Michael Keevak
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691140315
- eISBN:
- 9781400838608
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691140315.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
In their earliest encounters with Asia, Europeans almost uniformly characterized the people of China and Japan as white. This was a means of describing their wealth and sophistication, their ...
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In their earliest encounters with Asia, Europeans almost uniformly characterized the people of China and Japan as white. This was a means of describing their wealth and sophistication, their willingness to trade with the West, and their presumed capacity to become Christianized. But by the end of the seventeenth century the category of whiteness was reserved for Europeans only. When and how did Asians become “yellow” in the Western imagination? Looking at the history of racial thinking, this book explores the notion of yellowness and shows that this label originated in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century scientific discourses on race. From the walls of an ancient Egyptian tomb, which depicted people of varying skin tones including yellow, to the phrase “yellow peril” at the beginning of the twentieth century in Europe and America, the book follows the development of perceptions about race and human difference. It indicates that the conceptual relationship between East Asians and yellow skin did not begin in Chinese culture or Western readings of East Asian cultural symbols, but in anthropological and medical records that described variations in skin color. Eighteenth-century taxonomers such as Carl Linnaeus, as well as Victorian scientists and early anthropologists, assigned colors to all racial groups, and once East Asians were lumped with members of the Mongolian race, they began to be considered yellow. Demonstrating how a racial distinction took root in Europe and traveled internationally, the book weaves together multiple narratives to tell the complex history of a problematic term.Less
In their earliest encounters with Asia, Europeans almost uniformly characterized the people of China and Japan as white. This was a means of describing their wealth and sophistication, their willingness to trade with the West, and their presumed capacity to become Christianized. But by the end of the seventeenth century the category of whiteness was reserved for Europeans only. When and how did Asians become “yellow” in the Western imagination? Looking at the history of racial thinking, this book explores the notion of yellowness and shows that this label originated in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century scientific discourses on race. From the walls of an ancient Egyptian tomb, which depicted people of varying skin tones including yellow, to the phrase “yellow peril” at the beginning of the twentieth century in Europe and America, the book follows the development of perceptions about race and human difference. It indicates that the conceptual relationship between East Asians and yellow skin did not begin in Chinese culture or Western readings of East Asian cultural symbols, but in anthropological and medical records that described variations in skin color. Eighteenth-century taxonomers such as Carl Linnaeus, as well as Victorian scientists and early anthropologists, assigned colors to all racial groups, and once East Asians were lumped with members of the Mongolian race, they began to be considered yellow. Demonstrating how a racial distinction took root in Europe and traveled internationally, the book weaves together multiple narratives to tell the complex history of a problematic term.
Eric D. Knowles and Peter H. Ditto
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737512
- eISBN:
- 9780199918638
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737512.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
To say that someone is a person of principle is high praise; to declare that he or she is driven by personal preference is a damning critique. This chapter examines judgments of preference and ...
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To say that someone is a person of principle is high praise; to declare that he or she is driven by personal preference is a damning critique. This chapter examines judgments of preference and principle from a social-psychological perspective, arguing that they reflect lay-psychological hypotheses concerning the causes of behavior. It is argued that judgments are rarely purely principled or purely preference-based. Rather, a hybrid or casuistic model is proposed, positing that principles (for example, general intellectual commitments) often guide judgments after having been selected to cohere with one’s preferences (or affective biases) concerning the outcome. Examples of casuistic judgments are examined from the domains of life-and-death decisions, legal reasoning, and racial thinking. The chapter closes with a discussion of the normative status of casuistic judgment.Less
To say that someone is a person of principle is high praise; to declare that he or she is driven by personal preference is a damning critique. This chapter examines judgments of preference and principle from a social-psychological perspective, arguing that they reflect lay-psychological hypotheses concerning the causes of behavior. It is argued that judgments are rarely purely principled or purely preference-based. Rather, a hybrid or casuistic model is proposed, positing that principles (for example, general intellectual commitments) often guide judgments after having been selected to cohere with one’s preferences (or affective biases) concerning the outcome. Examples of casuistic judgments are examined from the domains of life-and-death decisions, legal reasoning, and racial thinking. The chapter closes with a discussion of the normative status of casuistic judgment.
Justin E. H. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153643
- eISBN:
- 9781400866311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153643.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This introductory chapter argues that modern racial thinking could not have taken the form it did if it had not been able to piggyback, so to speak, on conceptual innovations in the way science was ...
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This introductory chapter argues that modern racial thinking could not have taken the form it did if it had not been able to piggyback, so to speak, on conceptual innovations in the way science was beginning to approach the diversity of the natural world, and in particular of the living world. It also points out an oft-neglected aspect of the scope and aims of the natural and social sciences: the emergence of racial categories, of categories of kinds of humans, which may in large part be understood as an overextension of the project of biological classification that was proving so successful in the same period.Less
This introductory chapter argues that modern racial thinking could not have taken the form it did if it had not been able to piggyback, so to speak, on conceptual innovations in the way science was beginning to approach the diversity of the natural world, and in particular of the living world. It also points out an oft-neglected aspect of the scope and aims of the natural and social sciences: the emergence of racial categories, of categories of kinds of humans, which may in large part be understood as an overextension of the project of biological classification that was proving so successful in the same period.
Justin E. H. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153643
- eISBN:
- 9781400866311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153643.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter turns to François Bernier's contribution to the history of racial thinking. This French physician and traveler is often credited with being the key innovator of the modern race concept. ...
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This chapter turns to François Bernier's contribution to the history of racial thinking. This French physician and traveler is often credited with being the key innovator of the modern race concept. While some rigorous scholarship has recently appeared questioning Bernier's significance, his racial theory is seldom placed in his context as a Gassendian natural philosopher who was, in particular, intent to bring his own brand of modern, materialistic philosophy to bear in his experiences in the Moghul Empire in Persia and northern India. The chapter argues that Bernier's principal innovation was to effectively decouple the concept of race from considerations of lineage, and instead to conceptualize it in biogeographical terms in which the precise origins or causes of the original differences of human physical appearance from region to region remain underdetermined.Less
This chapter turns to François Bernier's contribution to the history of racial thinking. This French physician and traveler is often credited with being the key innovator of the modern race concept. While some rigorous scholarship has recently appeared questioning Bernier's significance, his racial theory is seldom placed in his context as a Gassendian natural philosopher who was, in particular, intent to bring his own brand of modern, materialistic philosophy to bear in his experiences in the Moghul Empire in Persia and northern India. The chapter argues that Bernier's principal innovation was to effectively decouple the concept of race from considerations of lineage, and instead to conceptualize it in biogeographical terms in which the precise origins or causes of the original differences of human physical appearance from region to region remain underdetermined.
Justin E. H. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153643
- eISBN:
- 9781400866311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153643.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This concluding chapter links antiquarian and contemporary conceptions of race, though at the same time noting that there can be no easy distinction between the two. It shows that while there may be ...
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This concluding chapter links antiquarian and contemporary conceptions of race, though at the same time noting that there can be no easy distinction between the two. It shows that while there may be transhistorical and innate predispositions to divide human society into a fixed number of essentialized subgroups, it would be extremely hasty to suppose that these “kinks” of the human mind are somehow fixed in the human brain. Between any possible predisposition and the actual modern history of thinking about race, there is a tremendous amount of room for conceptualizing alternative paths our deep-seated propensities for thinking about human diversity might have taken, and could still yet take.Less
This concluding chapter links antiquarian and contemporary conceptions of race, though at the same time noting that there can be no easy distinction between the two. It shows that while there may be transhistorical and innate predispositions to divide human society into a fixed number of essentialized subgroups, it would be extremely hasty to suppose that these “kinks” of the human mind are somehow fixed in the human brain. Between any possible predisposition and the actual modern history of thinking about race, there is a tremendous amount of room for conceptualizing alternative paths our deep-seated propensities for thinking about human diversity might have taken, and could still yet take.
Frank M. Turner
Richard A. Lofthouse (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300207293
- eISBN:
- 9780300212914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300207293.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter examines the emergence of racial or racialist thinking. Beginning in the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century, racial or racialist thinking emerged as an articulated ...
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This chapter examines the emergence of racial or racialist thinking. Beginning in the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century, racial or racialist thinking emerged as an articulated set of ideas which served as a means of interpreting history, defining social problems, explaining cultural difference, and accounting for different levels of economic development. It was only in the nineteenth century that race became an ideological factor in the articulated defense of the institutions of slavery, imperialism, anti-Semitism, and nationhood. The ideas associated with science, race, and anti-Semitism were normally associated with three areas of science: evolution, eugenics, and public health. These combined to scientise racial thinking, and within Europe by the turn of the century to scientize anti-Semitism.Less
This chapter examines the emergence of racial or racialist thinking. Beginning in the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth century, racial or racialist thinking emerged as an articulated set of ideas which served as a means of interpreting history, defining social problems, explaining cultural difference, and accounting for different levels of economic development. It was only in the nineteenth century that race became an ideological factor in the articulated defense of the institutions of slavery, imperialism, anti-Semitism, and nationhood. The ideas associated with science, race, and anti-Semitism were normally associated with three areas of science: evolution, eugenics, and public health. These combined to scientise racial thinking, and within Europe by the turn of the century to scientize anti-Semitism.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804763363
- eISBN:
- 9780804774666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804763363.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter centers on the role of the apology, which is considered as one of the problems with the way national conversation is played out that is most prone to change. It shows that the apology ...
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This chapter centers on the role of the apology, which is considered as one of the problems with the way national conversation is played out that is most prone to change. It shows that the apology may possibly be something that people can change (i.e. through responses and expectations of people). It cites two instances that show the apparent drawbacks and dangers when people try to do something more than apologize. The first case shows the difficulty of expecting anything other than an expression of regret, while the second case studies a case when a commentator tried talking about white racism, which resulted in him being criticized for being a white racist. After looking at these two cases, the discussion then turns to the mechanics of the two apologies that were made and the grilling that resulted from these apologies. It also studies Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s model that shows how people can connect to the racial aspects of public discourse in such a way that makes it easier to understand racial thinking.Less
This chapter centers on the role of the apology, which is considered as one of the problems with the way national conversation is played out that is most prone to change. It shows that the apology may possibly be something that people can change (i.e. through responses and expectations of people). It cites two instances that show the apparent drawbacks and dangers when people try to do something more than apologize. The first case shows the difficulty of expecting anything other than an expression of regret, while the second case studies a case when a commentator tried talking about white racism, which resulted in him being criticized for being a white racist. After looking at these two cases, the discussion then turns to the mechanics of the two apologies that were made and the grilling that resulted from these apologies. It also studies Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s model that shows how people can connect to the racial aspects of public discourse in such a way that makes it easier to understand racial thinking.
Michael Yudell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231156974
- eISBN:
- 9780231527699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231156974.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter describes the role played by scientific thought, from the late eighteenth century through to the twentieth century, in developing a language to measure the meaning of human difference in ...
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This chapter describes the role played by scientific thought, from the late eighteenth century through to the twentieth century, in developing a language to measure the meaning of human difference in the form of race. It explores how many scientists came to reject this concept in the twentieth century. The concept of race traces its roots from the consideration of the nature of human difference. Ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome divided people between the civic and the barbarous, and between the political citizen and those “outside.” It was only towards the end of the Middle Ages that the idea of categorization based on human variations in blood or in kinship was accepted. The twentieth century saw another dimension of race as the studies of human genetics began to flourish. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of the current state of racial thinking in biology.Less
This chapter describes the role played by scientific thought, from the late eighteenth century through to the twentieth century, in developing a language to measure the meaning of human difference in the form of race. It explores how many scientists came to reject this concept in the twentieth century. The concept of race traces its roots from the consideration of the nature of human difference. Ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome divided people between the civic and the barbarous, and between the political citizen and those “outside.” It was only towards the end of the Middle Ages that the idea of categorization based on human variations in blood or in kinship was accepted. The twentieth century saw another dimension of race as the studies of human genetics began to flourish. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of the current state of racial thinking in biology.
Sabina Donati (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804784511
- eISBN:
- 9780804787338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804784511.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines citizenship policies, strategies and discourses pertaining to Italian women and men during Mussolini’s regime. Drawing on studies about gender and fascism, it explores the issue ...
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This chapter examines citizenship policies, strategies and discourses pertaining to Italian women and men during Mussolini’s regime. Drawing on studies about gender and fascism, it explores the issue of birth to citizens (jus sanguinis) and the fascist duty of being prolific within a context of eugenic thinking and dictatorial pro-natalist objectives. It also surveys the fascistization of civil, political and social rights, and outlines trends and dilemmas that illustrate the fascist variant of female status civitatis vis-à-vis its counterpart. In the discussion, comparisons are also made with Nazi Germany. Finally, the chapter surveys the major racial discourses that touched upon the notion of Italianness and that were articulated in the peninsula not only during the late fascist period but also throughout the 1920s and the early 1930s. It does so by focusing on racial thinking pertaining to origins of the Italians, anti-Southern prejudices, and anti-Semitism.Less
This chapter examines citizenship policies, strategies and discourses pertaining to Italian women and men during Mussolini’s regime. Drawing on studies about gender and fascism, it explores the issue of birth to citizens (jus sanguinis) and the fascist duty of being prolific within a context of eugenic thinking and dictatorial pro-natalist objectives. It also surveys the fascistization of civil, political and social rights, and outlines trends and dilemmas that illustrate the fascist variant of female status civitatis vis-à-vis its counterpart. In the discussion, comparisons are also made with Nazi Germany. Finally, the chapter surveys the major racial discourses that touched upon the notion of Italianness and that were articulated in the peninsula not only during the late fascist period but also throughout the 1920s and the early 1930s. It does so by focusing on racial thinking pertaining to origins of the Italians, anti-Southern prejudices, and anti-Semitism.
Juliet Hooker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190633691
- eISBN:
- 9780190633714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190633691.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
The conclusion develops the implications of hemispheric juxtaposition for comparative political theory, and for African American studies, Latin American studies, and Latino studies. It explains how a ...
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The conclusion develops the implications of hemispheric juxtaposition for comparative political theory, and for African American studies, Latin American studies, and Latino studies. It explains how a hemispheric intellectual genealogy of racial thought in the Americas transforms our understanding of each of these thinkers: Frederick Douglass, Domingo F. Sarmiento, W. E. B. Du Bois, and José Vasconcelos. It also highlights two key theoretical concepts constitutive of racial thought in the Americas that emerge from the hemispheric analysis in this book: an expanded notion of democratic fugitivity informed by black fugitivity, and the concept of mestizo futurism.Less
The conclusion develops the implications of hemispheric juxtaposition for comparative political theory, and for African American studies, Latin American studies, and Latino studies. It explains how a hemispheric intellectual genealogy of racial thought in the Americas transforms our understanding of each of these thinkers: Frederick Douglass, Domingo F. Sarmiento, W. E. B. Du Bois, and José Vasconcelos. It also highlights two key theoretical concepts constitutive of racial thought in the Americas that emerge from the hemispheric analysis in this book: an expanded notion of democratic fugitivity informed by black fugitivity, and the concept of mestizo futurism.
Rebecca C. King-O’Riain
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814770733
- eISBN:
- 9780814770474
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814770733.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This concluding chapter argues that even with hopeful post-racial thinking, the discussions of mixing in many countries do not always revolve around understandings of race, but rather factors such as ...
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This concluding chapter argues that even with hopeful post-racial thinking, the discussions of mixing in many countries do not always revolve around understandings of race, but rather factors such as nationality, religion, and language. This is because the conditions and recognition of mixing are different throughout the world. For instance, policy changes led thousands of people who had lived their lives as monoracial Whites to “become” multiracial to apply for perceived economic benefits or obtain access to education. As such, affirmative action already existed in many nations even before the U.S. put it into effect for African Americans in 1961. In addition, many other nations have begun affirmative action programs due to the spread of global ideas of race.Less
This concluding chapter argues that even with hopeful post-racial thinking, the discussions of mixing in many countries do not always revolve around understandings of race, but rather factors such as nationality, religion, and language. This is because the conditions and recognition of mixing are different throughout the world. For instance, policy changes led thousands of people who had lived their lives as monoracial Whites to “become” multiracial to apply for perceived economic benefits or obtain access to education. As such, affirmative action already existed in many nations even before the U.S. put it into effect for African Americans in 1961. In addition, many other nations have begun affirmative action programs due to the spread of global ideas of race.
Lynn T. Ramey
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060071
- eISBN:
- 9780813050478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060071.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
Racial thought in the nineteenth century in the West was preoccupied with uncovering rules and methods to explain racial difference. By looking at 19th-century writing on the medieval period, the ...
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Racial thought in the nineteenth century in the West was preoccupied with uncovering rules and methods to explain racial difference. By looking at 19th-century writing on the medieval period, the relation between medieval people and modern concepts of race becomes evident. This chapter examines the history of theories of race, which explain the movement between categories of different people. The chapter further examines the history of medieval studies in the nineteenth century, which touches on nationalistic traits of the Middle Ages. It also summarizes the historical development of race theory as well as problems arising from the history of race theory.Less
Racial thought in the nineteenth century in the West was preoccupied with uncovering rules and methods to explain racial difference. By looking at 19th-century writing on the medieval period, the relation between medieval people and modern concepts of race becomes evident. This chapter examines the history of theories of race, which explain the movement between categories of different people. The chapter further examines the history of medieval studies in the nineteenth century, which touches on nationalistic traits of the Middle Ages. It also summarizes the historical development of race theory as well as problems arising from the history of race theory.
Sabina Donati (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804784511
- eISBN:
- 9780804787338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804784511.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
“Becoming Visible”: Italian Women and Their Male Co-Citizens in the Liberal State
“Becoming Visible”: Italian Women and Their Male Co-Citizens in the Liberal State
Sabina Donati
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804784511
- eISBN:
- 9780804787338
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804784511.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the historical origins and complex evolution of Italian national citizenship and identity from the political unification of monarchical Italy in 1861 to the first developments of ...
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This book examines the historical origins and complex evolution of Italian national citizenship and identity from the political unification of monarchical Italy in 1861 to the first developments of republican Italy in 1950. Using the two metaphors of “citizenship as a mirror” and “citizenship as a pencil” for the historical analysis of nationhood, the book details the policies, debates and formal notions of Italian national citizenship to grasp and discuss the multi-faceted, evolving, and often contested visions of italianità. It does so by exploring the genesis of Italian monarchical subjecthood as the first juridical bond linking the populations of the peninsula in 1861. It then examines the major developments-of the liberal period and of the fascist era-by focusing on the civic history of Italian women and men, of Italy’s immigrants and emigrants as well as of colonial and overseas native populations. It concludes with an analysis of the birth and first characteristics of post-World War Two Italian republican citizenship. Italianità is by no means a fixed notion; that it has been dual, multidimensional and variable in historical perspective; and that it has also been shaped, since the first post-unification years, by homegrown traditions of racial thinking. The book advances the current historiographical discussion by highlighting often-overlooked precedents, continuities and discontinuities within and between liberal and fascist Italies; and by offering an analysis in the longue durée through the useful combination of two citizenship-nationhood metaphorsLess
This book examines the historical origins and complex evolution of Italian national citizenship and identity from the political unification of monarchical Italy in 1861 to the first developments of republican Italy in 1950. Using the two metaphors of “citizenship as a mirror” and “citizenship as a pencil” for the historical analysis of nationhood, the book details the policies, debates and formal notions of Italian national citizenship to grasp and discuss the multi-faceted, evolving, and often contested visions of italianità. It does so by exploring the genesis of Italian monarchical subjecthood as the first juridical bond linking the populations of the peninsula in 1861. It then examines the major developments-of the liberal period and of the fascist era-by focusing on the civic history of Italian women and men, of Italy’s immigrants and emigrants as well as of colonial and overseas native populations. It concludes with an analysis of the birth and first characteristics of post-World War Two Italian republican citizenship. Italianità is by no means a fixed notion; that it has been dual, multidimensional and variable in historical perspective; and that it has also been shaped, since the first post-unification years, by homegrown traditions of racial thinking. The book advances the current historiographical discussion by highlighting often-overlooked precedents, continuities and discontinuities within and between liberal and fascist Italies; and by offering an analysis in the longue durée through the useful combination of two citizenship-nationhood metaphors
Sabina Donati (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804784511
- eISBN:
- 9780804787338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804784511.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter-concluding the book-offers a full discussion of the vision(s) of Italian national identity that emerge from analysis of the citizenship policies and related official discourse carried ...
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This chapter-concluding the book-offers a full discussion of the vision(s) of Italian national identity that emerge from analysis of the citizenship policies and related official discourse carried out throughout our historical journey. Going back to the two metaphors introduced at the start (i.e., “citizenship as a mirror” and “citizenship as a pencil”), it uses these two allegorical instruments to summarize the major findings and elucidate the closing arguments. In so doing, it offers an overview of the origins and the historical evolution of citizenship and identity in Italy from 1861 to 1950 in order to show, in the longue durée, that italianità is by no means a fixed notion, that it can be dual, multidimensional and variable, and that it has been shaped by homegrown traditions of racial thinking concerning, in different ways, Southern Italians, Italian Jews, Italian colonial subjects and the historical origins of the Italics.Less
This chapter-concluding the book-offers a full discussion of the vision(s) of Italian national identity that emerge from analysis of the citizenship policies and related official discourse carried out throughout our historical journey. Going back to the two metaphors introduced at the start (i.e., “citizenship as a mirror” and “citizenship as a pencil”), it uses these two allegorical instruments to summarize the major findings and elucidate the closing arguments. In so doing, it offers an overview of the origins and the historical evolution of citizenship and identity in Italy from 1861 to 1950 in order to show, in the longue durée, that italianità is by no means a fixed notion, that it can be dual, multidimensional and variable, and that it has been shaped by homegrown traditions of racial thinking concerning, in different ways, Southern Italians, Italian Jews, Italian colonial subjects and the historical origins of the Italics.
Sabina Donati (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804784511
- eISBN:
- 9780804787338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804784511.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter analyzes and discusses for the first time the still partially unknown citizenship policies concerning all the populations of Mediterranean Europe under fascist Italy and examines them ...
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This chapter analyzes and discusses for the first time the still partially unknown citizenship policies concerning all the populations of Mediterranean Europe under fascist Italy and examines them together with the civic accommodation of the African natives, which, by contrast, has already attracted the attention of scholars of colonial studies. Focusing on the entire fascist Ventennium (1922-1943), the chapter first surveys the citizenship issues pertaining to the native populations living in Italy’s African colonies (i.e. Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Libya); it then moves on to outline those concerning the European territories (i.e. Aegean Islands, Albania as well as the lands that were occupied and annexed during the Second World War); and concludes with a full discussion on the citizenship discourses articulated in Mussolini’s comunità imperiale and touching upon the fascist “myth of Rome”, notions of race, concept of fascist civilization, and the historic paradigm of the maritime Republics.Less
This chapter analyzes and discusses for the first time the still partially unknown citizenship policies concerning all the populations of Mediterranean Europe under fascist Italy and examines them together with the civic accommodation of the African natives, which, by contrast, has already attracted the attention of scholars of colonial studies. Focusing on the entire fascist Ventennium (1922-1943), the chapter first surveys the citizenship issues pertaining to the native populations living in Italy’s African colonies (i.e. Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Libya); it then moves on to outline those concerning the European territories (i.e. Aegean Islands, Albania as well as the lands that were occupied and annexed during the Second World War); and concludes with a full discussion on the citizenship discourses articulated in Mussolini’s comunità imperiale and touching upon the fascist “myth of Rome”, notions of race, concept of fascist civilization, and the historic paradigm of the maritime Republics.
Kate Nichols
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199596461
- eISBN:
- 9780191795770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199596461.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Chapter 6 examines what the presentation and responses to classical civilizations at the Crystal Palace might reveal about Britain’s perceived national and international status. It discusses how ...
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Chapter 6 examines what the presentation and responses to classical civilizations at the Crystal Palace might reveal about Britain’s perceived national and international status. It discusses how Greece and Rome figured in the national roles played by the Palace from 1854 to 1921: host to the Festival of Empire (1911), and the first incarnation of the Imperial War Museum. The Palace boasted a unique Natural History Department, curated by ethnologist Robert Gordon Latham, which exhibited tableaux of models of extra-European peoples engaged in ‘characteristic’ activities. The second section examines these models in the context of what were increasingly coming to be seen as representations of the ur-Europeans; the sculpture in the Greek Court, showing how the historiography of Greek sculpture intersected with Victorian racial thought. The final section considers the presentation of the Roman empire—and in particular, Roman Britain— in changing Victorian and Edwardian imperial culture.Less
Chapter 6 examines what the presentation and responses to classical civilizations at the Crystal Palace might reveal about Britain’s perceived national and international status. It discusses how Greece and Rome figured in the national roles played by the Palace from 1854 to 1921: host to the Festival of Empire (1911), and the first incarnation of the Imperial War Museum. The Palace boasted a unique Natural History Department, curated by ethnologist Robert Gordon Latham, which exhibited tableaux of models of extra-European peoples engaged in ‘characteristic’ activities. The second section examines these models in the context of what were increasingly coming to be seen as representations of the ur-Europeans; the sculpture in the Greek Court, showing how the historiography of Greek sculpture intersected with Victorian racial thought. The final section considers the presentation of the Roman empire—and in particular, Roman Britain— in changing Victorian and Edwardian imperial culture.
Maurizio Peleggi
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780824866068
- eISBN:
- 9780824876913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824866068.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter 5 carries on from the previous chapter by detailing the assemblage of the Bangkok National Museum’s collection along with the formulation in the 1920s of a stylistic classification of ...
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Chapter 5 carries on from the previous chapter by detailing the assemblage of the Bangkok National Museum’s collection along with the formulation in the 1920s of a stylistic classification of antiquities that has since become canonical. The chapter examines the underlying assumptions of the art historical classification elaborated by Prince Damrong Rachanubhap (“the father of Thai history”) and the French scholar George Coedes, fouding director of the Siamese Archaeological Service.Less
Chapter 5 carries on from the previous chapter by detailing the assemblage of the Bangkok National Museum’s collection along with the formulation in the 1920s of a stylistic classification of antiquities that has since become canonical. The chapter examines the underlying assumptions of the art historical classification elaborated by Prince Damrong Rachanubhap (“the father of Thai history”) and the French scholar George Coedes, fouding director of the Siamese Archaeological Service.
Ian Tyrrel
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226197760
- eISBN:
- 9780226197937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226197937.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Environmental History
Argues that conservation came to encompass human health as part of social and environmental sustainability; stresses the role of Irving Fisher in this campaign; and examines ideas of race suicide and ...
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Argues that conservation came to encompass human health as part of social and environmental sustainability; stresses the role of Irving Fisher in this campaign; and examines ideas of race suicide and eugenics in conservation. Argues that inter-imperial evidence for connections between racial deterioration, military strength and economic efficiency underpinned the developing human conservation movement towards the end of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency, but eugenics became important only after the end of that presidency. These themes were presaged in Fisher’s National Vitality which was part of the 1909 Report of the National Conservation Commission.Less
Argues that conservation came to encompass human health as part of social and environmental sustainability; stresses the role of Irving Fisher in this campaign; and examines ideas of race suicide and eugenics in conservation. Argues that inter-imperial evidence for connections between racial deterioration, military strength and economic efficiency underpinned the developing human conservation movement towards the end of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency, but eugenics became important only after the end of that presidency. These themes were presaged in Fisher’s National Vitality which was part of the 1909 Report of the National Conservation Commission.
Michael Keevak
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190465285
- eISBN:
- 9780190465315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, Comparative Politics
This chapter offers a brief historical intervention explaining the rise of the term yellow for racial thinking about Asians. Using his binomial nomenclature species-naming system, the Swedish ...
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This chapter offers a brief historical intervention explaining the rise of the term yellow for racial thinking about Asians. Using his binomial nomenclature species-naming system, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus separated Homo sapiens into four continental types, with distinct colors assigned to each. Over two decades later the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach also classified Asians as yellow in his five-race scheme. Although some early twentieth-century anthropologists claimed to have proven that Mongolians (Asians) were physically yellow in an attempt to place Asians lower than Europeans, the initial categorization of yellow had no visual or biological basis. As Asians continued to refuse to take part in Western systems (Christianity, international trade), Europeans' perceptions of Asians' skin color darkened. Moreover in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the yellow idea began to spread to East Asian cultures themselves.Less
This chapter offers a brief historical intervention explaining the rise of the term yellow for racial thinking about Asians. Using his binomial nomenclature species-naming system, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus separated Homo sapiens into four continental types, with distinct colors assigned to each. Over two decades later the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach also classified Asians as yellow in his five-race scheme. Although some early twentieth-century anthropologists claimed to have proven that Mongolians (Asians) were physically yellow in an attempt to place Asians lower than Europeans, the initial categorization of yellow had no visual or biological basis. As Asians continued to refuse to take part in Western systems (Christianity, international trade), Europeans' perceptions of Asians' skin color darkened. Moreover in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the yellow idea began to spread to East Asian cultures themselves.
