Michael Banton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280613
- eISBN:
- 9780191598760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280610.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Like Plato's Republic, the ICERD is founded on a noble lie: that racial discrimination, as defined in its opening article, can be eliminated. Events leading up to the unanimous adoption of the ...
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Like Plato's Republic, the ICERD is founded on a noble lie: that racial discrimination, as defined in its opening article, can be eliminated. Events leading up to the unanimous adoption of the Convention in 1965 are described. The preambular paragraphs represent racial discrimination as resembling a sickness; the operative paragraphs conceive of it as resembling a crime. Without the rhetoric promising elimination, the Convention would not have been adopted. Without the obligation upon all states parties to introduce legislation, the Convention would have had no practical effect.Less
Like Plato's Republic, the ICERD is founded on a noble lie: that racial discrimination, as defined in its opening article, can be eliminated. Events leading up to the unanimous adoption of the Convention in 1965 are described. The preambular paragraphs represent racial discrimination as resembling a sickness; the operative paragraphs conceive of it as resembling a crime. Without the rhetoric promising elimination, the Convention would not have been adopted. Without the obligation upon all states parties to introduce legislation, the Convention would have had no practical effect.
Michael Banton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280613
- eISBN:
- 9780191598760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280610.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
UN bodies with responsibility for action against racial discrimination are described. During the period 1945–1995, the number of UN member states grew from 29 to 185. The work of the human rights ...
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UN bodies with responsibility for action against racial discrimination are described. During the period 1945–1995, the number of UN member states grew from 29 to 185. The work of the human rights treaty bodies is complemented by that of the special rapporteurs appointed by the Human Rights Commission. They trace their authority to the UN Charter binding upon all member states as opposed to the smaller numbers of states that have accepted treaty obligations.Less
UN bodies with responsibility for action against racial discrimination are described. During the period 1945–1995, the number of UN member states grew from 29 to 185. The work of the human rights treaty bodies is complemented by that of the special rapporteurs appointed by the Human Rights Commission. They trace their authority to the UN Charter binding upon all member states as opposed to the smaller numbers of states that have accepted treaty obligations.
Michael Banton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280613
- eISBN:
- 9780191598760
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280610.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was, in 1969, the first of the UN human rights treaties to come into force. Many of the 143 states that ...
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The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was, in 1969, the first of the UN human rights treaties to come into force. Many of the 143 states that by 1995 had become parties to it did not initially appreciate how extensive were the obligations they had assumed. They undertook to submit periodic reports; these have to be examined by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), which in turn reports to the UN General Assembly. During the years 1970–1995, CERD has greatly improved international oversight of governmental action in this field, but understanding of what is entailed in the prohibition of this form of discrimination is still limited. Further progress depends upon a triangular relationship between states parties, the treaty monitoring body, and members of the public within states parties.Less
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was, in 1969, the first of the UN human rights treaties to come into force. Many of the 143 states that by 1995 had become parties to it did not initially appreciate how extensive were the obligations they had assumed. They undertook to submit periodic reports; these have to be examined by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), which in turn reports to the UN General Assembly. During the years 1970–1995, CERD has greatly improved international oversight of governmental action in this field, but understanding of what is entailed in the prohibition of this form of discrimination is still limited. Further progress depends upon a triangular relationship between states parties, the treaty monitoring body, and members of the public within states parties.
Michael Banton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280613
- eISBN:
- 9780191598760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280610.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In 1965, many governments associated racial discrimination with a particular phase of European thought, with the imperialism of European powers, and with practices in the USA. Yet the Convention ...
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In 1965, many governments associated racial discrimination with a particular phase of European thought, with the imperialism of European powers, and with practices in the USA. Yet the Convention represented it as a universal problem. From its first meeting in 1970, CERD, the body established to examine state reports, had to work out the implications for states in different regions of their acceptance of its obligations. The relations between relevant groups in Europe, Africa, America, and Asia at this time are described.Less
In 1965, many governments associated racial discrimination with a particular phase of European thought, with the imperialism of European powers, and with practices in the USA. Yet the Convention represented it as a universal problem. From its first meeting in 1970, CERD, the body established to examine state reports, had to work out the implications for states in different regions of their acceptance of its obligations. The relations between relevant groups in Europe, Africa, America, and Asia at this time are described.
Glenn C. Loury
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0027
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay examines interconnections between “race” and economic inequality in the United States, focusing on the case of African Americans. It is crucially important to distinguish between racial ...
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This essay examines interconnections between “race” and economic inequality in the United States, focusing on the case of African Americans. It is crucially important to distinguish between racial discrimination and racial stigma in the study of this problem. Racial discrimination has to do with how blacks are treated, while racial stigma is concerned with how black people are perceived. It is argued that a so-called reward bias (unfair treatment of persons in formal economic transactions based on racial identity) has become a less significant barrier to the full participation by African Americans in U.S. society than a so-called development bias (restricted access to resources critical for personal development but available only via informal social transactions that are difficult to regulate because they do not take place in a market context).Less
This essay examines interconnections between “race” and economic inequality in the United States, focusing on the case of African Americans. It is crucially important to distinguish between racial discrimination and racial stigma in the study of this problem. Racial discrimination has to do with how blacks are treated, while racial stigma is concerned with how black people are perceived. It is argued that a so-called reward bias (unfair treatment of persons in formal economic transactions based on racial identity) has become a less significant barrier to the full participation by African Americans in U.S. society than a so-called development bias (restricted access to resources critical for personal development but available only via informal social transactions that are difficult to regulate because they do not take place in a market context).
John D. Skrentny
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159966
- eISBN:
- 9781400848492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159966.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter examines racial realism in white-collar and professional employment. It focuses on medicine, journalism, and marketing, providing evidence of the strong support for hiring on the basis ...
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This chapter examines racial realism in white-collar and professional employment. It focuses on medicine, journalism, and marketing, providing evidence of the strong support for hiring on the basis of racial abilities and signaling in these jobs. The chapter also shows the support for the racial abilities and signaling that make racial “diversity” attractive to corporate employers. When it comes to legal authorization for racial realism, there is surprisingly little in this sector, as the courts have refused to allow a race BFOQ (“bona fide occupational qualification”), and they have not modified rulings that prohibit customer tastes as a justification for racial discrimination. Another key legal obstacle here is that courts have not allowed voluntary affirmative action to be motivated by racial-realist goals.Less
This chapter examines racial realism in white-collar and professional employment. It focuses on medicine, journalism, and marketing, providing evidence of the strong support for hiring on the basis of racial abilities and signaling in these jobs. The chapter also shows the support for the racial abilities and signaling that make racial “diversity” attractive to corporate employers. When it comes to legal authorization for racial realism, there is surprisingly little in this sector, as the courts have refused to allow a race BFOQ (“bona fide occupational qualification”), and they have not modified rulings that prohibit customer tastes as a justification for racial discrimination. Another key legal obstacle here is that courts have not allowed voluntary affirmative action to be motivated by racial-realist goals.
ASHUTOSH BHAGWAT
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377781
- eISBN:
- 9780199775842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377781.003.008
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter begins with a discussion of the coverage of the Equal Protection Clause in the Constitution. It then turns to a study of how equal protection principles have played out in practice, in ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the coverage of the Equal Protection Clause in the Constitution. It then turns to a study of how equal protection principles have played out in practice, in the modern era. It examines issues of race discrimination, starting with the paradigmatic example of discrimination against racial minorities, and then looks into the problem of affirmative action.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the coverage of the Equal Protection Clause in the Constitution. It then turns to a study of how equal protection principles have played out in practice, in the modern era. It examines issues of race discrimination, starting with the paradigmatic example of discrimination against racial minorities, and then looks into the problem of affirmative action.
Devah Pager
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732166
- eISBN:
- 9780199866144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732166.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter talks about the dominant methods that have been used to study discrimination in the United States, including studies of perceptions, attitude surveys, statistical analyses, laboratory ...
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This chapter talks about the dominant methods that have been used to study discrimination in the United States, including studies of perceptions, attitude surveys, statistical analyses, laboratory experiments, and field experiments. Despite its various complexities, field experiments remain the most effective approach to measuring discrimination in real-world settings. By interacting with real employers, and by simulating the process of actual job applicants or intermediaries, we can get as close as possible to the interactions that produce discrimination in contemporary labor markets. While no research method is without flaws, careful consideration of the range of methods available helps to match one's research question with the appropriate empirical strategy. Although the field experiment cannot address all relevant aspects of labor market disadvantage, it can provide strong and direct measures of discrimination at the point of hire, a powerful mechanism regulating the employment opportunity.Less
This chapter talks about the dominant methods that have been used to study discrimination in the United States, including studies of perceptions, attitude surveys, statistical analyses, laboratory experiments, and field experiments. Despite its various complexities, field experiments remain the most effective approach to measuring discrimination in real-world settings. By interacting with real employers, and by simulating the process of actual job applicants or intermediaries, we can get as close as possible to the interactions that produce discrimination in contemporary labor markets. While no research method is without flaws, careful consideration of the range of methods available helps to match one's research question with the appropriate empirical strategy. Although the field experiment cannot address all relevant aspects of labor market disadvantage, it can provide strong and direct measures of discrimination at the point of hire, a powerful mechanism regulating the employment opportunity.
KEVIN BOYLE and ANNELIESE BALDACCINI
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199246038
- eISBN:
- 9780191697531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246038.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter explores the origins of the international human rights approaches towards racism and racial discrimination. It examines the activities and policies pursued at the international level in ...
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This chapter explores the origins of the international human rights approaches towards racism and racial discrimination. It examines the activities and policies pursued at the international level in countering racism and racial discrimination, as well as the institutions through which such activities and policies have been pursued. It also describes an account of international human rights approaches on regional levels. It suggests a greater level of integration of national, regional, and global human rights approaches to the achievement of equality and non-discrimination for the future. It notes that apartheid is no more and decolonization is almost complete. The most important achievement of the international human rights approach to the elimination of racial discrimination has been to establish in international law a prohibition on racism as a state ideology and on the practice of all forms of racial or ethnic discrimination.Less
This chapter explores the origins of the international human rights approaches towards racism and racial discrimination. It examines the activities and policies pursued at the international level in countering racism and racial discrimination, as well as the institutions through which such activities and policies have been pursued. It also describes an account of international human rights approaches on regional levels. It suggests a greater level of integration of national, regional, and global human rights approaches to the achievement of equality and non-discrimination for the future. It notes that apartheid is no more and decolonization is almost complete. The most important achievement of the international human rights approach to the elimination of racial discrimination has been to establish in international law a prohibition on racism as a state ideology and on the practice of all forms of racial or ethnic discrimination.
Jeremy Seekings
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732166
- eISBN:
- 9780199866144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732166.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In multiracial or otherwise multicultural societies, people may discriminate in the allocation of scarce resources against members of particular racial or cultural groups. This chapter examines how ...
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In multiracial or otherwise multicultural societies, people may discriminate in the allocation of scarce resources against members of particular racial or cultural groups. This chapter examines how people in postapartheid South Africa assess the desert of others in terms of access to social assistance from the state and employment opportunities. It uses attitudinal survey data from Cape Town — a city characterized by both inequality and cultural diversity — to examine who is viewed as deserving and undeserving of public assistance. In particular, it explores whether perceptions of desert reflect racial discrimination. It is shown that there are clear perceptions of what kinds of poor people are considered deserving of public assistance and who is considered undeserving, that these perceptions are shared widely across the population, and that explicit racial consideration makes little or no differences to these perceptions. These patterns contrast with those in some other areas of public life — including, notably, employment decisions — where racial differences are evident. One lesson from the chapter is that there are some areas of public policy that are likely to be relatively amenable to building cross-racial support for interracial redistribution.Less
In multiracial or otherwise multicultural societies, people may discriminate in the allocation of scarce resources against members of particular racial or cultural groups. This chapter examines how people in postapartheid South Africa assess the desert of others in terms of access to social assistance from the state and employment opportunities. It uses attitudinal survey data from Cape Town — a city characterized by both inequality and cultural diversity — to examine who is viewed as deserving and undeserving of public assistance. In particular, it explores whether perceptions of desert reflect racial discrimination. It is shown that there are clear perceptions of what kinds of poor people are considered deserving of public assistance and who is considered undeserving, that these perceptions are shared widely across the population, and that explicit racial consideration makes little or no differences to these perceptions. These patterns contrast with those in some other areas of public life — including, notably, employment decisions — where racial differences are evident. One lesson from the chapter is that there are some areas of public policy that are likely to be relatively amenable to building cross-racial support for interracial redistribution.
Natasha K. Warikoo
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520262102
- eISBN:
- 9780520947795
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520262102.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
Peer cultures are most prominently about music and style, but they have serious ramifications for adult perceptions of students. Racial stigma within a peer culture has its own ramifications for ...
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Peer cultures are most prominently about music and style, but they have serious ramifications for adult perceptions of students. Racial stigma within a peer culture has its own ramifications for experiences with racial discrimination. This chapter analyzes second-generation perceptions of racial discrimination in and out of school. Although more than half of Americans report that they have experienced some form of day-to-day discrimination in their lives, all stereotypes and sources of discrimination are not equal. Second-generation Indians report much higher rates of racial discrimination in school than Afro-Caribbeans, which comes not from teachers and the school as an institution, but rather from peers, stemming from Indian students' low peer status. Afro-Caribbeans report high rates of discrimination outside school, from unfamiliar adults, such as shopkeepers, the police, and potential employers, who perceive them as dangerous or delinquent. These findings suggest that if experiences with discrimination in school lead to aversion to it, such aversion should be found among Indians, who are high achievers on both sides of the Atlantic. Afro-Caribbeans' experiences with discrimination outside school are an unlikely explanation for low academic achievement inside it. The very different types of racial stigma for second-generation Indians and Afro-Caribbeans lead to different consequences for status in the peer social world, and also for future opportunities for success in the adult social world.Less
Peer cultures are most prominently about music and style, but they have serious ramifications for adult perceptions of students. Racial stigma within a peer culture has its own ramifications for experiences with racial discrimination. This chapter analyzes second-generation perceptions of racial discrimination in and out of school. Although more than half of Americans report that they have experienced some form of day-to-day discrimination in their lives, all stereotypes and sources of discrimination are not equal. Second-generation Indians report much higher rates of racial discrimination in school than Afro-Caribbeans, which comes not from teachers and the school as an institution, but rather from peers, stemming from Indian students' low peer status. Afro-Caribbeans report high rates of discrimination outside school, from unfamiliar adults, such as shopkeepers, the police, and potential employers, who perceive them as dangerous or delinquent. These findings suggest that if experiences with discrimination in school lead to aversion to it, such aversion should be found among Indians, who are high achievers on both sides of the Atlantic. Afro-Caribbeans' experiences with discrimination outside school are an unlikely explanation for low academic achievement inside it. The very different types of racial stigma for second-generation Indians and Afro-Caribbeans lead to different consequences for status in the peer social world, and also for future opportunities for success in the adult social world.
Jill Quadagno
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195160390
- eISBN:
- 9780199944026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160390.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter explains how the radical politics of the South were enacted within the health care system. It shows how the performance of Medicare gave federal officials the resources to enforce racial ...
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This chapter explains how the radical politics of the South were enacted within the health care system. It shows how the performance of Medicare gave federal officials the resources to enforce racial integration on southern hospitals. The chapter notes that racial discrimination was widespread in the health care system, and that the legal basis for racial segregation was derived from the Plessy v. Ferguson case. It introduces the Hill-Burton, which was aimed at rural and poor communities that did not have access to health care, discusses the civil rights challenge, and also shows how Medicare was implemented.Less
This chapter explains how the radical politics of the South were enacted within the health care system. It shows how the performance of Medicare gave federal officials the resources to enforce racial integration on southern hospitals. The chapter notes that racial discrimination was widespread in the health care system, and that the legal basis for racial segregation was derived from the Plessy v. Ferguson case. It introduces the Hill-Burton, which was aimed at rural and poor communities that did not have access to health care, discusses the civil rights challenge, and also shows how Medicare was implemented.
Michael O. Emerson and George Yancey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199742684
- eISBN:
- 9780199943388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742684.003.0013
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
For the scholars who disagree with the solutions put forward in the previous chapter, it is whites who must dismantle the racialized society. But since the majority group benefits from the racialized ...
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For the scholars who disagree with the solutions put forward in the previous chapter, it is whites who must dismantle the racialized society. But since the majority group benefits from the racialized society, why would it be willing to work against its own racial advantage? From a utilitarian premise, no real reason exists for individuals in the majority group to want change the racial status quo. Another persistent problem for those advocating majority-group obligations is that past racial discrimination was quite blatant and easy to see. Advocates of racial solutions that emphasize majority-group obligations appeal to racial justice as a holistic approach for racial healing and thus a necessary component in solving the problems of racial alienation. This chapter explores racial justice and its importance in eliminating racism in the United States. It also discusses the concept of white responsibility, antiracism, the deconstruction of whiteness, reparations, critical race theory, multiculturalism, Marxism, and Cornel West's book entitled Race Matters (2001).Less
For the scholars who disagree with the solutions put forward in the previous chapter, it is whites who must dismantle the racialized society. But since the majority group benefits from the racialized society, why would it be willing to work against its own racial advantage? From a utilitarian premise, no real reason exists for individuals in the majority group to want change the racial status quo. Another persistent problem for those advocating majority-group obligations is that past racial discrimination was quite blatant and easy to see. Advocates of racial solutions that emphasize majority-group obligations appeal to racial justice as a holistic approach for racial healing and thus a necessary component in solving the problems of racial alienation. This chapter explores racial justice and its importance in eliminating racism in the United States. It also discusses the concept of white responsibility, antiracism, the deconstruction of whiteness, reparations, critical race theory, multiculturalism, Marxism, and Cornel West's book entitled Race Matters (2001).
Anja Seibert-Fohr
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199569328
- eISBN:
- 9780191721502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569328.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter looks at those universal human rights conventions explicitly requiring prosecution for specific human rights violations, such as genocide, torture, slavery, traffic in persons, ...
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This chapter looks at those universal human rights conventions explicitly requiring prosecution for specific human rights violations, such as genocide, torture, slavery, traffic in persons, prostitution, apartheid, racial hatred, and enforced disappearances. It explains the scope of criminal obligations under the respective conventions. Special attention is given to the standards for criminalization, investigation, and sentences, the concept of aut dedere aut judicare and the role of victims. A comparison of the conventions reveals that there is no uniform concept for the treatment of serious human rights violations. The nature of crimes, the necessary degree of public involvement, the modes of commission, and the particular steps to be taken by States including the required penalties differ.Less
This chapter looks at those universal human rights conventions explicitly requiring prosecution for specific human rights violations, such as genocide, torture, slavery, traffic in persons, prostitution, apartheid, racial hatred, and enforced disappearances. It explains the scope of criminal obligations under the respective conventions. Special attention is given to the standards for criminalization, investigation, and sentences, the concept of aut dedere aut judicare and the role of victims. A comparison of the conventions reveals that there is no uniform concept for the treatment of serious human rights violations. The nature of crimes, the necessary degree of public involvement, the modes of commission, and the particular steps to be taken by States including the required penalties differ.
Lily Geismer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157238
- eISBN:
- 9781400852420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter reveals that the fair housing movement in the Route 128 area created the grassroots support and legal means to fight racial discrimination through methods that simultaneously revealed ...
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This chapter reveals that the fair housing movement in the Route 128 area created the grassroots support and legal means to fight racial discrimination through methods that simultaneously revealed the serious limits of suburban activists to solve the problems of systemic inequality. The agendas and policies of the fair housing movement grounded in the ideals of equal opportunity and meritocratic individualism led to the creation of pathbreaking new laws and a new outpouring of support for the cause. The movement, nevertheless, succeeded in helping only a handful of primarily middle-class African Americans move into affluent communities. While the results did have symbolic importance, they did little to alleviate the housing problems of the majority of Boston's African American population or patterns of systemic residential segregation. Thus, the fair housing movement contributed to liberal ideals and modes of activism and perpetuated larger patterns of residential and class inequality.Less
This chapter reveals that the fair housing movement in the Route 128 area created the grassroots support and legal means to fight racial discrimination through methods that simultaneously revealed the serious limits of suburban activists to solve the problems of systemic inequality. The agendas and policies of the fair housing movement grounded in the ideals of equal opportunity and meritocratic individualism led to the creation of pathbreaking new laws and a new outpouring of support for the cause. The movement, nevertheless, succeeded in helping only a handful of primarily middle-class African Americans move into affluent communities. While the results did have symbolic importance, they did little to alleviate the housing problems of the majority of Boston's African American population or patterns of systemic residential segregation. Thus, the fair housing movement contributed to liberal ideals and modes of activism and perpetuated larger patterns of residential and class inequality.
N. Scott Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374964
- eISBN:
- 9780199871490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374964.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter discusses conversion arguments for and against anti-discrimination law in all of its guises. Specifically, it discusses Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibits employment ...
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This chapter discusses conversion arguments for and against anti-discrimination law in all of its guises. Specifically, it discusses Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, and gender. Also covered in is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and the Americans With Disabilities Act.Less
This chapter discusses conversion arguments for and against anti-discrimination law in all of its guises. Specifically, it discusses Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, and gender. Also covered in is the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and the Americans With Disabilities Act.
Mary Kate McGowan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199236282
- eISBN:
- 9780191741357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236282.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
In this chapter, it is argued that some instances of racist hate speech are speech acts that constitute illegal acts of racial discrimination. By identifying a previously overlooked mechanism by ...
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In this chapter, it is argued that some instances of racist hate speech are speech acts that constitute illegal acts of racial discrimination. By identifying a previously overlooked mechanism by which utterances enact norms (the covert exercitive), one comes to see that some racist hate speech enacts discriminatory norms in public places. Such speech thus acts very similarly to ‘Whites Only’ signs. This result has two important consequences. First, it affords at least a prima facie case for the regulation of this subset of racist hate speech. Second, it disproves a certain naive conception of so-called political speech. Although both racist hate speech and ‘Whites Only’ signs express political messages, they do not and should not count as political speech for the purposes of a free speech principle. Thus, expressing a political opinion is insufficient for being political speech (in the relevant sense).Less
In this chapter, it is argued that some instances of racist hate speech are speech acts that constitute illegal acts of racial discrimination. By identifying a previously overlooked mechanism by which utterances enact norms (the covert exercitive), one comes to see that some racist hate speech enacts discriminatory norms in public places. Such speech thus acts very similarly to ‘Whites Only’ signs. This result has two important consequences. First, it affords at least a prima facie case for the regulation of this subset of racist hate speech. Second, it disproves a certain naive conception of so-called political speech. Although both racist hate speech and ‘Whites Only’ signs express political messages, they do not and should not count as political speech for the purposes of a free speech principle. Thus, expressing a political opinion is insufficient for being political speech (in the relevant sense).
CHRISTOPHER McCRUDDEN
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199246038
- eISBN:
- 9780191697531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246038.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter considers how far there are international or European legal norms that require, or recommend to, national authorities particular approaches to racial discrimination. It considers what ...
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This chapter considers how far there are international or European legal norms that require, or recommend to, national authorities particular approaches to racial discrimination. It considers what guidance the international community and European regional bodies give to national authorities as to the enforcement institutions and remedies that are appropriately provided at the national level to counter racial discrimination within that country. It argues that there is a close connection between the function attributed to anti-discrimination law and the enforcement institutions that are thought to be appropriate and effective. It sketches out three models attached to the developing conceptions of equality, and demonstrates how they relate to different enforcement and remedial structures. The three models are the individual justice model, group justice model, and ‘participative model’.Less
This chapter considers how far there are international or European legal norms that require, or recommend to, national authorities particular approaches to racial discrimination. It considers what guidance the international community and European regional bodies give to national authorities as to the enforcement institutions and remedies that are appropriately provided at the national level to counter racial discrimination within that country. It argues that there is a close connection between the function attributed to anti-discrimination law and the enforcement institutions that are thought to be appropriate and effective. It sketches out three models attached to the developing conceptions of equality, and demonstrates how they relate to different enforcement and remedial structures. The three models are the individual justice model, group justice model, and ‘participative model’.
Justine Burns
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732166
- eISBN:
- 9780199866144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732166.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter reports evidence from experimental games, adapted to explicitly observe whether racial identity has any impact on social interactions among black-and-white South Africans. In the first ...
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This chapter reports evidence from experimental games, adapted to explicitly observe whether racial identity has any impact on social interactions among black-and-white South Africans. In the first “dictator game,” respondents are given an endowment of money and asked how much they would like to give to another participant. In the control cases, the race of the possible recipient is hidden. In others it is indicated by either surname or a photograph. In a second variant of such games, this time with a strategic element added, the initial gift is tripled and the recipient then asked how much she would like to give back to the initiating respondent. If the first set of games measures some element of generosity or altruism, the second emphasizes strategic trust. The results indicate that both socioeconomic context and racial identity matter. In all settings black initiators give away less money than their white counterparts, reflecting the much lower economic resources common in the black community (and thus the relative higher value of each monetary unit).Less
This chapter reports evidence from experimental games, adapted to explicitly observe whether racial identity has any impact on social interactions among black-and-white South Africans. In the first “dictator game,” respondents are given an endowment of money and asked how much they would like to give to another participant. In the control cases, the race of the possible recipient is hidden. In others it is indicated by either surname or a photograph. In a second variant of such games, this time with a strategic element added, the initial gift is tripled and the recipient then asked how much she would like to give back to the initiating respondent. If the first set of games measures some element of generosity or altruism, the second emphasizes strategic trust. The results indicate that both socioeconomic context and racial identity matter. In all settings black initiators give away less money than their white counterparts, reflecting the much lower economic resources common in the black community (and thus the relative higher value of each monetary unit).
Michael Hanchard
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195176247
- eISBN:
- 9780199851003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176247.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The theory of aversion offered in this chapter can be read as an elaboration upon some of the idea-elements, norms, and fully fledged ideological forms identified in the preceding chapter. The ...
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The theory of aversion offered in this chapter can be read as an elaboration upon some of the idea-elements, norms, and fully fledged ideological forms identified in the preceding chapter. The disparate examples of individuals who respond to conditions of racial discrimination with avoidance and aversion provide the most isolated examples of political community and collective consciousness imaginable. This chapter provides a theoretical and intuitive statement about the consequences of long-standing patterns of social interaction between dominant and subordinate group members and the possibilities of individual political responses to those patterns by individuals.Less
The theory of aversion offered in this chapter can be read as an elaboration upon some of the idea-elements, norms, and fully fledged ideological forms identified in the preceding chapter. The disparate examples of individuals who respond to conditions of racial discrimination with avoidance and aversion provide the most isolated examples of political community and collective consciousness imaginable. This chapter provides a theoretical and intuitive statement about the consequences of long-standing patterns of social interaction between dominant and subordinate group members and the possibilities of individual political responses to those patterns by individuals.
