Alexandra Gajda and Paul Cavill
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780719099588
- eISBN:
- 9781526139030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099588.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This introduction explores the relationship between intellectual, political and religious history, and how they should fruitfully be integrated with classic parliamentary history. It argues that the ...
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This introduction explores the relationship between intellectual, political and religious history, and how they should fruitfully be integrated with classic parliamentary history. It argues that the early modern parliament must be understood through broader developments in historical thought and practice. The first part of the introduction examines the changing and unchanging character of history in this period, which provides the context for the essays in the volume. Thereafter the introduction relates approaches to the past to the growing historical consciousness within and about parliament and the historicised modes through which early modern authors chose to think and write about it. These new perspectives are analysed in the context of the historiography of parliament of the past century. It is argued that the constitutionalist mode of thinking so dominant at the end of our period grew out of the interaction of history, law and politics in, around and about parliament. The collection thus restates the crucial role of institutions for the study of political culture and thought.Less
This introduction explores the relationship between intellectual, political and religious history, and how they should fruitfully be integrated with classic parliamentary history. It argues that the early modern parliament must be understood through broader developments in historical thought and practice. The first part of the introduction examines the changing and unchanging character of history in this period, which provides the context for the essays in the volume. Thereafter the introduction relates approaches to the past to the growing historical consciousness within and about parliament and the historicised modes through which early modern authors chose to think and write about it. These new perspectives are analysed in the context of the historiography of parliament of the past century. It is argued that the constitutionalist mode of thinking so dominant at the end of our period grew out of the interaction of history, law and politics in, around and about parliament. The collection thus restates the crucial role of institutions for the study of political culture and thought.
