Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident ...
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Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident since the late 1960s, when federal authority was divided between health and justice agencies. A 1974 law created a federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to take charge. The law set progressive standards, but the administration of Ronald Reagan tried to kill the agency in the early 1980s and downgraded it after Congress refused to end funding. The Reagan Justice Department did forge an alliance with the MacArthur Foundation to start a long‐term study of juvenile crime's causes. Meanwhile, a steady increase in arrests of juveniles prompted to require that more teen suspects be tried in adult courts, even when studies showed the tactic ineffective in preventing repeat criminality. Congressional Republicans helped enact a large “juvenile accountability” program designed to provide federal aid to programs that got tough on young lawbreakers. Some measures failed on a broad scale, such as ‘boot camps’ aimed at instilling more discipline in delinquents. Despite many promising crime prevention programs, the Congress under Republicans control starting in 1995 generally refused to fund them. Juvenile crime arrests declined sharply since the mid‐1990s, but there was no solid proof of what caused the change, whether government programs, the improved economy, or a lower number of teens in the population.Less
Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident since the late 1960s, when federal authority was divided between health and justice agencies. A 1974 law created a federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to take charge. The law set progressive standards, but the administration of Ronald Reagan tried to kill the agency in the early 1980s and downgraded it after Congress refused to end funding. The Reagan Justice Department did forge an alliance with the MacArthur Foundation to start a long‐term study of juvenile crime's causes. Meanwhile, a steady increase in arrests of juveniles prompted to require that more teen suspects be tried in adult courts, even when studies showed the tactic ineffective in preventing repeat criminality. Congressional Republicans helped enact a large “juvenile accountability” program designed to provide federal aid to programs that got tough on young lawbreakers. Some measures failed on a broad scale, such as ‘boot camps’ aimed at instilling more discipline in delinquents. Despite many promising crime prevention programs, the Congress under Republicans control starting in 1995 generally refused to fund them. Juvenile crime arrests declined sharply since the mid‐1990s, but there was no solid proof of what caused the change, whether government programs, the improved economy, or a lower number of teens in the population.
Joan Petersilia
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195160864
- eISBN:
- 9780199943395
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160864.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Every year, hundreds of thousands of jailed Americans leave prison and return to society. Largely uneducated, unskilled, often without family support, and with the stigma of a prison record hanging ...
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Every year, hundreds of thousands of jailed Americans leave prison and return to society. Largely uneducated, unskilled, often without family support, and with the stigma of a prison record hanging over them, many, if not most, will experience serious social and psychological problems after release. Fewer than one in three prisoners receive substance abuse or mental health treatment while incarcerated, and each year fewer and fewer participate in the dwindling number of vocational or educational pre-release programs, leaving many all but unemployable. Not surprisingly, the great majority is rearrested, most within six months of their release. As long as there have been prisons, society has struggled with how best to help prisoners reintegrate once released. But the current situation is unprecedented. As a result of the quadrupling of the American prison population in the last quarter century, the number of returning offenders dwarfs anything in America's history. A crisis looms, and the criminal justice and social welfare system is wholly unprepared to confront it. Drawing on dozens of interviews with inmates, former prisoners, and prison officials, the book shows us how the current system is failing, and failing badly. Unwilling merely to sound the alarm, it explores the harsh realities of prisoner re-entry and offers specific solutions to prepare inmates for release, reduce recidivism, and restore them to full citizenship, while never losing sight of the demands of public safety. As the number of ex-convicts in America continues to grow, their systemic marginalization threatens the very society their imprisonment was meant to protect.Less
Every year, hundreds of thousands of jailed Americans leave prison and return to society. Largely uneducated, unskilled, often without family support, and with the stigma of a prison record hanging over them, many, if not most, will experience serious social and psychological problems after release. Fewer than one in three prisoners receive substance abuse or mental health treatment while incarcerated, and each year fewer and fewer participate in the dwindling number of vocational or educational pre-release programs, leaving many all but unemployable. Not surprisingly, the great majority is rearrested, most within six months of their release. As long as there have been prisons, society has struggled with how best to help prisoners reintegrate once released. But the current situation is unprecedented. As a result of the quadrupling of the American prison population in the last quarter century, the number of returning offenders dwarfs anything in America's history. A crisis looms, and the criminal justice and social welfare system is wholly unprepared to confront it. Drawing on dozens of interviews with inmates, former prisoners, and prison officials, the book shows us how the current system is failing, and failing badly. Unwilling merely to sound the alarm, it explores the harsh realities of prisoner re-entry and offers specific solutions to prepare inmates for release, reduce recidivism, and restore them to full citizenship, while never losing sight of the demands of public safety. As the number of ex-convicts in America continues to grow, their systemic marginalization threatens the very society their imprisonment was meant to protect.
Jeff Manza and Christopher Uggen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195149326
- eISBN:
- 9780199943975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149326.003.0032
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Researchers have turned their attention to prisoner reentry and reintegration as more and more people are released from prison and placed back into their communities each year. This scholarship ...
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Researchers have turned their attention to prisoner reentry and reintegration as more and more people are released from prison and placed back into their communities each year. This scholarship details the problems that felons face in attempting to restart their lives, as well as the factors influencing whether they commit further crimes. Is voting one such factor? Does losing the right to vote matter to individual offenders, and if so, how and why? This chapter uses survey data to explore felons' political beliefs and the consequences of political exclusion for individual behavior and public safety. It looks at what felons believe, whether they vote, and how voting at one point in time influences the likelihood of subsequent criminal activity. If those who vote are actually less likely to commit new crimes—to “desist” from criminal activity—extending the franchise to felons could reduce rates of recidivism.Less
Researchers have turned their attention to prisoner reentry and reintegration as more and more people are released from prison and placed back into their communities each year. This scholarship details the problems that felons face in attempting to restart their lives, as well as the factors influencing whether they commit further crimes. Is voting one such factor? Does losing the right to vote matter to individual offenders, and if so, how and why? This chapter uses survey data to explore felons' political beliefs and the consequences of political exclusion for individual behavior and public safety. It looks at what felons believe, whether they vote, and how voting at one point in time influences the likelihood of subsequent criminal activity. If those who vote are actually less likely to commit new crimes—to “desist” from criminal activity—extending the franchise to felons could reduce rates of recidivism.
Joan Petersilia
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195160864
- eISBN:
- 9780199943395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160864.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter presents data on the number of parolees recidivating, as well as on the contribution that parolees make to the overall level of crime in a community. It also identifies the demographic ...
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This chapter presents data on the number of parolees recidivating, as well as on the contribution that parolees make to the overall level of crime in a community. It also identifies the demographic and crime factors that are significant predictors of recidivism. Recent data tracking inmates released from prison in 1994 show that two-thirds are rearrested, and nearly one-quarter are returned to prison for a new crime within three years of their release. These rearrest rates are 5% higher than among inmates released in 1983. Inmates originally convicted of property crimes had the highest recidivism rates, followed by drugs, public order, and violent crimes. Younger prisoners and those with longer criminal records were more likely to be rearrested, as were men and those who were black.Less
This chapter presents data on the number of parolees recidivating, as well as on the contribution that parolees make to the overall level of crime in a community. It also identifies the demographic and crime factors that are significant predictors of recidivism. Recent data tracking inmates released from prison in 1994 show that two-thirds are rearrested, and nearly one-quarter are returned to prison for a new crime within three years of their release. These rearrest rates are 5% higher than among inmates released in 1983. Inmates originally convicted of property crimes had the highest recidivism rates, followed by drugs, public order, and violent crimes. Younger prisoners and those with longer criminal records were more likely to be rearrested, as were men and those who were black.
Rolf Loeber and David P. Farrington (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than ...
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Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than older adults? And what is special about the 18th birthday when the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system in most states and most European countries, offering protection and rehabilitation, ends and the more punitive and less rehabilitative criminal justice system for adults starts? Since most juveniles take longer than age 18 to mature and become less impulsive, what is a more realistic distinction between adolescence and adulthood and justice response to adolescents and young adults? These and many other questions pertaining to the transition between adolescence and adulthood are addressed in this volume. The volume is based on hundreds of scientific studies, which are summarized in 11 chapters. The chapters deal with criminal careers, particularly desistance from and persistence in offending, explanatory factors of persistence and desistance, such as, for example, early individual differences in self-control, brain maturation, social risk and protective factors, mental illnesses, changes in life circumstances, neighborhood factors, and juvenile justice response. The volume also highlights the best evaluated and cost-effective programs that prevent juveniles from becoming persistent offenders in adulthood, and reduce recidivism among known delinquents. Finally, the volume addresses the advantages and disadvantages of legislators increasing or decreasing the age of adulthood with an eye on improving public safety.Less
Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than older adults? And what is special about the 18th birthday when the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system in most states and most European countries, offering protection and rehabilitation, ends and the more punitive and less rehabilitative criminal justice system for adults starts? Since most juveniles take longer than age 18 to mature and become less impulsive, what is a more realistic distinction between adolescence and adulthood and justice response to adolescents and young adults? These and many other questions pertaining to the transition between adolescence and adulthood are addressed in this volume. The volume is based on hundreds of scientific studies, which are summarized in 11 chapters. The chapters deal with criminal careers, particularly desistance from and persistence in offending, explanatory factors of persistence and desistance, such as, for example, early individual differences in self-control, brain maturation, social risk and protective factors, mental illnesses, changes in life circumstances, neighborhood factors, and juvenile justice response. The volume also highlights the best evaluated and cost-effective programs that prevent juveniles from becoming persistent offenders in adulthood, and reduce recidivism among known delinquents. Finally, the volume addresses the advantages and disadvantages of legislators increasing or decreasing the age of adulthood with an eye on improving public safety.
Thomas G. Blomberg, William D. Bales, and Courtney A. Waid
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Prior research has shown a positive relationship between education, employment, and crime desistance for the general adolescent population. Notably absent from the prior literature have been studies ...
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Prior research has shown a positive relationship between education, employment, and crime desistance for the general adolescent population. Notably absent from the prior literature have been studies on the relationship between youth's educational achievement while incarcerated and post-release schooling, employment, and crime desistance experiences. This chapter addresses this potential relationship in its longitudinal assessment of a cohort of just under 5,000 incarcerated youths followed up for two years following their release. It is found that higher levels of educational achievement while incarcerated are positively related to a greater likelihood of post-release return to school, employment, and crime desistance. The chapter concludes with discussion of the life-course theory and related policy implications of the findings.Less
Prior research has shown a positive relationship between education, employment, and crime desistance for the general adolescent population. Notably absent from the prior literature have been studies on the relationship between youth's educational achievement while incarcerated and post-release schooling, employment, and crime desistance experiences. This chapter addresses this potential relationship in its longitudinal assessment of a cohort of just under 5,000 incarcerated youths followed up for two years following their release. It is found that higher levels of educational achievement while incarcerated are positively related to a greater likelihood of post-release return to school, employment, and crime desistance. The chapter concludes with discussion of the life-course theory and related policy implications of the findings.
Mo Yee Lee, John Sebold, and Adriana Uken
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195146776
- eISBN:
- 9780199864805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146776.003.0010
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This chapter describes the outcome study of the program, which was a one-group pre- and post-test design with a six-month follow-up to evaluate the effectiveness of a solution-focused group treatment ...
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This chapter describes the outcome study of the program, which was a one-group pre- and post-test design with a six-month follow-up to evaluate the effectiveness of a solution-focused group treatment program for ninety domestic violence offenders who were court-ordered to receive treatment. Findings of the outcome study indicated a recidivism rate of 16.7 percent of program participants as based on official records over a six-year period. There was a significant improvement in participants' relational skills in intimate relationships as evaluated by their spouses/partners and a significant increase in their self-esteem based on self-reports. In addition, content analysis was used to understand program participants' and their spouses' perception of their experience of the treatment program. Respondents' narratives described helpful and unhelpful treatment components, beneficial therapeutic and relational behaviors of facilitators that contribute to positive changes in offenders, and learning generated from attending the treatment program. The chapter also discusses implications for treatment and research with domestic violence offenders.Less
This chapter describes the outcome study of the program, which was a one-group pre- and post-test design with a six-month follow-up to evaluate the effectiveness of a solution-focused group treatment program for ninety domestic violence offenders who were court-ordered to receive treatment. Findings of the outcome study indicated a recidivism rate of 16.7 percent of program participants as based on official records over a six-year period. There was a significant improvement in participants' relational skills in intimate relationships as evaluated by their spouses/partners and a significant increase in their self-esteem based on self-reports. In addition, content analysis was used to understand program participants' and their spouses' perception of their experience of the treatment program. Respondents' narratives described helpful and unhelpful treatment components, beneficial therapeutic and relational behaviors of facilitators that contribute to positive changes in offenders, and learning generated from attending the treatment program. The chapter also discusses implications for treatment and research with domestic violence offenders.
Rolf Loeber and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about ...
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This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about offending careers from the juvenile to the adult years. The volume draws on studies in North America and Europe and focuses on four key groups of young people: Juveniles whose offending persists from adolescence into early adulthood (and perhaps later); juvenile offenders who desisted during adolescence and do not continue to offend in early adulthood; adult-onset offenders who did not offend during adolescence but who became offenders during early adulthood; and, lastly, non-offenders who do not offend either in adolescence or early adulthood. Many juvenile delinquents tend to stop offending in late adolescence and early adulthood and this decrease is accompanied by a decrease in their impulsive behavior and an increase in their self-control. In most states in the U.S. the legal transition between adolescence and adulthood takes place at age 18. However, this age demarcation maps poorly onto maturational processes; research shows that many young people by age 18 do not yet have full control over their behavior and that brain maturation is not yet complete at that age. The implications of these findings for juvenile and adult justice are profound. Preventive and remedial interventions in and outside the justice system often shorten delinquency careers and reduce recidivism in adulthood.Less
This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about offending careers from the juvenile to the adult years. The volume draws on studies in North America and Europe and focuses on four key groups of young people: Juveniles whose offending persists from adolescence into early adulthood (and perhaps later); juvenile offenders who desisted during adolescence and do not continue to offend in early adulthood; adult-onset offenders who did not offend during adolescence but who became offenders during early adulthood; and, lastly, non-offenders who do not offend either in adolescence or early adulthood. Many juvenile delinquents tend to stop offending in late adolescence and early adulthood and this decrease is accompanied by a decrease in their impulsive behavior and an increase in their self-control. In most states in the U.S. the legal transition between adolescence and adulthood takes place at age 18. However, this age demarcation maps poorly onto maturational processes; research shows that many young people by age 18 do not yet have full control over their behavior and that brain maturation is not yet complete at that age. The implications of these findings for juvenile and adult justice are profound. Preventive and remedial interventions in and outside the justice system often shorten delinquency careers and reduce recidivism in adulthood.
W. David Allen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804762526
- eISBN:
- 9780804777599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804762526.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book presents an economic analysis of decisions made by criminals and victims of crime before, during, and after a crime or victimization occurs. Its main purpose is to illustrate how the ...
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This book presents an economic analysis of decisions made by criminals and victims of crime before, during, and after a crime or victimization occurs. Its main purpose is to illustrate how the application of analytical tools from economics can help us to understand the causes and consequences of criminal and victim choices, aiding efforts to deter or reduce the consequences of crime. By examining these decisions along a logical timeline over which crimes take place, we can begin to think more clearly about how policy effects change when it is targeted at specific decisions within the body of a crime. This book differs from others by recognizing the timeline of a crime, paying particular attention to victim decisions, and examining each step in the crime cycle at the micro-level. It demonstrates that criminals plan their crimes in systematic, economically logical ways; that deterring the destruction of criminal evidence may deter crime in general; and that white-collar criminals exhibit recidivism patterns not unlike those of street criminals. It further shows that the degree of criminality in a society motivates a variety of self-protection behaviors by potential victims; that not all victim resistance makes matters worse (and some may help); and that victims who report their crimes do not receive high returns for going to the police, helping to explain why some crimes ultimately go unreported.Less
This book presents an economic analysis of decisions made by criminals and victims of crime before, during, and after a crime or victimization occurs. Its main purpose is to illustrate how the application of analytical tools from economics can help us to understand the causes and consequences of criminal and victim choices, aiding efforts to deter or reduce the consequences of crime. By examining these decisions along a logical timeline over which crimes take place, we can begin to think more clearly about how policy effects change when it is targeted at specific decisions within the body of a crime. This book differs from others by recognizing the timeline of a crime, paying particular attention to victim decisions, and examining each step in the crime cycle at the micro-level. It demonstrates that criminals plan their crimes in systematic, economically logical ways; that deterring the destruction of criminal evidence may deter crime in general; and that white-collar criminals exhibit recidivism patterns not unlike those of street criminals. It further shows that the degree of criminality in a society motivates a variety of self-protection behaviors by potential victims; that not all victim resistance makes matters worse (and some may help); and that victims who report their crimes do not receive high returns for going to the police, helping to explain why some crimes ultimately go unreported.
Alfred Blumstein
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195384642
- eISBN:
- 9780199914609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384642.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter describes rates of crime and incarceration levels in the United States. It also provides key factors that have influenced these rates over time (e.g., availability of crack cocaine; ...
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This chapter describes rates of crime and incarceration levels in the United States. It also provides key factors that have influenced these rates over time (e.g., availability of crack cocaine; three-strikes laws). It demonstrates that longer prison sentences alone are unlikely to reduce recidivism.Less
This chapter describes rates of crime and incarceration levels in the United States. It also provides key factors that have influenced these rates over time (e.g., availability of crack cocaine; three-strikes laws). It demonstrates that longer prison sentences alone are unlikely to reduce recidivism.
Clive R. Hollin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195384642
- eISBN:
- 9780199914609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384642.003.0026
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter discusses the rise and fall of differing penal orientations (punitive; rehabilitative) over time, and how these have been influenced by prevailing theories on causes of crime. It begins ...
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This chapter discusses the rise and fall of differing penal orientations (punitive; rehabilitative) over time, and how these have been influenced by prevailing theories on causes of crime. It begins with the Magna Carta and ends with the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model, a leading empirically supported approach for reducing recidivism that forms the centerpiece of this book.Less
This chapter discusses the rise and fall of differing penal orientations (punitive; rehabilitative) over time, and how these have been influenced by prevailing theories on causes of crime. It begins with the Magna Carta and ends with the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model, a leading empirically supported approach for reducing recidivism that forms the centerpiece of this book.
Barbara A. Oudekerk and N. Dickon Reppucci
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195384642
- eISBN:
- 9780199914609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384642.003.0057
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter argues that, unlike service-based approaches, punishment-only-based approaches do not reduce violent recidivism for young people. Although there is some evidence that ...
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This chapter argues that, unlike service-based approaches, punishment-only-based approaches do not reduce violent recidivism for young people. Although there is some evidence that Risk-Need-Responsivity principles apply to young people, further research is needed, particularly with girls.Less
This chapter argues that, unlike service-based approaches, punishment-only-based approaches do not reduce violent recidivism for young people. Although there is some evidence that Risk-Need-Responsivity principles apply to young people, further research is needed, particularly with girls.
Judith V. Becker and Jill D. Stinson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195384642
- eISBN:
- 9780199914609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384642.003.0061
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
Sex offenders in correctional or other forensic residential settings present a number of challenges for those responsible for treating and assessing their risk to the community. This chapter argues ...
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Sex offenders in correctional or other forensic residential settings present a number of challenges for those responsible for treating and assessing their risk to the community. This chapter argues that the Risk-Need-Responsivity model is applicable to this section of the population, as consideration of their risk to the community, their diverse treatment needs, and factors that affect their willingness and ability to benefit from treatment all effect their likelihood of engaging in future acts of sexual violence.Less
Sex offenders in correctional or other forensic residential settings present a number of challenges for those responsible for treating and assessing their risk to the community. This chapter argues that the Risk-Need-Responsivity model is applicable to this section of the population, as consideration of their risk to the community, their diverse treatment needs, and factors that affect their willingness and ability to benefit from treatment all effect their likelihood of engaging in future acts of sexual violence.
John Monahan and Henry J. Steadman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195384642
- eISBN:
- 9780199914609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195384642.003.0063
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter examines whether—and, if so, how—principles of violence risk reduction can be extended to justice-involved persons who have a serious mental illness. It focuses on interventions that ...
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This chapter examines whether—and, if so, how—principles of violence risk reduction can be extended to justice-involved persons who have a serious mental illness. It focuses on interventions that take place with adults, rather than with children or adolescents, and to interventions that occur in the community, rather than in hospitals, jails, or prisons. It first addresses the state of the evidence on reducing violence risk among the population of interest, and then points out gaps in this evidence base that can only be filled by future research. It concludes by describing the implications for current practice of the state of the existing evidence, gaps and all.Less
This chapter examines whether—and, if so, how—principles of violence risk reduction can be extended to justice-involved persons who have a serious mental illness. It focuses on interventions that take place with adults, rather than with children or adolescents, and to interventions that occur in the community, rather than in hospitals, jails, or prisons. It first addresses the state of the evidence on reducing violence risk among the population of interest, and then points out gaps in this evidence base that can only be filled by future research. It concludes by describing the implications for current practice of the state of the existing evidence, gaps and all.
Charles Patrick Ewing
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732678
- eISBN:
- 9780199894550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732678.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter deals with sexually violent predator (SVP) laws. It begins by looking at the historical roots of these laws, which lie in what were once known as “sexual psychopath” laws—long-abandoned ...
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This chapter deals with sexually violent predator (SVP) laws. It begins by looking at the historical roots of these laws, which lie in what were once known as “sexual psychopath” laws—long-abandoned statutes that similarly attempted to reduce sex offending by a special commitment and treatment process aimed at certain sex offenders. It then reviews the various SVP statutes and the major court decisions that have upheld these laws; presents and analyzes statistics on the implementation of these laws; explores the significant controversy these laws have engendered among psychologists and other mental health experts, especially with regard to the concept of “mental abnormality” and the ability of mental health experts to predict sexual recidivism; reviews the data regarding the efficacy of psychological and other treatment modalities that are critical to the constitutionality of SVP laws; and weighs the economic and other costs and benefits of the nation's current SVP statutes.Less
This chapter deals with sexually violent predator (SVP) laws. It begins by looking at the historical roots of these laws, which lie in what were once known as “sexual psychopath” laws—long-abandoned statutes that similarly attempted to reduce sex offending by a special commitment and treatment process aimed at certain sex offenders. It then reviews the various SVP statutes and the major court decisions that have upheld these laws; presents and analyzes statistics on the implementation of these laws; explores the significant controversy these laws have engendered among psychologists and other mental health experts, especially with regard to the concept of “mental abnormality” and the ability of mental health experts to predict sexual recidivism; reviews the data regarding the efficacy of psychological and other treatment modalities that are critical to the constitutionality of SVP laws; and weighs the economic and other costs and benefits of the nation's current SVP statutes.
Charles Patrick Ewing
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732678
- eISBN:
- 9780199894550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732678.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter examines sex offender registration, notification, and restriction laws. It begins by looking at the historical roots of these laws—now long-defunct efforts by a number of states to ...
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This chapter examines sex offender registration, notification, and restriction laws. It begins by looking at the historical roots of these laws—now long-defunct efforts by a number of states to monitor the whereabouts of convicted sex offenders. It also traces the legislative and judicial history of these laws from 1990 to the present, and examines this body of law in light of empirical data regarding sex offender recidivism and the deterrent efficacy of sex offender registration, public notification, and restrictions on where convicted sex offenders may live, work, or travel. Finally, the chapter details and then weighs the economic and other costs and benefits of these laws.Less
This chapter examines sex offender registration, notification, and restriction laws. It begins by looking at the historical roots of these laws—now long-defunct efforts by a number of states to monitor the whereabouts of convicted sex offenders. It also traces the legislative and judicial history of these laws from 1990 to the present, and examines this body of law in light of empirical data regarding sex offender recidivism and the deterrent efficacy of sex offender registration, public notification, and restrictions on where convicted sex offenders may live, work, or travel. Finally, the chapter details and then weighs the economic and other costs and benefits of these laws.
Christopher Harding and Julian Joshua
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199551484
- eISBN:
- 9780191594977
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551484.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Competition Law
This chapter takes a criminological approach to the phenomenon of business cartels, by posing questions about the nature of cartel delinquency, probing the perceived elements of wrongdoing and damage ...
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This chapter takes a criminological approach to the phenomenon of business cartels, by posing questions about the nature of cartel delinquency, probing the perceived elements of wrongdoing and damage inherent in cartel activity. It examines the underlying complication of agency, that cartels involve both corporate and individual human actors, raising questions concerning the allocation of legal responsibility and the imposition of sanctions. Who are the responsible delinquent actors? Other major questions are posed in the discussion — how to understand the motivation of cartelists and what appears to be a significant level of determined recidivism, how to explain the strong censure of cartel activity as highly delinquent conduct, and the need to clarify and order the objectives of legal control. It is argued that an effective system of legal control depends upon a fuller understanding of these issues.Less
This chapter takes a criminological approach to the phenomenon of business cartels, by posing questions about the nature of cartel delinquency, probing the perceived elements of wrongdoing and damage inherent in cartel activity. It examines the underlying complication of agency, that cartels involve both corporate and individual human actors, raising questions concerning the allocation of legal responsibility and the imposition of sanctions. Who are the responsible delinquent actors? Other major questions are posed in the discussion — how to understand the motivation of cartelists and what appears to be a significant level of determined recidivism, how to explain the strong censure of cartel activity as highly delinquent conduct, and the need to clarify and order the objectives of legal control. It is argued that an effective system of legal control depends upon a fuller understanding of these issues.
David S. Kirk
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190841232
- eISBN:
- 9780190841263
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190841232.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Urban and Rural Studies
This book is about building credible science to address the challenge of criminal recidivism. It does so by drawing upon a unique natural experiment that presented an opportunity to witness an ...
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This book is about building credible science to address the challenge of criminal recidivism. It does so by drawing upon a unique natural experiment that presented an opportunity to witness an alternate reality. More than 625,000 individuals are released from prison in the United States each year, and roughly half of these individuals will be back in prison within just three years. A likely contributor to the churning of the same individuals in and out of prison is the fact that many released prisoners return home to the same environment with the same criminal opportunities and criminal peers that proved so detrimental to their behavior prior to incarceration. This study uses Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment for examining the question of whether residential relocation away from an old neighborhood can lead to desistance from crime. Many prisoners released soon after Katrina could not go back to their old neighborhoods, as they normally would have done. Their neighborhoods were devastated by a once-in-a-generation storm that damaged the vast majority of housing units in New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina provided a rare opportunity to investigate what happens when individuals move not just a short distance, but to entirely different cities, counties, and social worlds. This study draws upon both quantitative and qualitative evidence to reveal where newly released prisoners resided in the wake of the Katrina, the effect of residential relocation on the likelihood of reincarceration through eight years post-release, and the mechanisms revealing why residential change is so important after release from prison.Less
This book is about building credible science to address the challenge of criminal recidivism. It does so by drawing upon a unique natural experiment that presented an opportunity to witness an alternate reality. More than 625,000 individuals are released from prison in the United States each year, and roughly half of these individuals will be back in prison within just three years. A likely contributor to the churning of the same individuals in and out of prison is the fact that many released prisoners return home to the same environment with the same criminal opportunities and criminal peers that proved so detrimental to their behavior prior to incarceration. This study uses Hurricane Katrina as a natural experiment for examining the question of whether residential relocation away from an old neighborhood can lead to desistance from crime. Many prisoners released soon after Katrina could not go back to their old neighborhoods, as they normally would have done. Their neighborhoods were devastated by a once-in-a-generation storm that damaged the vast majority of housing units in New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina provided a rare opportunity to investigate what happens when individuals move not just a short distance, but to entirely different cities, counties, and social worlds. This study draws upon both quantitative and qualitative evidence to reveal where newly released prisoners resided in the wake of the Katrina, the effect of residential relocation on the likelihood of reincarceration through eight years post-release, and the mechanisms revealing why residential change is so important after release from prison.
Richard S. Frase
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199757862
- eISBN:
- 9780199979547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757862.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter examines one of the most difficult and important problems of sentencing theory and practice—sentencing enhancements based on prior or multiple current convictions. It first refutes ...
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This chapter examines one of the most difficult and important problems of sentencing theory and practice—sentencing enhancements based on prior or multiple current convictions. It first refutes retributive justifications for prior-record (“criminal history”) enhancements, and concludes that such enhancements are only justified if they are based on elevated recidivism risk and respect the normal upper limits of current-offense desert. Moreover, such enhancements should be replaced by validated risk assessment instruments that include normatively acceptable factors in addition to prior convictions. As for multiple current convictions, the chapter concedes that such offenses often merit consecutive sentences, on both desert and risk grounds, but argues for reasons of parsimony in favor of two presumptions: concurrent sentencing and, in case of departure, a limit of twice the recommended sentence for the most serious offense. The chapter also promotes several forms of “concurrent plus” sentencing, including treatment of multiple current offenses as “prior” convictions.Less
This chapter examines one of the most difficult and important problems of sentencing theory and practice—sentencing enhancements based on prior or multiple current convictions. It first refutes retributive justifications for prior-record (“criminal history”) enhancements, and concludes that such enhancements are only justified if they are based on elevated recidivism risk and respect the normal upper limits of current-offense desert. Moreover, such enhancements should be replaced by validated risk assessment instruments that include normatively acceptable factors in addition to prior convictions. As for multiple current convictions, the chapter concedes that such offenses often merit consecutive sentences, on both desert and risk grounds, but argues for reasons of parsimony in favor of two presumptions: concurrent sentencing and, in case of departure, a limit of twice the recommended sentence for the most serious offense. The chapter also promotes several forms of “concurrent plus” sentencing, including treatment of multiple current offenses as “prior” convictions.
Marieke Liem
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479806928
- eISBN:
- 9781479860746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479806928.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Chapter nine arrives at the question who was able to stay out of prison after re-entry, and who was not. It first discusses the strategies these lifers employed to navigate the conditions of parole. ...
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Chapter nine arrives at the question who was able to stay out of prison after re-entry, and who was not. It first discusses the strategies these lifers employed to navigate the conditions of parole. The interviewees mentioned several reasons in terms of ‘failing’ to stay out of prison: Being recalled for political reasons; catching up too quickly for lost time; falling back into old habits, and returning to prison as a safe place. The vast majority of re-incarcerated lifers returned to prison as a result of a technical violation, not a new criminal offense (criminal recidivism). What we should thus be questioning is not how these lifers are actively ‘going straight’ or desist, but rather, how they manage their parole conditions and similarly, how the parole system manages its parolees. The chapter further details how lifers experience their re-incarceration, with particular attention to older lifers.Less
Chapter nine arrives at the question who was able to stay out of prison after re-entry, and who was not. It first discusses the strategies these lifers employed to navigate the conditions of parole. The interviewees mentioned several reasons in terms of ‘failing’ to stay out of prison: Being recalled for political reasons; catching up too quickly for lost time; falling back into old habits, and returning to prison as a safe place. The vast majority of re-incarcerated lifers returned to prison as a result of a technical violation, not a new criminal offense (criminal recidivism). What we should thus be questioning is not how these lifers are actively ‘going straight’ or desist, but rather, how they manage their parole conditions and similarly, how the parole system manages its parolees. The chapter further details how lifers experience their re-incarceration, with particular attention to older lifers.
