Glenn Yago and Susanne Trimbath
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195149234
- eISBN:
- 9780199871865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195149238.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This short introductory chapter provides a brief analysis of the high‐yield (junk bond) market in the USA in 2001 and 2002, discussing the multitude of influences upon it, including the September 11, ...
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This short introductory chapter provides a brief analysis of the high‐yield (junk bond) market in the USA in 2001 and 2002, discussing the multitude of influences upon it, including the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It notes that any attempt to compare the impact of these attacks with previous historical events will be flawed because the combination of an act of war committed in the USA at the time of a recession has never before occurred. A table is presented that attempts to sort out the positive and negative effects of individual events and circumstances on the market for high‐yield securities, and a summary is given of the immediate damage to the credit markets in September 2001. It is suggested that there is at least anecdotal evidence of large cash positions sitting on the sidelines globally, so that any recovery could be significant.Less
This short introductory chapter provides a brief analysis of the high‐yield (junk bond) market in the USA in 2001 and 2002, discussing the multitude of influences upon it, including the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It notes that any attempt to compare the impact of these attacks with previous historical events will be flawed because the combination of an act of war committed in the USA at the time of a recession has never before occurred. A table is presented that attempts to sort out the positive and negative effects of individual events and circumstances on the market for high‐yield securities, and a summary is given of the immediate damage to the credit markets in September 2001. It is suggested that there is at least anecdotal evidence of large cash positions sitting on the sidelines globally, so that any recovery could be significant.
Katarina Eckerberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242016
- eISBN:
- 9780191599736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242011.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Assesses efforts of the Swedish government to come to terms with sustainable development. It documents strong governmental engagement with sustainable development despite the significant recession ...
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Assesses efforts of the Swedish government to come to terms with sustainable development. It documents strong governmental engagement with sustainable development despite the significant recession that swept the country in the early 1990s and prompted a considerable rethink of the traditional institutions of the Swedish welfare state. It shows how the social democratic government attempted to integrate the idea of environmental sustainability with the traditional social democratic vision of the Folkhemmet (People's Home).Less
Assesses efforts of the Swedish government to come to terms with sustainable development. It documents strong governmental engagement with sustainable development despite the significant recession that swept the country in the early 1990s and prompted a considerable rethink of the traditional institutions of the Swedish welfare state. It shows how the social democratic government attempted to integrate the idea of environmental sustainability with the traditional social democratic vision of the Folkhemmet (People's Home).
Charles Weathers
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241149
- eISBN:
- 9780191598920
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241147.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Contemporary Japan is perhaps the ultimate product of ‘globalization’ in many respects. Forcibly opened to the world by the Western powers in the 1850s, the country has since focused its energies on ...
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Contemporary Japan is perhaps the ultimate product of ‘globalization’ in many respects. Forcibly opened to the world by the Western powers in the 1850s, the country has since focused its energies on achieving the greatest possible level of economic development. As a result, the union movement historically has been divided between a right wing, which advocates full cooperation with management and a left wing demanding more resources for social needs and programs. While unions on the right have long dominated organized labour's agenda, even these unions agreed by the 1980s that the labour movement had done too little to improve working conditions and living standards. However, the early 1990s saw the onset of a severe recession and ‘globalization’ (alternatively, a new ‘era of super‐competition’), prompting both businesses and the right‐wing unions to seek comprehensive deregulation of employment systems, against the faltering opposition of the left. As Japan shifts from its ‘paradigm’ of an industrial relations rooted in mass production and ‘lifetime employment’ to a more flexible, high tech–based economy, unions are emphasizing new strategies for protecting jobs in their own industries, and the labour movement's influence over general working conditions has been further eroded. Post‐war Japan's second ‘paradigm shift’ suggests that there are important limits to convergence, as unions spurn the social provisions of the EC, and cooperate with business to nurture Asia as an allied production base for Japan. In addition, those who regarded the Japanese employment system during the 1970s and 1980s as a ‘model’ for organizing cooperative industrial relations in industrializing societies have to confront the fact that the model itself is now in flux.Less
Contemporary Japan is perhaps the ultimate product of ‘globalization’ in many respects. Forcibly opened to the world by the Western powers in the 1850s, the country has since focused its energies on achieving the greatest possible level of economic development. As a result, the union movement historically has been divided between a right wing, which advocates full cooperation with management and a left wing demanding more resources for social needs and programs. While unions on the right have long dominated organized labour's agenda, even these unions agreed by the 1980s that the labour movement had done too little to improve working conditions and living standards. However, the early 1990s saw the onset of a severe recession and ‘globalization’ (alternatively, a new ‘era of super‐competition’), prompting both businesses and the right‐wing unions to seek comprehensive deregulation of employment systems, against the faltering opposition of the left. As Japan shifts from its ‘paradigm’ of an industrial relations rooted in mass production and ‘lifetime employment’ to a more flexible, high tech–based economy, unions are emphasizing new strategies for protecting jobs in their own industries, and the labour movement's influence over general working conditions has been further eroded. Post‐war Japan's second ‘paradigm shift’ suggests that there are important limits to convergence, as unions spurn the social provisions of the EC, and cooperate with business to nurture Asia as an allied production base for Japan. In addition, those who regarded the Japanese employment system during the 1970s and 1980s as a ‘model’ for organizing cooperative industrial relations in industrializing societies have to confront the fact that the model itself is now in flux.
Brigitte Granville
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145402
- eISBN:
- 9781400846443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145402.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter considers the possible application of academic research to address the dire predicament of balance sheet recession and chronic stagnation characterizing large parts of the world economy ...
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This chapter considers the possible application of academic research to address the dire predicament of balance sheet recession and chronic stagnation characterizing large parts of the world economy since 2007. Contemporary policymakers have striven to stimulate demand despite huge debt overhangs and without undermining confidence in the future value of money or sustainability of the public finances and debt. However, as the analysis in the book has shown, excess public debt is fraught with future inflation risk. It highlights two characteristics underlying the best thinking about inflation: adaptation and remembering. It then addresses the question of how inflation targeting might be usefully applied to the post-2007 problems of recession and stagnation against a background of excessive indebtedness.Less
This chapter considers the possible application of academic research to address the dire predicament of balance sheet recession and chronic stagnation characterizing large parts of the world economy since 2007. Contemporary policymakers have striven to stimulate demand despite huge debt overhangs and without undermining confidence in the future value of money or sustainability of the public finances and debt. However, as the analysis in the book has shown, excess public debt is fraught with future inflation risk. It highlights two characteristics underlying the best thinking about inflation: adaptation and remembering. It then addresses the question of how inflation targeting might be usefully applied to the post-2007 problems of recession and stagnation against a background of excessive indebtedness.
Terry Gourvish
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250059
- eISBN:
- 9780191719516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250059.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the significance of the disposal of the British Railways Board's subsidiary businesses. These include British Transport Hotels, Sealink and the harbours, property portfolio, ...
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This chapter discusses the significance of the disposal of the British Railways Board's subsidiary businesses. These include British Transport Hotels, Sealink and the harbours, property portfolio, and catering and advertising businesses. The sale of assets provided cash to address British Rail's financial problems, particularly during the recession of the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, the disposals contributed to cash resources, thereby assisting in the Board's efforts to reduce PSO while financing investment without additional borrowing.Less
This chapter discusses the significance of the disposal of the British Railways Board's subsidiary businesses. These include British Transport Hotels, Sealink and the harbours, property portfolio, and catering and advertising businesses. The sale of assets provided cash to address British Rail's financial problems, particularly during the recession of the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, the disposals contributed to cash resources, thereby assisting in the Board's efforts to reduce PSO while financing investment without additional borrowing.
Josh Bivens
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450150
- eISBN:
- 9780801460654
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450150.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This book relays a compelling narrative of the U.S. economy's struggle to emerge from the Great Recession of 2008. It explains the causes and impact on working Americans of the most catastrophic ...
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This book relays a compelling narrative of the U.S. economy's struggle to emerge from the Great Recession of 2008. It explains the causes and impact on working Americans of the most catastrophic economic policy failure since the 1920s. Economic growth since the late 1970s has been slow and inequitably distributed, largely as a result of poor policy choices. These choices only got worse in the 2000s, leading to an anemic economic expansion. What growth we did see in the economy was fueled by staggering increases in private-sector debt and a housing bubble that artificially inflated wealth by trillions of dollars. As had been predicted, the bursting of the housing bubble had disastrous consequences for the broader economy, spurring a financial crisis and a rise in joblessness that dwarfed those resulting from any recession since the Great Depression. The fallout from the Great Recession makes it near certain that there will be yet another lost decade of income growth for typical families, whose incomes had not been boosted by the previous decade's sluggish and localized economic expansion. In its broad narrative of how the economy has failed to deliver for most Americans over much of the past three decades, the book also offers compelling graphic evidence on jobs, incomes, wages, and other measures of economic well-being most relevant to low-and middle-income workers. It tracks these trends carefully, giving a lesson in economic history that is readable yet rigorous in its analysis.Less
This book relays a compelling narrative of the U.S. economy's struggle to emerge from the Great Recession of 2008. It explains the causes and impact on working Americans of the most catastrophic economic policy failure since the 1920s. Economic growth since the late 1970s has been slow and inequitably distributed, largely as a result of poor policy choices. These choices only got worse in the 2000s, leading to an anemic economic expansion. What growth we did see in the economy was fueled by staggering increases in private-sector debt and a housing bubble that artificially inflated wealth by trillions of dollars. As had been predicted, the bursting of the housing bubble had disastrous consequences for the broader economy, spurring a financial crisis and a rise in joblessness that dwarfed those resulting from any recession since the Great Depression. The fallout from the Great Recession makes it near certain that there will be yet another lost decade of income growth for typical families, whose incomes had not been boosted by the previous decade's sluggish and localized economic expansion. In its broad narrative of how the economy has failed to deliver for most Americans over much of the past three decades, the book also offers compelling graphic evidence on jobs, incomes, wages, and other measures of economic well-being most relevant to low-and middle-income workers. It tracks these trends carefully, giving a lesson in economic history that is readable yet rigorous in its analysis.
Andrea Braides
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507840
- eISBN:
- 9780191709890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507840.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter introduces the one-dimensional version of problems defined on functions of bounded variations. It is shown that for general energies, the surface and volume terms of the energy can ...
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This chapter introduces the one-dimensional version of problems defined on functions of bounded variations. It is shown that for general energies, the surface and volume terms of the energy can interact, giving some compatibility conditions between the corresponding energy densities expressed through their recession functions. For these energies, relaxation results are given in terms of inf-convolution and convexification formulas that simplify in the case of convex and concave energies. Links with the theory of Structured Deformations are given.Less
This chapter introduces the one-dimensional version of problems defined on functions of bounded variations. It is shown that for general energies, the surface and volume terms of the energy can interact, giving some compatibility conditions between the corresponding energy densities expressed through their recession functions. For these energies, relaxation results are given in terms of inf-convolution and convexification formulas that simplify in the case of convex and concave energies. Links with the theory of Structured Deformations are given.
Christopher Dow
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241231
- eISBN:
- 9780191596179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241236.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
The recession of 1973–75 was the first occasion since the war when total output fell absolutely, and it was followed six years later by the recession of 1979–82, when output again showed an absolute ...
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The recession of 1973–75 was the first occasion since the war when total output fell absolutely, and it was followed six years later by the recession of 1979–82, when output again showed an absolute fall. The question that this book started out to answer in Ch. 1 was why 1973 was so crucial a turning point: to determine that, one has to look at all the major fluctuations of the economy since 1920, although the recession of 1973–75 and the one that followed in 1979–82 retain a central interest. Each of these two recessions coincided with one of the vast jumps in the world price of oil, known as OPECs I and II, and it is argued that these played a large role in their genesis; although in each case there were also other causes; these two recessions therefore called here the OPEC recessions––there are some important differences between them but also important similarities, and they were both very different from the major recessions that came before the war and the next recession. They are therefore discussed together in this chapter, which takes the story to 1982––the year when the economy can be considered to have emerged from the second of the two recessions. Section 8.1 discusses the background issues––the political developments and the origin of oil price shocks with reference to the UK, Sect. 8.2 seeks to explain the fluctuations of UK demand and output in the period, starting with the 1972 boom––which is seen as one cause of the recession that followed, and Sect. 8.3 considers the general lessons to be derived from the decade; Appendix A8 presents an econometric analysis of the inflationary surges of the 1970s.Less
The recession of 1973–75 was the first occasion since the war when total output fell absolutely, and it was followed six years later by the recession of 1979–82, when output again showed an absolute fall. The question that this book started out to answer in Ch. 1 was why 1973 was so crucial a turning point: to determine that, one has to look at all the major fluctuations of the economy since 1920, although the recession of 1973–75 and the one that followed in 1979–82 retain a central interest. Each of these two recessions coincided with one of the vast jumps in the world price of oil, known as OPECs I and II, and it is argued that these played a large role in their genesis; although in each case there were also other causes; these two recessions therefore called here the OPEC recessions––there are some important differences between them but also important similarities, and they were both very different from the major recessions that came before the war and the next recession. They are therefore discussed together in this chapter, which takes the story to 1982––the year when the economy can be considered to have emerged from the second of the two recessions. Section 8.1 discusses the background issues––the political developments and the origin of oil price shocks with reference to the UK, Sect. 8.2 seeks to explain the fluctuations of UK demand and output in the period, starting with the 1972 boom––which is seen as one cause of the recession that followed, and Sect. 8.3 considers the general lessons to be derived from the decade; Appendix A8 presents an econometric analysis of the inflationary surges of the 1970s.
Johannes Lindvall
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590643
- eISBN:
- 9780191723407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590643.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
The concluding chapter summarizes the main results, discusses the implications of these results for the literature on comparative political economy, and shows how governments in Austria, Denmark, the ...
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The concluding chapter summarizes the main results, discusses the implications of these results for the literature on comparative political economy, and shows how governments in Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden responded to the deep economic crisis in 2008–2009.Less
The concluding chapter summarizes the main results, discusses the implications of these results for the literature on comparative political economy, and shows how governments in Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden responded to the deep economic crisis in 2008–2009.
Nachman Ben-Yehuda
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199734863
- eISBN:
- 9780199895090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734863.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter uses the data base to generate descriptive statistics. It shows that Haredi deviance and non-conformity increased continuously between 1948-1998. This increase is characterized by ups ...
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This chapter uses the data base to generate descriptive statistics. It shows that Haredi deviance and non-conformity increased continuously between 1948-1998. This increase is characterized by ups and down but with an overall upward trajectory. Most ups and downs are correlated economic, military, political events and with counter secular reactions. Analyzing the different groupings of events and affairs shows that the main category of Haredi infractions consists of violence.Less
This chapter uses the data base to generate descriptive statistics. It shows that Haredi deviance and non-conformity increased continuously between 1948-1998. This increase is characterized by ups and down but with an overall upward trajectory. Most ups and downs are correlated economic, military, political events and with counter secular reactions. Analyzing the different groupings of events and affairs shows that the main category of Haredi infractions consists of violence.
Josh Bivens and Lawrence Mishel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450150
- eISBN:
- 9780801460654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450150.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This introductory chapter argues that the consequences of the Great Recession are driven by social and political choices about how the economy is managed. It was not inevitable that the significant ...
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This introductory chapter argues that the consequences of the Great Recession are driven by social and political choices about how the economy is managed. It was not inevitable that the significant run-up in home prices that began in the late 1990s would end with more than eight million Americans losing their jobs and unemployment hitting a twenty-five-year peak. The chapter argues against ascribing the impact of the Great Recession to mere fate, instead it draws comparisons between the shockwaves generated by the economic recession and that of another recent catastrophe—Hurricane Katrina—thus highlighting crucial choices made during and after the aforementioned disasters struck.Less
This introductory chapter argues that the consequences of the Great Recession are driven by social and political choices about how the economy is managed. It was not inevitable that the significant run-up in home prices that began in the late 1990s would end with more than eight million Americans losing their jobs and unemployment hitting a twenty-five-year peak. The chapter argues against ascribing the impact of the Great Recession to mere fate, instead it draws comparisons between the shockwaves generated by the economic recession and that of another recent catastrophe—Hurricane Katrina—thus highlighting crucial choices made during and after the aforementioned disasters struck.
Marcus Rebick
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199247240
- eISBN:
- 9780191602566
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247242.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Sets the stage for the analysis in the rest of the book. There is a review of Japan’s long recession, and the thesis is put forward that rising labour costs due to yen appreciation, the downturn of ...
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Sets the stage for the analysis in the rest of the book. There is a review of Japan’s long recession, and the thesis is put forward that rising labour costs due to yen appreciation, the downturn of the 1990s, and changes in corporate governance that have made firms more sensitive to profits have all pushed firms to look for ways of lowering their labour costs through greater use of atypical forms of labour. Also discusses the difficulty in finding a single point at which the labour economy may have seen a structural break.Less
Sets the stage for the analysis in the rest of the book. There is a review of Japan’s long recession, and the thesis is put forward that rising labour costs due to yen appreciation, the downturn of the 1990s, and changes in corporate governance that have made firms more sensitive to profits have all pushed firms to look for ways of lowering their labour costs through greater use of atypical forms of labour. Also discusses the difficulty in finding a single point at which the labour economy may have seen a structural break.
Marcus Rebick
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199247240
- eISBN:
- 9780191602566
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199247242.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Begins by examining the definition of the unemployment rate in Japan and shows the ways in which the rate may differ from the ILO standard definition. Looks at the phenomenon of labour hoarding and ...
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Begins by examining the definition of the unemployment rate in Japan and shows the ways in which the rate may differ from the ILO standard definition. Looks at the phenomenon of labour hoarding and lower labour force participation and their relation to unemployment. The causes of the recent surge in unemployment are examined. Concludes that despite some increase in involuntary separations, it is the slowdown in hiring that is generating most of the unemployment. This implies that job guarantees have not been eroded that much by the long recession. The last part of the chapter looks at recent trends in income distribution in Japan, and the possibility that income inequality will grow in the future.Less
Begins by examining the definition of the unemployment rate in Japan and shows the ways in which the rate may differ from the ILO standard definition. Looks at the phenomenon of labour hoarding and lower labour force participation and their relation to unemployment. The causes of the recent surge in unemployment are examined. Concludes that despite some increase in involuntary separations, it is the slowdown in hiring that is generating most of the unemployment. This implies that job guarantees have not been eroded that much by the long recession. The last part of the chapter looks at recent trends in income distribution in Japan, and the possibility that income inequality will grow in the future.
Giovanni Piersanti
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199653126
- eISBN:
- 9780191741210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653126.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
In order to describe the path followed by major macroeconomic variable around the time of crises, this chapter examines some dynamic models. It thus shows how the dynamic adjustment path of the ...
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In order to describe the path followed by major macroeconomic variable around the time of crises, this chapter examines some dynamic models. It thus shows how the dynamic adjustment path of the economy associated with exchange rate based stabilization plan can be linked to currency crisis. How expected changes in future government's policies can affect the timing of attacks. How a run on central bank's foreign reserves can emerge in a context of consistent and flexible policy rules. How policymakers can elude speculative attacks by introducing uncertainty into the speculators' decisions. That the domestic currency often stays overvalued for a long period. That large discrete devaluations occur after the peg is abandoned. That the domestic interest rates tend to rise in the run up to the crisis. That speculative runs often occur in a multi-period context giving rise to alternating phases of “tranquillity” and “distress”. That asset price dynamics plays a critical role in triggering a full-blown financial crisis.Less
In order to describe the path followed by major macroeconomic variable around the time of crises, this chapter examines some dynamic models. It thus shows how the dynamic adjustment path of the economy associated with exchange rate based stabilization plan can be linked to currency crisis. How expected changes in future government's policies can affect the timing of attacks. How a run on central bank's foreign reserves can emerge in a context of consistent and flexible policy rules. How policymakers can elude speculative attacks by introducing uncertainty into the speculators' decisions. That the domestic currency often stays overvalued for a long period. That large discrete devaluations occur after the peg is abandoned. That the domestic interest rates tend to rise in the run up to the crisis. That speculative runs often occur in a multi-period context giving rise to alternating phases of “tranquillity” and “distress”. That asset price dynamics plays a critical role in triggering a full-blown financial crisis.
Lily Geismer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157238
- eISBN:
- 9781400852420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter places the debates over voluntary integration within the context of the Boston busing crisis and the national recession. Explorations of the dramatic events that surrounded the Boston ...
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This chapter places the debates over voluntary integration within the context of the Boston busing crisis and the national recession. Explorations of the dramatic events that surrounded the Boston busing crisis have often focused on the ways in which “suburban liberals” passively stood by as working-class whites and blacks in the city endured the burden of school integration. However, the residents along Boston's Route 128 belt were not as removed from the events and issues as those depictions might suggest. The discussion about METCO during this period of turmoil illuminates how the various forces of suburban politics influenced the remedies to school desegregation and racial and economic inequality.Less
This chapter places the debates over voluntary integration within the context of the Boston busing crisis and the national recession. Explorations of the dramatic events that surrounded the Boston busing crisis have often focused on the ways in which “suburban liberals” passively stood by as working-class whites and blacks in the city endured the burden of school integration. However, the residents along Boston's Route 128 belt were not as removed from the events and issues as those depictions might suggest. The discussion about METCO during this period of turmoil illuminates how the various forces of suburban politics influenced the remedies to school desegregation and racial and economic inequality.
Kiran Klaus Patel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149127
- eISBN:
- 9781400873623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149127.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter sets the stage and interprets the Great Depression as a global event, as a time of testing for both democracy and capitalism. The Great Depression was not solely an American experience, ...
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This chapter sets the stage and interprets the Great Depression as a global event, as a time of testing for both democracy and capitalism. The Great Depression was not solely an American experience, even if the United States was one of its main origins and particularly hard-hit by its consequences. The slump had global repercussions, and it fundamentally changed the way that Americans and others were connected to and interacted with the wider world. While political reactions tended to separate and segregate, the suffering was shared across latitude and longitude. By 1933, it was still unclear whether the crisis would destroy or fundamentally transform capitalism along with the fabric of capitalist societies. In the wake of the Depression, this ambivalence reverted to economic nationalism, protectionism, and a rather parochial attitude.Less
This chapter sets the stage and interprets the Great Depression as a global event, as a time of testing for both democracy and capitalism. The Great Depression was not solely an American experience, even if the United States was one of its main origins and particularly hard-hit by its consequences. The slump had global repercussions, and it fundamentally changed the way that Americans and others were connected to and interacted with the wider world. While political reactions tended to separate and segregate, the suffering was shared across latitude and longitude. By 1933, it was still unclear whether the crisis would destroy or fundamentally transform capitalism along with the fabric of capitalist societies. In the wake of the Depression, this ambivalence reverted to economic nationalism, protectionism, and a rather parochial attitude.
Christopher Dow
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241231
- eISBN:
- 9780191596179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241236.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
In the twentieth century, there have been five major recessions: two in the interwar period, and three more starting in 1973, 1979, and 1989. This book focuses on events in the UK, but sets them in ...
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In the twentieth century, there have been five major recessions: two in the interwar period, and three more starting in 1973, 1979, and 1989. This book focuses on events in the UK, but sets them in their international context and makes frequent comparisons with other countries. Major recessions happened at a similar time in all major countries, and the lessons are general. Three main conclusions are reached: (1) major recessions reflect abrupt failings off in demand, not supply; (2) these are due to identifiable demand shocks and to swings in consumer and business confidence that amplify the direct effects of demand shock; (3) major recessions are not predictable. After an introductory chapter, the book is arranged in three main parts: Prior assumptions and methodological preliminaries (five chapters)––the theoretical questions that arise in the course of attempts to interpret history, but are too complicated to consider during the course of the historical narrative itself; (historical) Case studies of five major recessions (four chapters); and Conclusions (three chapters––the first two provide a summary of the book). In the final chapter, the author provides an insider's view on how to avoid future severe recessions: action must be taken to control booms, which if uncontrolled will lead to a period of bust, and once a major recession has begun, fiscal and monetary policy must be adjusted to mitigate the downturn. Often unpopular with economists, this is the line that many governments and central banks take: the book may help them to have more success.Less
In the twentieth century, there have been five major recessions: two in the interwar period, and three more starting in 1973, 1979, and 1989. This book focuses on events in the UK, but sets them in their international context and makes frequent comparisons with other countries. Major recessions happened at a similar time in all major countries, and the lessons are general. Three main conclusions are reached: (1) major recessions reflect abrupt failings off in demand, not supply; (2) these are due to identifiable demand shocks and to swings in consumer and business confidence that amplify the direct effects of demand shock; (3) major recessions are not predictable. After an introductory chapter, the book is arranged in three main parts: Prior assumptions and methodological preliminaries (five chapters)––the theoretical questions that arise in the course of attempts to interpret history, but are too complicated to consider during the course of the historical narrative itself; (historical) Case studies of five major recessions (four chapters); and Conclusions (three chapters––the first two provide a summary of the book). In the final chapter, the author provides an insider's view on how to avoid future severe recessions: action must be taken to control booms, which if uncontrolled will lead to a period of bust, and once a major recession has begun, fiscal and monetary policy must be adjusted to mitigate the downturn. Often unpopular with economists, this is the line that many governments and central banks take: the book may help them to have more success.
Thomas Borstelmann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691141565
- eISBN:
- 9781400839704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691141565.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter tracks the economy of the 1970s as it began to decline after the prosperity of previous decades. Economic growth had defined human history for two hundred years, reaching a peak in the ...
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This chapter tracks the economy of the 1970s as it began to decline after the prosperity of previous decades. Economic growth had defined human history for two hundred years, reaching a peak in the generation after 1945 when world economic growth averaged an extraordinary 5–7 percent per year. Americans rode that growth to a higher standard of living than anyone else. But in the 1970s it all seemed to be flowing away. Unemployment, oil shortages, a plunging stock market, recession, and, above all, inflation were apparently ending these golden years of unparalleled prosperity. Inflation hit everyone, and it hit the poor hardest of all. Persistent inflation undercut dreams and hopes for the future. The economic trauma of the 1970s threatened to destabilize Americans' understanding of how the world worked.Less
This chapter tracks the economy of the 1970s as it began to decline after the prosperity of previous decades. Economic growth had defined human history for two hundred years, reaching a peak in the generation after 1945 when world economic growth averaged an extraordinary 5–7 percent per year. Americans rode that growth to a higher standard of living than anyone else. But in the 1970s it all seemed to be flowing away. Unemployment, oil shortages, a plunging stock market, recession, and, above all, inflation were apparently ending these golden years of unparalleled prosperity. Inflation hit everyone, and it hit the poor hardest of all. Persistent inflation undercut dreams and hopes for the future. The economic trauma of the 1970s threatened to destabilize Americans' understanding of how the world worked.
Tito Boeri
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654826
- eISBN:
- 9780191742095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654826.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Financial Economics
The worldwide race to attract talents is getting tougher. So far the winner has been the USA, attracting PhD candidates and graduates not only from emerging countries, but also from the EU. However, ...
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The worldwide race to attract talents is getting tougher. So far the winner has been the USA, attracting PhD candidates and graduates not only from emerging countries, but also from the EU. However, more countries are adopting immigration policies specifically aimed at selecting and attracting skilled workers. This chapter argues that the reason why the race is becoming so tough is that skilled migration is a way out of a policy dilemma facing many governments. It makes immigration not only economically advantageous, but also politically acceptable. In fact, highly skilled immigration not only contributes to economic growth in the recipient country, but also reduces earning inequalities in the host country. However, the potential benefits associated are not always fully understood by European countries. The potential impact of the Great Recession on the race for talent is also discussed. Finally, convergences in policy recommendations developed in the two parts of the volume are discussed.Less
The worldwide race to attract talents is getting tougher. So far the winner has been the USA, attracting PhD candidates and graduates not only from emerging countries, but also from the EU. However, more countries are adopting immigration policies specifically aimed at selecting and attracting skilled workers. This chapter argues that the reason why the race is becoming so tough is that skilled migration is a way out of a policy dilemma facing many governments. It makes immigration not only economically advantageous, but also politically acceptable. In fact, highly skilled immigration not only contributes to economic growth in the recipient country, but also reduces earning inequalities in the host country. However, the potential benefits associated are not always fully understood by European countries. The potential impact of the Great Recession on the race for talent is also discussed. Finally, convergences in policy recommendations developed in the two parts of the volume are discussed.
Charles S. Maier
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691169798
- eISBN:
- 9781400873708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691169798.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the problems encountered by France, Germany, and Italy as they each embarked on economic restructuring after World War I. A new bourgeois equilibrium seemed attainable in each ...
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This chapter examines the problems encountered by France, Germany, and Italy as they each embarked on economic restructuring after World War I. A new bourgeois equilibrium seemed attainable in each country during the period; it rested on a consensus that united elites and middle classes against militant working-class claims. Capitalism and bourgeois hierarchies proved more resilient than either defenders or attackers had assumed. Furthermore, the movement of restoration was wider than the three societies. Across the Atlantic, “red scare” and recession were ushering in the era of normalcy. The chapter considers the evolution of leftist objectives in France, Germany, and Italy that accompanied the transition from the turmoil of 1918–1919 to the bourgeois recovery of 1920–1921. It also discusses the strategies of bourgeois defense and the failure of socialization in the German coal industry.Less
This chapter examines the problems encountered by France, Germany, and Italy as they each embarked on economic restructuring after World War I. A new bourgeois equilibrium seemed attainable in each country during the period; it rested on a consensus that united elites and middle classes against militant working-class claims. Capitalism and bourgeois hierarchies proved more resilient than either defenders or attackers had assumed. Furthermore, the movement of restoration was wider than the three societies. Across the Atlantic, “red scare” and recession were ushering in the era of normalcy. The chapter considers the evolution of leftist objectives in France, Germany, and Italy that accompanied the transition from the turmoil of 1918–1919 to the bourgeois recovery of 1920–1921. It also discusses the strategies of bourgeois defense and the failure of socialization in the German coal industry.
