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Conclusion: The Elusive Dream

Korie L. Edwards

in The Elusive Dream: The Power of Race in Interracial Churches

The concluding chapter ends the book with a discussion on the implications of the book's findings for developing racially integrated religious organizations that truly epitomize Dr. Martin Luther ... More

The concluding chapter ends the book with a discussion on the implications of the book's findings for developing racially integrated religious organizations that truly epitomize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s dream for a cooperative, egalitarian, multiracial religious community.Less

Introduction

Korie L. Edwards

in The Elusive Dream: The Power of Race in Interracial Churches

The introductory chapter reviews the basic thesis of the book: whiteness (which includes the normativity of white culture, white privilege, and white structural dominance) governs how interracial ... More

The introductory chapter reviews the basic thesis of the book: whiteness (which includes the normativity of white culture, white privilege, and white structural dominance) governs how interracial churches work. Therefore, interracial churches work to the extent that they are first comfortable places for whites to attend. The chapter explains what is meant by whiteness and why whiteness matters. An historical overview of religious race relations in the United States is also provided. And the methods employed for this study are briefly reviewed.Less

To “affirmatively further fair housing”: Enduring Racial Inequalities in American Homes and Mortgages

Desmond S. King and Rogers M. Smith

in Still a House Divided: Race and Politics in Obama's America

This chapter considers what makes racial equality in the American housing system such a divisive issue. Because housing choices profoundly affect people's personal lives and yet also have enormous ... More

This chapter considers what makes racial equality in the American housing system such a divisive issue. Because housing choices profoundly affect people's personal lives and yet also have enormous public consequences for the structure of the nation as a whole, there arose concerns to make sure that America's housing systems are not systems of racial inequality. But the fact that housing is so central to Americans' personal lives is also a major reason why they have long been more resistant to efforts to end de facto segregation in this area than in any other, except the related one of public schools. Here they remain profoundly divided even on the desirability of strong enforcement of anti-discrimination policies aimed at making residential racial integration not only an attractive ideal but an everyday reality.Less

Provider Sovereignty and Civil Rights

Jill Quadagno

in One Nation, Uninsured: Why the U.S. Has No National Health Insurance

This chapter explains how the radical politics of the South were enacted within the health care system. It shows how the performance of Medicare gave federal officials the resources to enforce racial ... More

This chapter explains how the radical politics of the South were enacted within the health care system. It shows how the performance of Medicare gave federal officials the resources to enforce racial integration on southern hospitals. The chapter notes that racial discrimination was widespread in the health care system, and that the legal basis for racial segregation was derived from the Plessy v. Ferguson case. It introduces the Hill-Burton, which was aimed at rural and poor communities that did not have access to health care, discusses the civil rights challenge, and also shows how Medicare was implemented.Less

Fiesta filipina: Celebrations in Manila

D. R. M. Irving

in Colonial Counterpoint: Music in Early Modern Manila

This chapter provides an overview of festivities (fiestas) in early modern Manila, arguing that musical practice provided a focal point of interface between differing cultures, races, and religions. ... More

This chapter provides an overview of festivities (fiestas) in early modern Manila, arguing that musical practice provided a focal point of interface between differing cultures, races, and religions. It explores the ways in which different communities in Manila expressed collective identities through music, and contends that although some degree of temporary social liberation was embodied in these performances, fiestas essentially reinforced rigid hierarchies of class and race within colonial society. The chapter surveys musical performances in festivities for royal occasions, celebrations honoring the entries of important personages to the city (including a Sultan of Sulu, 'Azīm ud‐Dīn I), observances of beatifications and canonizations, and seasonal and votive festivities. Finally, it considers the question of whether fiestas in early modern Manila promoted racial integration or racial segregation.Less

Juridical Subordination

Roy L. Brooks

in The Racial Glass Ceiling: Subordination in American Law and Culture

This chapter focuses on the socio-legal race problem; namely juridical subordination. The Supreme Court engages in this form of racial subordination when its rulings freeze or impede racial progress ... More

This chapter focuses on the socio-legal race problem; namely juridical subordination. The Supreme Court engages in this form of racial subordination when its rulings freeze or impede racial progress for the sake of pursuing a nonracist, competing interest. Juridical subordination most often occurs today in the name of racial progress; in other words, when the Court’s vindication of a black equality norm (such as racial omission or racial integration) in reality inhibits black advancement. Since the end of Jim Crow, the black equality interest has been defined in ways that compete not only with the civil-rights-era norms but with other legitimate norms. Focusing on cases involving antidiscrimination law and racial preference (or affirmative action) law, this chapter illustrates how the Court can avoid juridical subordination in its civil rights cases.Less

Socioeconomic School Integration

Richard D. Kahlenberg

in Toward Positive Youth Development: Transforming Schools and Community Programs

In recent years, a growing number of school districts have tried to shape the social setting of the school by implementing student assignment policies to reduce concentrations of school poverty. This ... More

In recent years, a growing number of school districts have tried to shape the social setting of the school by implementing student assignment policies to reduce concentrations of school poverty. This chapter describes the research underlying socioeconomic school integration programs, including the finding that integration by socioeconomic status matters more to student achievement than does racial integration. It offers a theory of how to create economic integration in schools through choice and incentives rather than compulsion; articulates the ingredients of successful socioeconomic integration plans; describes how to measure the degree of economic school integration and its success or failure; outlines exemplars of efforts to create economic school integration; and considers the current status of the literature and promising future directions.Less

Introduction: Southerners of the True South

Anders Walker

in The Ghost of Jim Crow: How Southern Moderates Used Brown v Board of Education to Stall the Civil Rights Movement

This introductory chapter focuses on Florida Governor LeRoy Collins, North Carolina Governor Luther Hodges, and Mississippi Governor James Plemon (J. P.) Coleman and their resistance to racial ... More

This introductory chapter focuses on Florida Governor LeRoy Collins, North Carolina Governor Luther Hodges, and Mississippi Governor James Plemon (J. P.) Coleman and their resistance to racial integration. The perspective of moderates such as Collins, Coleman, and Hodges casts new light not only on white resistance to integration but also on the challenges faced by the civil rights movement generally. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less

The Race Factor

Neil J. Sullivan

in The Diamond in the Bronx: Yankee Stadium and the Politics of New York

This chapter examines the role of the race factor in the renewed popularity of baseball in the U.S. in 1946. It suggests that the racial integration of baseball was not only an important step in ... More

This chapter examines the role of the race factor in the renewed popularity of baseball in the U.S. in 1946. It suggests that the racial integration of baseball was not only an important step in America's fitful pursuit of social justice, but also an important long-term stimulant for the popularity of the sport. The elimination of the color barrier increased the availability to great players to improve the quality of the major league game. Some of these African American players included Jackie Robinson, Monte Irvin and Willie Mays. During this year the New York Yankees had its first two-million fan season.Less

The Integration of ACC Basketball

J. Samuel Walker

in ACC Basketball: The Story of the Rivalries, Traditions, and Scandals of the First Two Decades of the Atlantic Coast Conference

This chapter examines the exclusion of black players from ACC basketball teams before 1965, and how it reflected the customs and attitudes of ACC schools, where racial integration had occurred ... More

This chapter examines the exclusion of black players from ACC basketball teams before 1965, and how it reflected the customs and attitudes of ACC schools, where racial integration had occurred gradually and grudgingly, though peacefully. With the exception of a single applicant admitted to the University of Maryland under threat of a court order in 1951, no conference member accepted black students as undergraduates until after the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 ruling in Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, which struck down the “separate but equal” approach to education that was standard practice in the South and some parts of the North. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and NC State began to accept black undergraduates in small numbers in the mid-1950s; Duke, Wake Forest, Clemson, and South Carolina followed suit in the early 1960s.Less

Using Geography to Further Racial Integration

Sheneka Williams and Erica Frankenberg

in Integrating Schools in a Changing Society: New Policies and Legal Options for a Multiracial Generation

This chapter examine districts' use of “small-scale geography” to promote racial integration. Plans that use variations of geography and population characteristics are implemented in Wake County, ... More

This chapter examine districts' use of “small-scale geography” to promote racial integration. Plans that use variations of geography and population characteristics are implemented in Wake County, North Carolina, and Berkeley, California. This chapter examines how Wake County manages nodes in student assignment, and investigates how Berkeley utilizes more than 440 planning areas in its integration efforts.Less

The end of Integration and the Taming of the CHA

in Blueprint for Disaster: The Unraveling of Chicago Public Housing

Had they been approved by the Chicago City Council in the early 1950s, public housing projects on vacant land would have introduced African Americans into white areas and helped in small ways to ... More

Had they been approved by the Chicago City Council in the early 1950s, public housing projects on vacant land would have introduced African Americans into white areas and helped in small ways to break up the ghetto. It does not follow, however, that such projects by themselves would have led to long-run residential integration. Given white antipathy to integration and black housing demand, sustaining mixed-race occupancy meant putting limits on African American admissions, a form of racial planning that conflicted with the civil rights agenda in the postwar period. In its first ten years, the Chicago Housing Authority's (CHA) approach to racial integration evolved considerably, from a cautious stance to a more outspoken liberalism. The CHA opened its relocation projects in white areas in the 1950s, although restrictive quotas imposed by the city council limited black rights. Residential integration, while still a tenuous idea, looked viable in Chicago's projects, but within a decade, it had died a painful death at the CHA, and the rights of African Americans remained unfulfilled.Less

The Demise of a Dinosaur: Analyzing School and Housing Desegregation in Yonkers

Jennifer Hochschild and Michael N. Danielson

in Race, Poverty, and Domestic Policy

This chapter explains the demise of mandatory school desegregation and the quasi-mandatory desegregation of public housing. It presents a case study of white resistance to attempts at racial ... More

This chapter explains the demise of mandatory school desegregation and the quasi-mandatory desegregation of public housing. It presents a case study of white resistance to attempts at racial integration in Yonkers, New York to examine the role of the state in school and housing from 1950 to the present.Less

The Nation of Islam and the Cold War Liberal Consensus

Edward E. Curtis IV

in Muslim American Politics and the Future of US Democracy

This chapter reveals the moment when a Muslim American political vision first became consequential in national politics. Known for its radical resistance to white supremacy, US foreign policy, black ... More

This chapter reveals the moment when a Muslim American political vision first became consequential in national politics. Known for its radical resistance to white supremacy, US foreign policy, black Christianity, and the liberal dream of racial integration, the Nation of Islam was perceived as a threat to the ideological foundations of US liberalism, which rested on (1) anticommunism and the suppression of political dissent both at home and abroad, (2) on the rhetoric of equal rights under the law and sometimes racial integration, and (3) on federal welfare programs. This chapter also shows how the Nation of Islam’s leadership assimilated to other modes of Cold War liberalism: it policed its members’ sexuality; it embraced the dream of black capitalism and encouraged entrepreneurship; it used the US courts to argue for freedom of religion and framed its activities as the exercise of that freedom; and it forbade its members from engaging in violent revolution or even nonviolent political resistance against many of the very liberal institutions that it identified as a religious evil.Less

Integration, Separation, and the Fight for Black Identity

Abigail Perkiss

in Making Good Neighbors: Civil Rights, Liberalism, and Integration in Postwar Philadelphia

This chapter discusses the growing popularity of West Mount Airy among black persons. Through the West Mount Airy Neighbors Association's (WMAN) media campaign and coverage in both the mainstream and ... More

This chapter discusses the growing popularity of West Mount Airy among black persons. Through the West Mount Airy Neighbors Association's (WMAN) media campaign and coverage in both the mainstream and black press, wealthy and upwardly mobile black Philadelphians were becoming familiar and interested in settling in West Mount Airy. Black buyers saw in the neighborhood's residential racial integration the prospect of both the material conditions characteristically attached to economically stable white communities, as well as the opportunity to educate themselves and their children to a mainstream professional culture. Thus, in the first decades of integration, Mount Airy's black residents lived with a dual consciousness: a simultaneous commitment to civil rights progress, and a desire for the assurances of safety and security.Less

The End of Japanese Ethnic Churches?

Anne M. Blankenship

in Christianity, Social Justice, and the Japanese American Incarceration During World War II

As Japanese Christians left the camps, white church leaders instructed them to join established churches and prevented them from re-forming their prewar ethnic congregations. This final chapter ... More

As Japanese Christians left the camps, white church leaders instructed them to join established churches and prevented them from re-forming their prewar ethnic congregations. This final chapter analyzes attempts to mend the nation’s racial divisions by ending the segregation of white and Japanese Protestant worship. Efforts to drastically restructure the racial divisions within American Protestantism incited extensive debate about the role of racial minorities within the church. Like the decision to form ecumenical churches, leaders thought the long term benefits of fewer divisions in the church outweighed the temporary challenges to the subjects of their experiment. Most Japanese Americans formed ethnic fellowship groups or left the church rather than join predominantly white churches. The results of this experiment revealed the limited extent to which American Christians were interested in, capable of, and willing to reform definitions of race in order to unite the Christian church.Less

White-Painted Lady: The 1950s Celluloid Princess

M. Elise Marubbio

in Killing the Indian Maiden: Images of Native American Women in Film

This chapter discusses the Celluloid Princess during the 1950s. She is now depicted as a beautiful young maiden who embraces the white hero and symbolizes the best of Indian culture and the ... More

This chapter discusses the Celluloid Princess during the 1950s. She is now depicted as a beautiful young maiden who embraces the white hero and symbolizes the best of Indian culture and the possibility of assimilation into western European culture. Another similar character during this time is the Celluloid Indian Princess who aligns herself with a European American colonizer and dies for that choice. Unlike her earlier counterparts, the Celluloid Princess of the 1950s worked within the pro-Indian westerns as an index of liberalism, racial integration, and cultural pluralism.Less