Search Results

Staccato

Heinrich Schenker

in The Art of Performance

This brief chapter describes the physical means of shortening notes in a manner appropriate to the desired effect.

Campaign Strategy

Joan E. McLean

in Women and American Politics: New Questions, New Directions

This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy ... More

This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy and suggests specific questions to be investigated in the areas of campaign decision‐making, staffing patterns, media strategy, campaign fund‐raising, and voter targeting.Less

Awareness and Change

Webb Keane

in Ethical Life: Its Natural and Social Histories

This chapter discusses the idea of ethical history, looking at situations in which hitherto taken-for-granted aspects of everyday life came to be the focus of attention, such as feminist ... More

This chapter discusses the idea of ethical history, looking at situations in which hitherto taken-for-granted aspects of everyday life came to be the focus of attention, such as feminist consciousness-raising in the 1960s and 1970s. Indeed, the American feminist movement is the invention and promulgation of the technique of consciousness-raising. Consciousness-raising is interesting for several reasons: it took very seriously the effects of problematizing the habits of everyday life, it succeeded in changing the descriptions and evaluations of actions and persons that were available for many Americans, and it ultimately foundered, in part, on an unresolved tension between subjective experience and objective social analysis. The chapter then argues that processes like this play an important role in the historical transformations of ethical and moral worlds.Less

NGOs in the Context of National Struggle

Maanuel Hassassian

in Mobilizing for Peace: Conflict Resolution in Northern Ireland, South Africa, and Israel/Palestine

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) began to develop in Palestine after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, but only a few of these can be considered peace and ... More

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) began to develop in Palestine after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, but only a few of these can be considered peace and conflict‐resolution organizations (P/CROs). P/CRO growth was hindered by the culture of antagonism with Israel, the neopatriarchal structure of Palestinian society and the autocracy of the Palestinian Authority, and the Israeli occupation's stifling effect on civil society, and many Palestinians have preferred armed resistance. P/CROs were usually internally democratic; ideology played an important role in success or failure, most relied on international funding, and all either regarded themselves as complementing the Palestinian Authority or monitoring it. P/CRO activities included human rights advocacy, the representation of Palestinian interests to the international community, and domestic consciousness raising. However, the P/CRO contribution to peace building has been insignificant, and the true Palestinian “peace camp” is the Palestinian Authority.Less

Introduction

Ash Asudeh

in The Logic of Pronominal Resumption

This chapter introduces the main theoretical hypothesis of the book, the Resource Sensitivity Hypothesis. With respect to semantics, the hypothesis is that the meaning of each part of a linguistic ... More

This chapter introduces the main theoretical hypothesis of the book, the Resource Sensitivity Hypothesis. With respect to semantics, the hypothesis is that the meaning of each part of a linguistic expression is used exactly once in the computation of the meaning of the expression. The hypothesis is tested by the phenomenon of resumption, which constitutes an apparent case of resource surplus, since the resumptive pronoun is saturating an argument slot that must be left open for composition. Two kinds of resumption are introduced: resumption in unbounded dependencies and resumption in copy raising. It is also noted that the semantics of resumption is all the more challenging when seen in light of McCloskey's Generalization, which is the typological observation that resumptive pronouns are cross-linguistically morphologically ordinary pronouns.Less

Sound‐class Verbs

Nikolas Gisborne

in The Event Structure of Perception Verbs

This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the ... More

This chapter is taken up with three separate concerns: what are the relationships between sound‐class verbs and the other classes of perception verbs; are these verbs evidential, and how is the evidentiality to be analysed; and how should we understand the phenomenon of what has come to be known as copy raising? It is argued that the network structure surrounding these verbs' senses includes part of the semantic structure of their sound‐class counterparts, and this provides a basis for the understanding of evidentiality; an understanding of evidentiality and the semantics of as if clauses also underscores the treatment of copy raising.Less

If non‐simultaneous spell‐out exists, this is what it can explain ^*

Franc MaruŠIČ

in Merging Features: Computation, Interpretation, and Acquisition

This chapter shows how non-simultaneous spell-out — a computational option argued for in Marušič & Žaucer (2006) and Marušič (2007) — can be used to explain two linguistic phenomena where the point ... More

This chapter shows how non-simultaneous spell-out — a computational option argued for in Marušič & Žaucer (2006) and Marušič (2007) — can be used to explain two linguistic phenomena where the point of interpretation does not match the point of pronunciation. The interpretation of indefinites and quantifiers in raising constructions serves as the testing ground for this theory.Less

Complex Sentences

Ronald W. Langacker

in Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction

The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a ... More

The distinction between coordination and subordination is not clear-cut. The essence of coordination is the mental juxtaposition of structures construed as parallel and co-equal. Subordination has a number of dimensions, including form, the participation of one clause in the relationship profiled by another, and a clause's profile being overridden at the composite structure level. Constituency and profiling are often flexible, depending on factors like the size of clauses and their discourse function. The traditional division into adverbial, relative, and complement clauses is based primarily on how clauses are connected with one another. To the extent that these distinctions hold, they are based on semantic function rather than specific structural configurations. In the case of complements, the classic distinction between control and raising constructions is non-fundamental, the latter being just a special case of the former. Finite and nonfinite complements differ not just in form but in meaning and typical function. Predicates taking finite complements pertain to the epistemic status of propositions; those taking nonfinite complements pertain to the realization of occurrences. Complementation involves multiple conceptualizers and levels of conception. Different conceptualizers apprehend the same proposition each from their own perspective, assessing it with respect to their own conception of reality. Complement-taking predicates refer to different phases of this assessment. Impersonal constructions invoke a conceptualizer and the relevant scope of awareness in generalized fashion, suggesting that anyone would make the assessment under the circumstances.Less

Argument-Sharing I: Raising

John M. Anderson

in Modern Grammars of Case

This chapter argues that recognition of the notional basis for syntax is one major factor in obviating an abstract syntax with transformations and ‘empty categories’. The other is admission to ... More

This chapter argues that recognition of the notional basis for syntax is one major factor in obviating an abstract syntax with transformations and ‘empty categories’. The other is admission to syntactic structure of a very restricted kind of non-projectivity. This ‘tangling’ is mediated by the sharing of arguments by two semantic relations in a higher and a lower predication, respectively. The upper relation is a free absolutive; its predicator is not subcategorized for it. It is present in response to a syntactic requirement on verbs (prototypically relational) to have a dependent absolutive (the unmarked relation). It is realized as the expletive in It rained. But the need for an argument can also be satisfied by the subject of a lower predication, as in the ‘raising’ structure: She tends to sleep. She is both a participant in the sleeppredication and satisfies the free absolutive of tends.Less

Argument-Sharing II: Control

John M. Anderson

in Modern Grammars of Case

This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures ... More

This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures (e.g., in The lock was easy to pick), passives, and modals (deontic may etc., which, when epistemic, also show ‘raising’). The discussion of syntactic, morphological, and lexical causatives involves a comparison of English, French, and Turkish. ‘Control’ involves the association of a free absolutive with other relations rather than, as in ‘raising’, its having an independent role. ‘Controllers’of different types are recognized: ‘agentive’, ‘experiencer’, and locative (in tough-movement structures), so that a free absolutive is associated with a source and so on. Various restrictions associated with the ‘controllers’ that contract these different semantic relations are also explored.Less

Case Grammar and the Demise of Deep Structure

John M. Anderson

in Modern Grammars of Case

This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier ... More

This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.Less

The Grammatical Function Tier

Peter W. Culicover and Ray Jackendoff

in Simpler Syntax

This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ... More

This chapter examines the standard constructions that motivated transformational grammar in the first place, the most notable of which are passive and raising (more generally, ‘argument movements’ or ‘A-movements’). It is argued that the system of so-called A-movements, the counterpart of the manipulations of RG, is essentially confined to subject and object positions, and excludes obliques. The grammatical function (GF) tier and raising, passive, binding reflexes in the GF-tier, and ways in which CS can be mapped to syntax are discussed.Less

Gender Consciousness, Body Awareness, and the Humanization of Religion

Amanda Porterfield

in The Transformation of American Religion: The Story of a Late-Twentieth-Century Awakening

Awareness of gender roles, and gender role conditioning, became increasingly prevalent in late twentieth‐century America. As an outgrowth of the civil rights movement and experiments in consciousness ... More

Awareness of gender roles, and gender role conditioning, became increasingly prevalent in late twentieth‐century America. As an outgrowth of the civil rights movement and experiments in consciousness raising, the women's movement promoted gender consciousness as an essential part of women's liberation. The close connection between gender and religion became increasingly apparent, especially as academic courses in women's studies explored these connections. Focusing on the writings of Mary Daly and other pioneers in feminist theology, this chapter shows how gender awareness became an important element in twentieth‐century American spirituality.Less