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This chapter begins to examine the practice of racework by considering a type of racework used by interracial couples in many public places—navigating racial homogeneity. It distinguishes between the racial segregation of neighborhoods, which is the result of almost a century of discriminatory housing and lending practices imposed by White-controlled institutions, and the racial separation of particular social spaces, which stems from some Blacks’ preference for all-Black environments as a response to Whites’ exclusion and as settings where people find safety and community. Although racial residential segregation affects innumerable communities in the United States, it is particularly onerous for interracial partners and families because of the strain of frequently being the only person of one’s race in a social setting. This strain creates race fatigue among both Blacks and Whites.

The study finds that the way that Republicans have come to power in the region will have important consequences on future governance. By examining race, religion, and economic change, the consequences of these political changes are apparent. This chapter has a number of conclusions: the emergence of the Republican Party has combined racial and partisan separation; the rise of the Republican Party in the region has mobilized white Protestant and Catholic churches to be active participants in electoral politics; and the new political order in the South will make the region even more accommodating to businesses, yet the wage gap in the region will likely increase.

This chapter illustrates the contradictory backdrop against which José Martí's supporters constructed the Cuban Revolutionary Party. Together, members of the party worked to ensure that in a literal sense, there was no separation into black and white political clubs, or artisan and professional clubs. Several clubs were composed mainly of white cigar makers, with almost no overlap with the membership of La Liga. In addition, there were the clubs associated with La Liga, led by men of color. The chapter reveals that the movement continued to operate against a backdrop in which racial separation, while not absolute, was a regular feature of Cuban social and now political life. Nevertheless, it seems clear that independent organizing was still necessary to mobilize these diverse constituents and to promote diverse leaders, perhaps especially men of color, to positions on the party's Advisory Councils. The fact that some men of color, elected by their own supporters (ideally, including some white workers), occupied a place of honor each time that the party gathered was crucial to the argument that the movement was both unified in common purpose and sincerely democratic.

This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on African American settlement along the Ohio River. After emancipation, African Americans created families, built homes and neighborhoods, established churches and benevolent organizations, formed schools, and developed community rituals. By the mid-1870s through to the mid-1880s, racial separation became prevalent and patterns of employment, housing, education, religious and cultural life, and race relations were well in place. This was known as Jim Crow. This chapter highlights the progress made by African Americans from the 1890s to the Great Depression.

This chapter examines the full consequences of the domestication of church life in the 1830s and 1840s. Racial fissures grew absolute, and swept the last remains of hope for racial unity from the churches. Yet black churchmen continued to articulate loyalties to denominational traditions that recognized the local relationships fostered in each church. Many white Methodists and Episcopalians embraced nativist politics as a way to re-create the lost world promoted in the colonial era, a truncated version that continued racial separation while promising to soften class conflict among whites. But neither racial separation nor nativist dreams of unity could wind back the clock on the city's economic and demographic growth. Economic slowdowns and the flight of downtown residents caused the churches' once prominent position to decline.