Heinrich Schenker
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195151510
- eISBN:
- 9780199871582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151510.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This brief chapter describes the physical means of shortening notes in a manner appropriate to the desired effect.
This brief chapter describes the physical means of shortening notes in a manner appropriate to the desired effect.
Norvin Richards
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199731749
- eISBN:
- 9780199866311
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731749.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
It is argued that the strong claim biological parents have to raise their children isn't a property right but an instance of our general right to continue whatever we have begun. Implications are ...
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It is argued that the strong claim biological parents have to raise their children isn't a property right but an instance of our general right to continue whatever we have begun. Implications are drawn for a wide range of cases in which there is a dispute over who should serve as parents to a child. Arguments are offered against saying that our only proper concern in such cases is the best interest of the child. A way is offered of also identifying what claims the various adults have in the matter and deciding how those are properly balanced with the child's own claims. The book also contends that children have a claim of their own to have their autonomy respected. Conclusions are drawn about paternalism toward one's children, about reacting differently to bad behavior when the wrongdoer is “only a child,” and about the way in which children should participate in their raising. A final set of chapters concern parents and their grown children. One conclusion is that parents do not have an obligation to love their grown children come what may. Another is that the filial obligations grown children have are best understood not as debts of gratitude but as obligations to give your parents a place in your affections that is roughly equivalent to the one they gave you while you were under their care. The closing chapter offers an alternative to John Hardwig's view about an obligation to die rather than cost your loved ones too dearly.Less
It is argued that the strong claim biological parents have to raise their children isn't a property right but an instance of our general right to continue whatever we have begun. Implications are drawn for a wide range of cases in which there is a dispute over who should serve as parents to a child. Arguments are offered against saying that our only proper concern in such cases is the best interest of the child. A way is offered of also identifying what claims the various adults have in the matter and deciding how those are properly balanced with the child's own claims. The book also contends that children have a claim of their own to have their autonomy respected. Conclusions are drawn about paternalism toward one's children, about reacting differently to bad behavior when the wrongdoer is “only a child,” and about the way in which children should participate in their raising. A final set of chapters concern parents and their grown children. One conclusion is that parents do not have an obligation to love their grown children come what may. Another is that the filial obligations grown children have are best understood not as debts of gratitude but as obligations to give your parents a place in your affections that is roughly equivalent to the one they gave you while you were under their care. The closing chapter offers an alternative to John Hardwig's view about an obligation to die rather than cost your loved ones too dearly.
Joan E. McLean
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293484
- eISBN:
- 9780191598944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293488.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy ...
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This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy and suggests specific questions to be investigated in the areas of campaign decision‐making, staffing patterns, media strategy, campaign fund‐raising, and voter targeting.Less
This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy and suggests specific questions to be investigated in the areas of campaign decision‐making, staffing patterns, media strategy, campaign fund‐raising, and voter targeting.
Webb Keane
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691167732
- eISBN:
- 9781400873593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691167732.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter discusses the idea of ethical history, looking at situations in which hitherto taken-for-granted aspects of everyday life came to be the focus of attention, such as feminist ...
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This chapter discusses the idea of ethical history, looking at situations in which hitherto taken-for-granted aspects of everyday life came to be the focus of attention, such as feminist consciousness-raising in the 1960s and 1970s. Indeed, the American feminist movement is the invention and promulgation of the technique of consciousness-raising. Consciousness-raising is interesting for several reasons: it took very seriously the effects of problematizing the habits of everyday life, it succeeded in changing the descriptions and evaluations of actions and persons that were available for many Americans, and it ultimately foundered, in part, on an unresolved tension between subjective experience and objective social analysis. The chapter then argues that processes like this play an important role in the historical transformations of ethical and moral worlds.Less
This chapter discusses the idea of ethical history, looking at situations in which hitherto taken-for-granted aspects of everyday life came to be the focus of attention, such as feminist consciousness-raising in the 1960s and 1970s. Indeed, the American feminist movement is the invention and promulgation of the technique of consciousness-raising. Consciousness-raising is interesting for several reasons: it took very seriously the effects of problematizing the habits of everyday life, it succeeded in changing the descriptions and evaluations of actions and persons that were available for many Americans, and it ultimately foundered, in part, on an unresolved tension between subjective experience and objective social analysis. The chapter then argues that processes like this play an important role in the historical transformations of ethical and moral worlds.
Susan E. Scarrow
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198279181
- eISBN:
- 9780191600166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279183.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Change in political party organizations can be characterized as movement along the dimensions of mediation, inclusiveness, and centralization. Among the reasons for parties to recruit are that ...
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Change in political party organizations can be characterized as movement along the dimensions of mediation, inclusiveness, and centralization. Among the reasons for parties to recruit are that members can provide their parties with legitimacy, votes, outreach, financial resources, volunteer labor, links to other organizations, new ideas, and candidates.Less
Change in political party organizations can be characterized as movement along the dimensions of mediation, inclusiveness, and centralization. Among the reasons for parties to recruit are that members can provide their parties with legitimacy, votes, outreach, financial resources, volunteer labor, links to other organizations, new ideas, and candidates.
Susan E. Scarrow
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198279181
- eISBN:
- 9780191600166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279183.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
A closer look at the British and German parties in the 1950s and early 1960s casts some doubts on the proposition that party members provide drastically reduced benefits for their parties in the ...
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A closer look at the British and German parties in the 1950s and early 1960s casts some doubts on the proposition that party members provide drastically reduced benefits for their parties in the contemporary era. Although new campaign and communications techniques have made party members’ efforts relatively less important in some fields of party life, these innovations have not diminished members’ absolute contributions of energy and money, and they have not replaced party members as a source of democratic legitimacy.Less
A closer look at the British and German parties in the 1950s and early 1960s casts some doubts on the proposition that party members provide drastically reduced benefits for their parties in the contemporary era. Although new campaign and communications techniques have made party members’ efforts relatively less important in some fields of party life, these innovations have not diminished members’ absolute contributions of energy and money, and they have not replaced party members as a source of democratic legitimacy.
Yasmin Haskell
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262849
- eISBN:
- 9780191734588
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262849.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This is the first dedicated study of the classical-style, Latin didactic poetry produced by the Society of Jesus in the early modern period. The Jesuits were the most prolific composers of such ...
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This is the first dedicated study of the classical-style, Latin didactic poetry produced by the Society of Jesus in the early modern period. The Jesuits were the most prolific composers of such poetry, teaching all manner of arts and sciences: meteorology and magnetism, raising chickens and children, the arts of sculpture and engraving, writing and conversation, the social and medicinal benefits of coffee and chocolate, the pious life and the urbane life. The book accounts for this investment in so secular a genre by considering the Society's educational and ideological values and practices. Extensive quotation from the poems reveals their literary qualities, compositional methods, and traditions. The poems also command scholarly attention for what they reveal about social, cultural, and intellectual life in this period.Less
This is the first dedicated study of the classical-style, Latin didactic poetry produced by the Society of Jesus in the early modern period. The Jesuits were the most prolific composers of such poetry, teaching all manner of arts and sciences: meteorology and magnetism, raising chickens and children, the arts of sculpture and engraving, writing and conversation, the social and medicinal benefits of coffee and chocolate, the pious life and the urbane life. The book accounts for this investment in so secular a genre by considering the Society's educational and ideological values and practices. Extensive quotation from the poems reveals their literary qualities, compositional methods, and traditions. The poems also command scholarly attention for what they reveal about social, cultural, and intellectual life in this period.
Maanuel Hassassian
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195125924
- eISBN:
- 9780199833894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195125924.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) began to develop in Palestine after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, but only a few of these can be considered peace and ...
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Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) began to develop in Palestine after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, but only a few of these can be considered peace and conflict‐resolution organizations (P/CROs). P/CRO growth was hindered by the culture of antagonism with Israel, the neopatriarchal structure of Palestinian society and the autocracy of the Palestinian Authority, and the Israeli occupation's stifling effect on civil society, and many Palestinians have preferred armed resistance. P/CROs were usually internally democratic; ideology played an important role in success or failure, most relied on international funding, and all either regarded themselves as complementing the Palestinian Authority or monitoring it. P/CRO activities included human rights advocacy, the representation of Palestinian interests to the international community, and domestic consciousness raising. However, the P/CRO contribution to peace building has been insignificant, and the true Palestinian “peace camp” is the Palestinian Authority.Less
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) began to develop in Palestine after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, but only a few of these can be considered peace and conflict‐resolution organizations (P/CROs). P/CRO growth was hindered by the culture of antagonism with Israel, the neopatriarchal structure of Palestinian society and the autocracy of the Palestinian Authority, and the Israeli occupation's stifling effect on civil society, and many Palestinians have preferred armed resistance. P/CROs were usually internally democratic; ideology played an important role in success or failure, most relied on international funding, and all either regarded themselves as complementing the Palestinian Authority or monitoring it. P/CRO activities included human rights advocacy, the representation of Palestinian interests to the international community, and domestic consciousness raising. However, the P/CRO contribution to peace building has been insignificant, and the true Palestinian “peace camp” is the Palestinian Authority.
Ash Asudeh
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199206421
- eISBN:
- 9780191738081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206421.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter introduces the main theoretical hypothesis of the book, the Resource Sensitivity Hypothesis. With respect to semantics, the hypothesis is that the meaning of each part of a linguistic ...
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This chapter introduces the main theoretical hypothesis of the book, the Resource Sensitivity Hypothesis. With respect to semantics, the hypothesis is that the meaning of each part of a linguistic expression is used exactly once in the computation of the meaning of the expression. The hypothesis is tested by the phenomenon of resumption, which constitutes an apparent case of resource surplus, since the resumptive pronoun is saturating an argument slot that must be left open for composition. Two kinds of resumption are introduced: resumption in unbounded dependencies and resumption in copy raising. It is also noted that the semantics of resumption is all the more challenging when seen in light of McCloskey's Generalization, which is the typological observation that resumptive pronouns are cross-linguistically morphologically ordinary pronouns.Less
This chapter introduces the main theoretical hypothesis of the book, the Resource Sensitivity Hypothesis. With respect to semantics, the hypothesis is that the meaning of each part of a linguistic expression is used exactly once in the computation of the meaning of the expression. The hypothesis is tested by the phenomenon of resumption, which constitutes an apparent case of resource surplus, since the resumptive pronoun is saturating an argument slot that must be left open for composition. Two kinds of resumption are introduced: resumption in unbounded dependencies and resumption in copy raising. It is also noted that the semantics of resumption is all the more challenging when seen in light of McCloskey's Generalization, which is the typological observation that resumptive pronouns are cross-linguistically morphologically ordinary pronouns.
Franc MaruŠIČ
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199553266
- eISBN:
- 9780191720833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553266.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter shows how non-simultaneous spell-out — a computational option argued for in Marušič & Žaucer (2006) and Marušič (2007) — can be used to explain two linguistic phenomena where the point ...
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This chapter shows how non-simultaneous spell-out — a computational option argued for in Marušič & Žaucer (2006) and Marušič (2007) — can be used to explain two linguistic phenomena where the point of interpretation does not match the point of pronunciation. The interpretation of indefinites and quantifiers in raising constructions serves as the testing ground for this theory.Less
This chapter shows how non-simultaneous spell-out — a computational option argued for in Marušič & Žaucer (2006) and Marušič (2007) — can be used to explain two linguistic phenomena where the point of interpretation does not match the point of pronunciation. The interpretation of indefinites and quantifiers in raising constructions serves as the testing ground for this theory.
Nikolas Gisborne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577798
- eISBN:
- 9780191722417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577798.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the ...
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This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the evidentiality to be analysed; and how should we understand the phenomenon of what has come to be known as copy raising? It is argued that the network structure surrounding these verbs' senses includes part of the semantic structure of their sound‐class counterparts, and this provides a basis for the understanding of evidentiality; an understanding of evidentiality and the semantics of as if clauses also underscores the treatment of copy raising.Less
This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the evidentiality to be analysed; and how should we understand the phenomenon of what has come to be known as copy raising? It is argued that the network structure surrounding these verbs' senses includes part of the semantic structure of their sound‐class counterparts, and this provides a basis for the understanding of evidentiality; an understanding of evidentiality and the semantics of as if clauses also underscores the treatment of copy raising.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297078
- eISBN:
- 9780191711404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297078.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter argues that recognition of the notional basis for syntax is one major factor in obviating an abstract syntax with transformations and ‘empty categories’. The other is admission to ...
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This chapter argues that recognition of the notional basis for syntax is one major factor in obviating an abstract syntax with transformations and ‘empty categories’. The other is admission to syntactic structure of a very restricted kind of non-projectivity. This ‘tangling’ is mediated by the sharing of arguments by two semantic relations in a higher and a lower predication, respectively. The upper relation is a free absolutive; its predicator is not subcategorized for it. It is present in response to a syntactic requirement on verbs (prototypically relational) to have a dependent absolutive (the unmarked relation). It is realized as the expletive in It rained. But the need for an argument can also be satisfied by the subject of a lower predication, as in the ‘raising’ structure: She tends to sleep. She is both a participant in the sleeppredication and satisfies the free absolutive of tends.Less
This chapter argues that recognition of the notional basis for syntax is one major factor in obviating an abstract syntax with transformations and ‘empty categories’. The other is admission to syntactic structure of a very restricted kind of non-projectivity. This ‘tangling’ is mediated by the sharing of arguments by two semantic relations in a higher and a lower predication, respectively. The upper relation is a free absolutive; its predicator is not subcategorized for it. It is present in response to a syntactic requirement on verbs (prototypically relational) to have a dependent absolutive (the unmarked relation). It is realized as the expletive in It rained. But the need for an argument can also be satisfied by the subject of a lower predication, as in the ‘raising’ structure: She tends to sleep. She is both a participant in the sleeppredication and satisfies the free absolutive of tends.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297078
- eISBN:
- 9780191711404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297078.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures ...
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This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures (e.g., in The lock was easy to pick), passives, and modals (deontic may etc., which, when epistemic, also show ‘raising’). The discussion of syntactic, morphological, and lexical causatives involves a comparison of English, French, and Turkish. ‘Control’ involves the association of a free absolutive with other relations rather than, as in ‘raising’, its having an independent role. ‘Controllers’of different types are recognized: ‘agentive’, ‘experiencer’, and locative (in tough-movement structures), so that a free absolutive is associated with a source and so on. Various restrictions associated with the ‘controllers’ that contract these different semantic relations are also explored.Less
This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures (e.g., in The lock was easy to pick), passives, and modals (deontic may etc., which, when epistemic, also show ‘raising’). The discussion of syntactic, morphological, and lexical causatives involves a comparison of English, French, and Turkish. ‘Control’ involves the association of a free absolutive with other relations rather than, as in ‘raising’, its having an independent role. ‘Controllers’of different types are recognized: ‘agentive’, ‘experiencer’, and locative (in tough-movement structures), so that a free absolutive is associated with a source and so on. Various restrictions associated with the ‘controllers’ that contract these different semantic relations are also explored.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297078
- eISBN:
- 9780191711404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297078.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier ...
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This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.Less
This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a ...
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The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a number of dimensions, including form, the participation of one clause in the relationship profiled by another, and a clause's profile being overridden at the composite structure level. Constituency and profiling are often flexible, depending on factors like the size of clauses and their discourse function. The traditional division into adverbial, relative, and complement clauses is based primarily on how clauses are connected with one another. To the extent that these distinctions hold, they are based on semantic function rather than specific structural configurations. In the case of complements, the classic distinction between control and raising constructions is non-fundamental, the latter being just a special case of the former. Finite and nonfinite complements differ not just in form but in meaning and typical function. Predicates taking finite complements pertain to the epistemic status of propositions; those taking nonfinite complements pertain to the realization of occurrences. Complementation involves multiple conceptualizers and levels of conception. Different conceptualizers apprehend the same proposition each from their own perspective, assessing it with respect to their own conception of reality. Complement-taking predicates refer to different phases of this assessment. Impersonal constructions invoke a conceptualizer and the relevant scope of awareness in generalized fashion, suggesting that anyone would make the assessment under the circumstances.Less
The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a number of dimensions, including form, the participation of one clause in the relationship profiled by another, and a clause's profile being overridden at the composite structure level. Constituency and profiling are often flexible, depending on factors like the size of clauses and their discourse function. The traditional division into adverbial, relative, and complement clauses is based primarily on how clauses are connected with one another. To the extent that these distinctions hold, they are based on semantic function rather than specific structural configurations. In the case of complements, the classic distinction between control and raising constructions is non-fundamental, the latter being just a special case of the former. Finite and nonfinite complements differ not just in form but in meaning and typical function. Predicates taking finite complements pertain to the epistemic status of propositions; those taking nonfinite complements pertain to the realization of occurrences. Complementation involves multiple conceptualizers and levels of conception. Different conceptualizers apprehend the same proposition each from their own perspective, assessing it with respect to their own conception of reality. Complement-taking predicates refer to different phases of this assessment. Impersonal constructions invoke a conceptualizer and the relevant scope of awareness in generalized fashion, suggesting that anyone would make the assessment under the circumstances.
Peter W. Culicover and Ray Jackendoff
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199271092
- eISBN:
- 9780191709418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271092.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ...
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This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ‘A-movements’). It is argued that the system of so-called A-movements, the counterpart of the manipulations of RG, is essentially confined to subject and object positions, and excludes obliques. The grammatical function (GF) tier and raising, passive, binding reflexes in the GF-tier, and ways in which CS can be mapped to syntax are discussed.Less
This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ‘A-movements’). It is argued that the system of so-called A-movements, the counterpart of the manipulations of RG, is essentially confined to subject and object positions, and excludes obliques. The grammatical function (GF) tier and raising, passive, binding reflexes in the GF-tier, and ways in which CS can be mapped to syntax are discussed.
Robin Boadway
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 10, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is ...
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This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 10, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is to bring to bear on this accumulated knowledge in the field of national public finance, and more generally public economics. This chapter looks at the lessons to be learned from the fiscal federalism literature. It highlights some of the similarities and some of the differences between fiscal institutions in federations and those that might apply in a global setting, and draws a number of conclusions about sources of new revenues for development, dealing specifically with taxes on nations, taxes on global externalities, and taxes on internationally mobile tax bases. The three main sections of the chapter look at: revenue‐raising in a federal setting – assignment of revenue‐raising authority, intergovernmental transfers, cooperative behaviour by subnational governments, and freeriding by subnational governments; revenue‐raising in federations with no central government – non‐cooperative and cooperative subnational redistribution; and the implications for global revenue sources – taxes on nations (a global equalisation scheme), taxes on international externalities, and taxes on internationally mobile tax bases.Less
This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 10, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is to bring to bear on this accumulated knowledge in the field of national public finance, and more generally public economics. This chapter looks at the lessons to be learned from the fiscal federalism literature. It highlights some of the similarities and some of the differences between fiscal institutions in federations and those that might apply in a global setting, and draws a number of conclusions about sources of new revenues for development, dealing specifically with taxes on nations, taxes on global externalities, and taxes on internationally mobile tax bases. The three main sections of the chapter look at: revenue‐raising in a federal setting – assignment of revenue‐raising authority, intergovernmental transfers, cooperative behaviour by subnational governments, and freeriding by subnational governments; revenue‐raising in federations with no central government – non‐cooperative and cooperative subnational redistribution; and the implications for global revenue sources – taxes on nations (a global equalisation scheme), taxes on international externalities, and taxes on internationally mobile tax bases.
Ian G. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168211
- eISBN:
- 9780199788453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168211.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter presents an analysis of VSO order in terms of the feature-checking system of Chomsky (1995). Starting from the well-established idea that VSO order involves verb-movement out of VP and ...
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This chapter presents an analysis of VSO order in terms of the feature-checking system of Chomsky (1995). Starting from the well-established idea that VSO order involves verb-movement out of VP and over the subject, the related questions of the target position of the verb and the target position of the subject are systematically investigated, taking the relevant literature on Welsh, Irish, and Breton into account. It is argued that V moves into the I-system but not into the C-system (as comparison with Germanic V2 languages reveals), while the subject raises from its predicate-internal position (as a range of cross-linguistic evidence reveals). The verb moves into a high head-position in the I-system while the subject moves into the specifier position of the immediately subjacent category.Less
This chapter presents an analysis of VSO order in terms of the feature-checking system of Chomsky (1995). Starting from the well-established idea that VSO order involves verb-movement out of VP and over the subject, the related questions of the target position of the verb and the target position of the subject are systematically investigated, taking the relevant literature on Welsh, Irish, and Breton into account. It is argued that V moves into the I-system but not into the C-system (as comparison with Germanic V2 languages reveals), while the subject raises from its predicate-internal position (as a range of cross-linguistic evidence reveals). The verb moves into a high head-position in the I-system while the subject moves into the specifier position of the immediately subjacent category.
Ian G. Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168211
- eISBN:
- 9780199788453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168211.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter attempts to find the corollaries of the parameter values responsible for the movements identified as underlying VSO order in Chapter 1. A comparison with the behaviour of subject clitics ...
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This chapter attempts to find the corollaries of the parameter values responsible for the movements identified as underlying VSO order in Chapter 1. A comparison with the behaviour of subject clitics in Northern Italian dialects leads to the conclusion that subject-agreement marking in Welsh is a form of incorporated clitic pronoun. This plays a central role in triggering verb-movement, leading to the suggestion that there is no motivation for appealing further to a ‘strong V-feature’. The analysis of the trigger for subject-raising leads to a general account of structural Case-assignment, which, when applied to direct objects, also provides an account of direct-object mutation. Here too, the notion of ‘strong D-feature’ plays no role.Less
This chapter attempts to find the corollaries of the parameter values responsible for the movements identified as underlying VSO order in Chapter 1. A comparison with the behaviour of subject clitics in Northern Italian dialects leads to the conclusion that subject-agreement marking in Welsh is a form of incorporated clitic pronoun. This plays a central role in triggering verb-movement, leading to the suggestion that there is no motivation for appealing further to a ‘strong V-feature’. The analysis of the trigger for subject-raising leads to a general account of structural Case-assignment, which, when applied to direct objects, also provides an account of direct-object mutation. Here too, the notion of ‘strong D-feature’ plays no role.
David Stone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247769
- eISBN:
- 9780191714818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247769.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The Wisbech accounts indicate that medieval farmers employed yield-raising techniques, such as legume cultivation, weeding, and the spreading of manure, only when it was in their interests to do so. ...
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The Wisbech accounts indicate that medieval farmers employed yield-raising techniques, such as legume cultivation, weeding, and the spreading of manure, only when it was in their interests to do so. It explores the broader ramifications of this point and argues that demesne evidence of declining yields in the early 14th century does not imply an ecological crisis, for inputs were often scaled down as prices dropped. Likewise, falling yields in the later Middle Ages were caused primarily by the deliberate reduction of such techniques; even extra manure was simply too expensive to spread. The chapter goes on to discuss geographical and social variations in the intensity of medieval agriculture; controversially, it argues that land productivity on peasant smallholdings may generally have exceeded that on demesne farms. It concludes that conscious choices and decisions played a major role in shaping economic trends and patterns in this and other ages.Less
The Wisbech accounts indicate that medieval farmers employed yield-raising techniques, such as legume cultivation, weeding, and the spreading of manure, only when it was in their interests to do so. It explores the broader ramifications of this point and argues that demesne evidence of declining yields in the early 14th century does not imply an ecological crisis, for inputs were often scaled down as prices dropped. Likewise, falling yields in the later Middle Ages were caused primarily by the deliberate reduction of such techniques; even extra manure was simply too expensive to spread. The chapter goes on to discuss geographical and social variations in the intensity of medieval agriculture; controversially, it argues that land productivity on peasant smallholdings may generally have exceeded that on demesne farms. It concludes that conscious choices and decisions played a major role in shaping economic trends and patterns in this and other ages.
