Peter Adamson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195181425
- eISBN:
- 9780199785087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181425.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Al-Kindī wrote a well-known treatise On Intellect, which was the first Arabic treatise to give a taxonomy of the types of intellect (following Greek sources, especially Philoponus, in interpreting ...
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Al-Kindī wrote a well-known treatise On Intellect, which was the first Arabic treatise to give a taxonomy of the types of intellect (following Greek sources, especially Philoponus, in interpreting Aristotle’s De Anima). The chapter argues that the epistemology implied by this treatise implies that al-Kindī makes a sharp divide between intellect, which knows, and the senses, which experience particulars. This is parallel to his strongly dualist account of soul. The chapter concludes by considering the difficulties this raises for “mediating” psychological phenomena such as imagination, which is explored most fully by al-Kindī in a discussion of prophetic dreams.Less
Al-Kindī wrote a well-known treatise On Intellect, which was the first Arabic treatise to give a taxonomy of the types of intellect (following Greek sources, especially Philoponus, in interpreting Aristotle’s De Anima). The chapter argues that the epistemology implied by this treatise implies that al-Kindī makes a sharp divide between intellect, which knows, and the senses, which experience particulars. This is parallel to his strongly dualist account of soul. The chapter concludes by considering the difficulties this raises for “mediating” psychological phenomena such as imagination, which is explored most fully by al-Kindī in a discussion of prophetic dreams.
Paige E. Hochschild
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199643028
- eISBN:
- 9780191745416
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199643028.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies, Theology
The place of memory in the theological anthropology of Augustine has its roots in the Platonic epistemological tradition. Augustine actively engages with this tradition in his early writings in a ...
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The place of memory in the theological anthropology of Augustine has its roots in the Platonic epistemological tradition. Augustine actively engages with this tradition in his early writings in a manner that is both philosophically sophisticated and doctrinally consistent with his later, more overtly theological writings. From the Cassiacum dialogues through De musica, Augustine points to the central importance of memory: he examines the power of the soul as something that mediates sense perception and understanding, while explicitly deferring a more profound treatment thereof until Confessions and De trinitate. In these two texts, memory is the foundation for the location of the Imago Dei in the mind. It becomes the basis for the spiritual experience of the embodied creature, and a source of the profound anxiety that results from the sensed opposition of human time and divine time (aeterna ratio). This tension is contained and resolved, to a limited extent, in Augustine’s Christology, in the ability of a paradoxical incarnation to unify the temporal and the eternal (in Confessions 11 and 12), and the life of faith (scientia) with the promised contemplation of the divine (sapientia, in De trinitate 12-14).Less
The place of memory in the theological anthropology of Augustine has its roots in the Platonic epistemological tradition. Augustine actively engages with this tradition in his early writings in a manner that is both philosophically sophisticated and doctrinally consistent with his later, more overtly theological writings. From the Cassiacum dialogues through De musica, Augustine points to the central importance of memory: he examines the power of the soul as something that mediates sense perception and understanding, while explicitly deferring a more profound treatment thereof until Confessions and De trinitate. In these two texts, memory is the foundation for the location of the Imago Dei in the mind. It becomes the basis for the spiritual experience of the embodied creature, and a source of the profound anxiety that results from the sensed opposition of human time and divine time (aeterna ratio). This tension is contained and resolved, to a limited extent, in Augustine’s Christology, in the ability of a paradoxical incarnation to unify the temporal and the eternal (in Confessions 11 and 12), and the life of faith (scientia) with the promised contemplation of the divine (sapientia, in De trinitate 12-14).
Charles J. Brainerd and Valerie F. Reyna
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195308457
- eISBN:
- 9780199867387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308457.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter focuses on the scientific study of children's false memories and how susceptibility to false memories changes with age. It begins with a sketch of some historical facts about the law's ...
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This chapter focuses on the scientific study of children's false memories and how susceptibility to false memories changes with age. It begins with a sketch of some historical facts about the law's treatment of child sexual abuse and about how research findings have figured in child sexual abuse prosecutions. It then analyzes the scientific literature, summarizing what has been discovered about children's false memories and the theoretical ideas that are used to explain those findings. The chapter concludes with suggestions on ways to avoid eliciting false recollections, especially in cases where abuse has occurred.Less
This chapter focuses on the scientific study of children's false memories and how susceptibility to false memories changes with age. It begins with a sketch of some historical facts about the law's treatment of child sexual abuse and about how research findings have figured in child sexual abuse prosecutions. It then analyzes the scientific literature, summarizing what has been discovered about children's false memories and the theoretical ideas that are used to explain those findings. The chapter concludes with suggestions on ways to avoid eliciting false recollections, especially in cases where abuse has occurred.
Howard Eichenbaum and Neal J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178043
- eISBN:
- 9780199871223
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so ...
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This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so far. The book begins by highlighting a brief history of ideas about multiple memory systems and how those ideas fit into the story of the progression of our understanding of the nature and organization of memory in the brain. Other early chapters address some of the themes and principles that are common to all memory systems, including the fundamentals of cellular plasticity and the critical role of the cerebral cortex in memory. The central portion of the book then attempts to characterize the role of several specific memory systems, starting with a detailed analysis of the hippocampal memory system — the brain system that mediates declarative memory, our ability to recollect consciously everyday facts and experiences, by supporting the capacity for relational memory processing. Individual chapters focus on non-human primate and rodent models of amnesia, on hippocampal neuronal activity, and on the permanent consolidation of declarative memories. Subsequent chapters present evidence of functional dissociations among various memory systems. These chapters identify and describe brain systems that mediate emotional memories, modulate memory, or mediate the acquisition of behavioral habits (procedural memory), all concerned with long-term memory abilities, and a system focused on the prefrontal cortex that supports working memory.Less
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so far. The book begins by highlighting a brief history of ideas about multiple memory systems and how those ideas fit into the story of the progression of our understanding of the nature and organization of memory in the brain. Other early chapters address some of the themes and principles that are common to all memory systems, including the fundamentals of cellular plasticity and the critical role of the cerebral cortex in memory. The central portion of the book then attempts to characterize the role of several specific memory systems, starting with a detailed analysis of the hippocampal memory system — the brain system that mediates declarative memory, our ability to recollect consciously everyday facts and experiences, by supporting the capacity for relational memory processing. Individual chapters focus on non-human primate and rodent models of amnesia, on hippocampal neuronal activity, and on the permanent consolidation of declarative memories. Subsequent chapters present evidence of functional dissociations among various memory systems. These chapters identify and describe brain systems that mediate emotional memories, modulate memory, or mediate the acquisition of behavioral habits (procedural memory), all concerned with long-term memory abilities, and a system focused on the prefrontal cortex that supports working memory.
Lloyd P. Gerson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288670
- eISBN:
- 9780191717789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288670.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter is devoted to Phaedo. It attempts to explicate the account of the person in that dialogue along with the proofs for the immortality of the soul. In this dialogue, along with the claim ...
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This chapter is devoted to Phaedo. It attempts to explicate the account of the person in that dialogue along with the proofs for the immortality of the soul. In this dialogue, along with the claim for the immortality of the soul the separation of Forms is found and the consequent demotion of the reality of the sensible world. It is within this context that the relation between embodied and disembodied persons is properly situated. This relation is understood as one between endowed and achieved personhood or selfhood. It is shown that for Plato, the ideal person is a knower, the subject of the highest form of cognition. That this form of cognition is apparently attributable only to disembodied persons is of the utmost importance. From this, it follows that the achievement of any embodied person is bound to fall short of the ideal.Less
This chapter is devoted to Phaedo. It attempts to explicate the account of the person in that dialogue along with the proofs for the immortality of the soul. In this dialogue, along with the claim for the immortality of the soul the separation of Forms is found and the consequent demotion of the reality of the sensible world. It is within this context that the relation between embodied and disembodied persons is properly situated. This relation is understood as one between endowed and achieved personhood or selfhood. It is shown that for Plato, the ideal person is a knower, the subject of the highest form of cognition. That this form of cognition is apparently attributable only to disembodied persons is of the utmost importance. From this, it follows that the achievement of any embodied person is bound to fall short of the ideal.
J. Trickett Edison
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195173796
- eISBN:
- 9780199847631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173796.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This collection of essays evoked many recollections of how the author walked the ecological walk throughout his career. The book is a compilation of essays written over a 40-year span that portray ...
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This collection of essays evoked many recollections of how the author walked the ecological walk throughout his career. The book is a compilation of essays written over a 40-year span that portray the efforts of one person to create a worldview for a new profession. They outline the ways in which the author has sought to integrate social values, commitment to place, and a multilayered conception of context and ourselves into an energizing vision for the field of community psychology. They outline the evolving contours of a field of dreams whose realization is constantly under way, not only in community psychology but also across the behavioral and social sciences concerned with community intervention and community betterment.Less
This collection of essays evoked many recollections of how the author walked the ecological walk throughout his career. The book is a compilation of essays written over a 40-year span that portray the efforts of one person to create a worldview for a new profession. They outline the ways in which the author has sought to integrate social values, commitment to place, and a multilayered conception of context and ourselves into an energizing vision for the field of community psychology. They outline the evolving contours of a field of dreams whose realization is constantly under way, not only in community psychology but also across the behavioral and social sciences concerned with community intervention and community betterment.
David Sedley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199289974
- eISBN:
- 9780191711008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289974.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
The chapter takes the form of a commentary on Plato, Phaedo 74a9-c6. This passage is the centrepiece of Socrates' main argument for Recollection, based on the example of seeing equal sticks or stones ...
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The chapter takes the form of a commentary on Plato, Phaedo 74a9-c6. This passage is the centrepiece of Socrates' main argument for Recollection, based on the example of seeing equal sticks or stones and being led by these to think of something distinct from them — the Equal itself. This passage has long been recognized as containing a pivotal argument for the separation of forms from their sensible instances. But virtually every sentence of it has generated at least one interpretative crux.Less
The chapter takes the form of a commentary on Plato, Phaedo 74a9-c6. This passage is the centrepiece of Socrates' main argument for Recollection, based on the example of seeing equal sticks or stones and being led by these to think of something distinct from them — the Equal itself. This passage has long been recognized as containing a pivotal argument for the separation of forms from their sensible instances. But virtually every sentence of it has generated at least one interpretative crux.
György Buzsáki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195301069
- eISBN:
- 9780199863716
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301069.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic, Techniques
Studies of mechanisms in the brain that allow complicated things to happen in a coordinated fashion have produced some of the most spectacular discoveries in neuroscience. This book provides support ...
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Studies of mechanisms in the brain that allow complicated things to happen in a coordinated fashion have produced some of the most spectacular discoveries in neuroscience. This book provides support for the idea that spontaneous neuron activity, far from being mere noise, is actually the source of our cognitive abilities. It looks at the co-evolution of structure and function in the mammalian brain, illustrating how self-emerged oscillatory timing is the brains fundamental organizer of neuronal information. The small world-like connectivity of the cerebral cortex allows for global computation on multiple spatial and temporal scales. The perpetual interactions among the multiple network oscillators keep cortical systems in a highly sensitive metastable state and provide energy-efficient synchronizing mechanisms via weak links. In a sequence of cycles, this book travels from the physics of oscillations through neuronal assembly organization to complex cognitive processing and memory storage.Less
Studies of mechanisms in the brain that allow complicated things to happen in a coordinated fashion have produced some of the most spectacular discoveries in neuroscience. This book provides support for the idea that spontaneous neuron activity, far from being mere noise, is actually the source of our cognitive abilities. It looks at the co-evolution of structure and function in the mammalian brain, illustrating how self-emerged oscillatory timing is the brains fundamental organizer of neuronal information. The small world-like connectivity of the cerebral cortex allows for global computation on multiple spatial and temporal scales. The perpetual interactions among the multiple network oscillators keep cortical systems in a highly sensitive metastable state and provide energy-efficient synchronizing mechanisms via weak links. In a sequence of cycles, this book travels from the physics of oscillations through neuronal assembly organization to complex cognitive processing and memory storage.
Sven Bernecker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577569
- eISBN:
- 9780191722820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577569.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
For a present propositional attitude token to stand in a memory‐relation to a past propositional attitude token, the contents of both tokens need not be type‐identical but only sufficiently similar. ...
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For a present propositional attitude token to stand in a memory‐relation to a past propositional attitude token, the contents of both tokens need not be type‐identical but only sufficiently similar. This view flies in the face of the widespread identity theory of memory which demands type‐identity of diachronic content tokens and attitude tokens. This chapter determines to what extent two diachronic propositional attitude tokens may differ from one another and one of them still count as sufficiently similar to the other so as to be memory‐related to it. The chapter starts out by distinguishing two aspects of the veridicality constraint on memory: authenticity and truth. The truth of a memory report has to do with the memory content correctly representing objective reality. Authenticity, on the other hand, is an internal criterion concerning the accuracy of the reproduction of a past propositional attitude (true or false). The mark of authentic content representation is entailment: a present propositional attitude token is memory‐related to a past propositional attitude token only if the content of the present token is entailed by the content of the past token. One of the consequences of the entailment thesis is that it is possible that the content of a memory state is entertained for the first time at the time of recollection. This view is compared and contrasted with Plato's theory of recollection whereby all learning is nothing but remembering. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of when two diachronic attitude tokens are of the same kind and proposes a functionalist answer. The notion of attitude‐similarity is spelled out in terms of sameness of direction of fit and polarity.Less
For a present propositional attitude token to stand in a memory‐relation to a past propositional attitude token, the contents of both tokens need not be type‐identical but only sufficiently similar. This view flies in the face of the widespread identity theory of memory which demands type‐identity of diachronic content tokens and attitude tokens. This chapter determines to what extent two diachronic propositional attitude tokens may differ from one another and one of them still count as sufficiently similar to the other so as to be memory‐related to it. The chapter starts out by distinguishing two aspects of the veridicality constraint on memory: authenticity and truth. The truth of a memory report has to do with the memory content correctly representing objective reality. Authenticity, on the other hand, is an internal criterion concerning the accuracy of the reproduction of a past propositional attitude (true or false). The mark of authentic content representation is entailment: a present propositional attitude token is memory‐related to a past propositional attitude token only if the content of the present token is entailed by the content of the past token. One of the consequences of the entailment thesis is that it is possible that the content of a memory state is entertained for the first time at the time of recollection. This view is compared and contrasted with Plato's theory of recollection whereby all learning is nothing but remembering. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of when two diachronic attitude tokens are of the same kind and proposes a functionalist answer. The notion of attitude‐similarity is spelled out in terms of sameness of direction of fit and polarity.
Roslyn Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140767
- eISBN:
- 9780199833849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140761.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Having failed to produce a satisfactory definition of virtue, Meno suddenly recalls having heard that Socrates is a perplexed man himself who causes perplexity in others. He likens Socrates to a ...
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Having failed to produce a satisfactory definition of virtue, Meno suddenly recalls having heard that Socrates is a perplexed man himself who causes perplexity in others. He likens Socrates to a sting ray, an ugly fish that numbs those with whom it comes into contact, and seeks to obstruct the continuation of Socrates’ elenctic examination of him by introducing a paradox that would make both inquiry and verification impossible unless the investigator knows the answer in advance of the investigation. Socrates rejects only the “paradox of inquiry” as eristic, saying nothing about the “paradox of knowing,” recognizing perhaps that in the matter of virtue, answers can indeed not be known because they cannot be definitively verified. In order to encourage Meno to persevere in the inquiry, Socrates has recourse to the myth of learning as recollection – a myth he devises not because he believes it to be true but because he believes it to be salutary.Less
Having failed to produce a satisfactory definition of virtue, Meno suddenly recalls having heard that Socrates is a perplexed man himself who causes perplexity in others. He likens Socrates to a sting ray, an ugly fish that numbs those with whom it comes into contact, and seeks to obstruct the continuation of Socrates’ elenctic examination of him by introducing a paradox that would make both inquiry and verification impossible unless the investigator knows the answer in advance of the investigation. Socrates rejects only the “paradox of inquiry” as eristic, saying nothing about the “paradox of knowing,” recognizing perhaps that in the matter of virtue, answers can indeed not be known because they cannot be definitively verified. In order to encourage Meno to persevere in the inquiry, Socrates has recourse to the myth of learning as recollection – a myth he devises not because he believes it to be true but because he believes it to be salutary.
Morton D. Paley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198186854
- eISBN:
- 9780191674570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198186854.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Love was always an important theme in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poetry, manifested in ‘Recollections of Love’ and ‘Love's whisper’. More frequently, however, in Coleridge's later poetry love is a ...
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Love was always an important theme in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poetry, manifested in ‘Recollections of Love’ and ‘Love's whisper’. More frequently, however, in Coleridge's later poetry love is a threatening force or an aching void. Recognising this, in the editions of his Poetical Works published in his lifetime, the poet introduced the section containing most of his later poems' with a four-line motto bearing the Greek title ‘Love, always a talkative companion’. In some of what have come to be known as the ‘Asra’ poems, Coleridge's expression of unfulfilled feeling is bitterly direct. This is true of ‘Separation’, for which Coleridge wrote a memorable new beginning some time after the draft in one of his Notebooks. Another attempt to deal with the destructive power of love was through the mediated discourse of narrative along with his most ambitious attempt in this mode in his later years, the ‘Alice Du Clos’ completed in 1829.Less
Love was always an important theme in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poetry, manifested in ‘Recollections of Love’ and ‘Love's whisper’. More frequently, however, in Coleridge's later poetry love is a threatening force or an aching void. Recognising this, in the editions of his Poetical Works published in his lifetime, the poet introduced the section containing most of his later poems' with a four-line motto bearing the Greek title ‘Love, always a talkative companion’. In some of what have come to be known as the ‘Asra’ poems, Coleridge's expression of unfulfilled feeling is bitterly direct. This is true of ‘Separation’, for which Coleridge wrote a memorable new beginning some time after the draft in one of his Notebooks. Another attempt to deal with the destructive power of love was through the mediated discourse of narrative along with his most ambitious attempt in this mode in his later years, the ‘Alice Du Clos’ completed in 1829.
Catherine Osborne
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199282067
- eISBN:
- 9780191712944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282067.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter considers whether language or concepts are necessary for intelligent purposive agency, and argues that neither humans nor animals require propositional thought or concepts for normal ...
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This chapter considers whether language or concepts are necessary for intelligent purposive agency, and argues that neither humans nor animals require propositional thought or concepts for normal decisions and purposive behaviour. The idea that second order reflection on reasons and intentions is additionally available to humans is shown to be irrelevant to first order intention. Descartes' mechanistic account of human and animal behaviour is inspired by Aristotle's discussion in De motu animalium, but deliberately rejects ‘imagination’ (phantasia), which served for Aristotle to secure intelligent agency by means of stored perceptions, without mental concepts or complex propositions. Aristotle's account (including Posterior Analytics B19) is compared to Plato's notion of recollection (anamnesis) as a source of concepts in humans and animals, with a view to illustrating the similarity of the two models, and the relative merits of the Platonic one.Less
This chapter considers whether language or concepts are necessary for intelligent purposive agency, and argues that neither humans nor animals require propositional thought or concepts for normal decisions and purposive behaviour. The idea that second order reflection on reasons and intentions is additionally available to humans is shown to be irrelevant to first order intention. Descartes' mechanistic account of human and animal behaviour is inspired by Aristotle's discussion in De motu animalium, but deliberately rejects ‘imagination’ (phantasia), which served for Aristotle to secure intelligent agency by means of stored perceptions, without mental concepts or complex propositions. Aristotle's account (including Posterior Analytics B19) is compared to Plato's notion of recollection (anamnesis) as a source of concepts in humans and animals, with a view to illustrating the similarity of the two models, and the relative merits of the Platonic one.
Arthur P. Shimamura
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134971
- eISBN:
- 9780199864157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter shows that episodic retrieval and source recollection are associated with frontal lobe function. The role of the prefrontal cortex in such retrieval tasks appears to be related to ...
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This chapter shows that episodic retrieval and source recollection are associated with frontal lobe function. The role of the prefrontal cortex in such retrieval tasks appears to be related to on-line control of memory activations. That is, extraneous information at the time of recollection can significantly interfere with episodic retrieval and source recollection. Such interference effects appear more significant for source recollection than for the recollection of item information. Boosting or supporting executive control can improve source memory performance in patients with frontal lobe lesions.Less
This chapter shows that episodic retrieval and source recollection are associated with frontal lobe function. The role of the prefrontal cortex in such retrieval tasks appears to be related to on-line control of memory activations. That is, extraneous information at the time of recollection can significantly interfere with episodic retrieval and source recollection. Such interference effects appear more significant for source recollection than for the recollection of item information. Boosting or supporting executive control can improve source memory performance in patients with frontal lobe lesions.
Richard Sorabji
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199564453
- eISBN:
- 9780191721618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564453.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Ancient Philosophy
How did the ancient commentators understand Aristotle's account of concept formation in Posterior Analytics 2.19? They focus on his re-statement at 100a14. They do not agree with the interpretation ...
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How did the ancient commentators understand Aristotle's account of concept formation in Posterior Analytics 2.19? They focus on his re-statement at 100a14. They do not agree with the interpretation in this chapter of his first statement at 100a3ff (but then neither do many contemporaries). The chapter considers the commentators' views on these texts in which they saw perception as passing on information about universals to be worked on by reason, imagination (surprisingly), or nous, understood as one or more of the three kinds of intellect that they detect in On the Soul 3.5. Their view preserves Aristotle's wish to offer an empirical alternative to Plato's account of concept formation as recollection of concepts known before birth. They differ on whether Aristotle's account can be squared with Plato's. Some went to the length of saying that Aristotle believed in Plato's recollected concepts; some said that Neoplatonists should believe in both types of concept; some that Aristotle was simply wrong to postulate concepts based on perception. Certainly, they thought that empirically based concepts could not be processed and improved, unless one had recollected concepts to guide one. This chapter investigates these disagreements and their bases in conflicting views of the role of perception and intellect.Less
How did the ancient commentators understand Aristotle's account of concept formation in Posterior Analytics 2.19? They focus on his re-statement at 100a14. They do not agree with the interpretation in this chapter of his first statement at 100a3ff (but then neither do many contemporaries). The chapter considers the commentators' views on these texts in which they saw perception as passing on information about universals to be worked on by reason, imagination (surprisingly), or nous, understood as one or more of the three kinds of intellect that they detect in On the Soul 3.5. Their view preserves Aristotle's wish to offer an empirical alternative to Plato's account of concept formation as recollection of concepts known before birth. They differ on whether Aristotle's account can be squared with Plato's. Some went to the length of saying that Aristotle believed in Plato's recollected concepts; some said that Neoplatonists should believe in both types of concept; some that Aristotle was simply wrong to postulate concepts based on perception. Certainly, they thought that empirically based concepts could not be processed and improved, unless one had recollected concepts to guide one. This chapter investigates these disagreements and their bases in conflicting views of the role of perception and intellect.
Simona Ghetti and Patricia J. Bauer (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195340792
- eISBN:
- 9780199932078
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340792.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The ability to remember unique, personal events is at the core of what we consider to be “memory.” How does the vivid experience of reinstatement of our past emerge? What is the contribution of this ...
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The ability to remember unique, personal events is at the core of what we consider to be “memory.” How does the vivid experience of reinstatement of our past emerge? What is the contribution of this experience to our life histories? These questions have intrigued psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers for decades, and are the subject of this volume. In recent years, the science of memory has made extraordinary progress in the conceptualization and assessment of different forms of memory. Instead of thinking of memory as a monolithic construct, memory is now thought of in terms of dissociable classes of constructs. Within declarative memory, the type of memory that one can consciously access, we make distinctions between the constructs of recollection and episodic memory and the constructs of familiarity and semantic memory (respectively). Chapters in this volume discuss new methods to assess these types of memory in studies that refine our understanding of the functions necessary for conscious and vivid recollection. The work has led to substantial increases in our understanding of the building blocks of recollection and its developmental course. The volume also addresses the exciting new research on the neural basis of recollection. Never before has the connection between brain and function been so close. Chapters review neuroimaging studies of the healthy brain and neuropsychological investigations of patients with brain damage that reveal the specific brain structures involved in the ability to recollect. These brain structures undergo important developmental change during childhood and adolescence, leading to questions—and answers—of how the relationship between brain and function unfolds during the course of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.Less
The ability to remember unique, personal events is at the core of what we consider to be “memory.” How does the vivid experience of reinstatement of our past emerge? What is the contribution of this experience to our life histories? These questions have intrigued psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers for decades, and are the subject of this volume. In recent years, the science of memory has made extraordinary progress in the conceptualization and assessment of different forms of memory. Instead of thinking of memory as a monolithic construct, memory is now thought of in terms of dissociable classes of constructs. Within declarative memory, the type of memory that one can consciously access, we make distinctions between the constructs of recollection and episodic memory and the constructs of familiarity and semantic memory (respectively). Chapters in this volume discuss new methods to assess these types of memory in studies that refine our understanding of the functions necessary for conscious and vivid recollection. The work has led to substantial increases in our understanding of the building blocks of recollection and its developmental course. The volume also addresses the exciting new research on the neural basis of recollection. Never before has the connection between brain and function been so close. Chapters review neuroimaging studies of the healthy brain and neuropsychological investigations of patients with brain damage that reveal the specific brain structures involved in the ability to recollect. These brain structures undergo important developmental change during childhood and adolescence, leading to questions—and answers—of how the relationship between brain and function unfolds during the course of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
Andrew P. Yonelinas
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195340792
- eISBN:
- 9780199932078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340792.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of theoretical and methodological approaches grounded in dual-process models of memory. It begins by discussing how recollection has been defined and ...
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This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of theoretical and methodological approaches grounded in dual-process models of memory. It begins by discussing how recollection has been defined and separated from familiarity-based recognition, and briefly describes the methods that have been developed to measure these two forms of memory. It then provides a selective review of the behavioral literature and discusses some of the more well-established findings that have informed us about the functional nature of these processes. Finally, it describes some recent neuropsychological work that has revealed how different regions within the medial temporal lobe support these two processes.Less
This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of theoretical and methodological approaches grounded in dual-process models of memory. It begins by discussing how recollection has been defined and separated from familiarity-based recognition, and briefly describes the methods that have been developed to measure these two forms of memory. It then provides a selective review of the behavioral literature and discusses some of the more well-established findings that have informed us about the functional nature of these processes. Finally, it describes some recent neuropsychological work that has revealed how different regions within the medial temporal lobe support these two processes.
Katherine Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195340792
- eISBN:
- 9780199932078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340792.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the ways that memory as a meaning-preserving system develops in human infancy and early childhood. In addressing how changes in meaning affect memory and the process of ...
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This chapter examines the ways that memory as a meaning-preserving system develops in human infancy and early childhood. In addressing how changes in meaning affect memory and the process of recollection, it considers the nature of experience in the social and cultural world of childhood and the related developing meaning system of the child. It further explores the idea that functional changes in memory accompany an expansion of consciousness, a product of interlocking systems of the developing child and social and cultural transactions during the critical early years. The chapter is organized as follows. First, it sketches the systems involved in basic memory and considers how recollection may relate to that construct. Next, it discusses the general outlines of experience and memory within dynamic developmental systems, noting constraints on early developments of the meaning and memory system. Finally, it describes how the scope of consciousness expands from the intersection of experiential and social-cultural change and its relation to the developing personal memory system.Less
This chapter examines the ways that memory as a meaning-preserving system develops in human infancy and early childhood. In addressing how changes in meaning affect memory and the process of recollection, it considers the nature of experience in the social and cultural world of childhood and the related developing meaning system of the child. It further explores the idea that functional changes in memory accompany an expansion of consciousness, a product of interlocking systems of the developing child and social and cultural transactions during the critical early years. The chapter is organized as follows. First, it sketches the systems involved in basic memory and considers how recollection may relate to that construct. Next, it discusses the general outlines of experience and memory within dynamic developmental systems, noting constraints on early developments of the meaning and memory system. Finally, it describes how the scope of consciousness expands from the intersection of experiential and social-cultural change and its relation to the developing personal memory system.
Tracy Riggins
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195340792
- eISBN:
- 9780199932078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340792.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter analyzes evidence of the development of memory in infancy and early childhood. In doing so, it addresses pressing questions about whether and when recollection is present in infancy, and ...
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This chapter analyzes evidence of the development of memory in infancy and early childhood. In doing so, it addresses pressing questions about whether and when recollection is present in infancy, and reflects on the methodological approaches and the conclusions that these approaches afford about early recollection. Adhering to the definition of recollection as the capacity to remember events in their spatiotemporal context, it provides a careful examination of recent research differentiating among spatial, temporal, and other attributes of episodic recollection.Less
This chapter analyzes evidence of the development of memory in infancy and early childhood. In doing so, it addresses pressing questions about whether and when recollection is present in infancy, and reflects on the methodological approaches and the conclusions that these approaches afford about early recollection. Adhering to the definition of recollection as the capacity to remember events in their spatiotemporal context, it provides a careful examination of recent research differentiating among spatial, temporal, and other attributes of episodic recollection.
Nora S. Newcombe, Marianne E. Lloyd, and Frances Balcomb
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195340792
- eISBN:
- 9780199932078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340792.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the development of one fundamental feature of episodic recollection, namely, the capacity to bind different features of an event into an integrated representation. It ...
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This chapter examines the development of one fundamental feature of episodic recollection, namely, the capacity to bind different features of an event into an integrated representation. It distinguishes this capacity from the operation of strategies and other forms of controlled mechanisms that promote and monitor binding operations. It examines the development of binding during childhood and integrates this knowledge with a lifespan perspective and investigations with nonhuman animals. It offers comments on how binding might affect the emergence and development not only of episodic memory, but also of other faculties conceptually linked to episodic memory, such as mental travel time and imagining the future.Less
This chapter examines the development of one fundamental feature of episodic recollection, namely, the capacity to bind different features of an event into an integrated representation. It distinguishes this capacity from the operation of strategies and other forms of controlled mechanisms that promote and monitor binding operations. It examines the development of binding during childhood and integrates this knowledge with a lifespan perspective and investigations with nonhuman animals. It offers comments on how binding might affect the emergence and development not only of episodic memory, but also of other faculties conceptually linked to episodic memory, such as mental travel time and imagining the future.
Charles J. Brainerd, Valerie F. Reyna, and Robyn E. Holliday
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195340792
- eISBN:
- 9780199932078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340792.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter discusses fuzzy-trace theory's (FTT) approach to the development of recollection, the procedures and mathematical models that it uses to measure recollection, and the developmental ...
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This chapter discusses fuzzy-trace theory's (FTT) approach to the development of recollection, the procedures and mathematical models that it uses to measure recollection, and the developmental findings that have accumulated to date from those techniques. It deals with the how of recollection, in the sense of measurement procedures, more than with the what, in the sense of process models of recollection. Although the distinctions that constitute FTT's process model of recollection and familiarity are discussed and figure throughout, the lion's share of the presentation deals with procedures for measuring those distinctions and to the findings that have accumulated. That emphasis grows out of the fact that until recently, the recollection/familiarity distinction has had no appreciable influence on the study of memory development.Less
This chapter discusses fuzzy-trace theory's (FTT) approach to the development of recollection, the procedures and mathematical models that it uses to measure recollection, and the developmental findings that have accumulated to date from those techniques. It deals with the how of recollection, in the sense of measurement procedures, more than with the what, in the sense of process models of recollection. Although the distinctions that constitute FTT's process model of recollection and familiarity are discussed and figure throughout, the lion's share of the presentation deals with procedures for measuring those distinctions and to the findings that have accumulated. That emphasis grows out of the fact that until recently, the recollection/familiarity distinction has had no appreciable influence on the study of memory development.
