KEVIN GRAY
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391572
- eISBN:
- 9780199775804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391572.003.007
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter examines the interaction of property, space and time within the social phenomenon that we know as the queue: the physical line-up in expectation of service. Those who stand in line tend, ...
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This chapter examines the interaction of property, space and time within the social phenomenon that we know as the queue: the physical line-up in expectation of service. Those who stand in line tend, whether consciously or not, to adopt many of the perceptions and strategies associated with proprietary entitlement. The chapter therefore explores the proprietary implications or connotations of the behavioral protocol of lining up. The normative regime of the queue is ultimately premised on some personal sense of ownership of time. Accordingly, the community of the queue has much to tell us about the nature of proprietary experience; about how, in fact, we think property. The chapter concludes that the creation of social order exemplified in the line-up for service throws a significant light on the deep origins of the concept of property.Less
This chapter examines the interaction of property, space and time within the social phenomenon that we know as the queue: the physical line-up in expectation of service. Those who stand in line tend, whether consciously or not, to adopt many of the perceptions and strategies associated with proprietary entitlement. The chapter therefore explores the proprietary implications or connotations of the behavioral protocol of lining up. The normative regime of the queue is ultimately premised on some personal sense of ownership of time. Accordingly, the community of the queue has much to tell us about the nature of proprietary experience; about how, in fact, we think property. The chapter concludes that the creation of social order exemplified in the line-up for service throws a significant light on the deep origins of the concept of property.
Peter Stone
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199756100
- eISBN:
- 9780199895120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199756100.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The previous chapter argued that the demands of justice—in particular, the demands of the impartiality principle—occasionally require the use of the sanitizing effect that lotteries can provide. This ...
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The previous chapter argued that the demands of justice—in particular, the demands of the impartiality principle—occasionally require the use of the sanitizing effect that lotteries can provide. This chapter develops three broader implications of this conclusion for how we ought to think about justice. First, the impartiality principle works at the level of the concept of justice, rather than any specific conception of justice. Second, some conceptions of justice (e.g., utilitarianism) have difficulty accommodating the impartiality principles, while others (e.g., deontic conceptions) have an easier time. Third, lotteries can usefully be distinguished from other allocative procedures with which they are often confused, such as rotation or queuing.Less
The previous chapter argued that the demands of justice—in particular, the demands of the impartiality principle—occasionally require the use of the sanitizing effect that lotteries can provide. This chapter develops three broader implications of this conclusion for how we ought to think about justice. First, the impartiality principle works at the level of the concept of justice, rather than any specific conception of justice. Second, some conceptions of justice (e.g., utilitarianism) have difficulty accommodating the impartiality principles, while others (e.g., deontic conceptions) have an easier time. Third, lotteries can usefully be distinguished from other allocative procedures with which they are often confused, such as rotation or queuing.
Neil MacCormick
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198267911
- eISBN:
- 9780191714832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267911.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter begins with a discussion of queuing as a matter of purely informal normative order grounded in the social conventions of ordinary everyday life. It distinguishes between informal or ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of queuing as a matter of purely informal normative order grounded in the social conventions of ordinary everyday life. It distinguishes between informal or conventional norms on the one hand, and on the other hand the explicit or implicit rules that may be introduced and established, or developed and recognized, by persons holding some position of authority. It then discusses institutional agencies and their role in the institutionalization of order.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of queuing as a matter of purely informal normative order grounded in the social conventions of ordinary everyday life. It distinguishes between informal or conventional norms on the one hand, and on the other hand the explicit or implicit rules that may be introduced and established, or developed and recognized, by persons holding some position of authority. It then discusses institutional agencies and their role in the institutionalization of order.
Alex Gershkov
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262028400
- eISBN:
- 9780262327732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028400.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
In this chapter the authors review several models where agents are long-lived and hence they can manipulate the timing of their purchase. They first study the case where agents are long lived but ...
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In this chapter the authors review several models where agents are long-lived and hence they can manipulate the timing of their purchase. They first study the case where agents are long lived but objects are short lived. Then they review models where both agents and goods are long lived. They present applications to queue management of randomly arriving customers who are awarded priorities for using a processing device. Finally, the authors consider a class of dynamic screening models where the population is fixed, while the private information evolves over time.Less
In this chapter the authors review several models where agents are long-lived and hence they can manipulate the timing of their purchase. They first study the case where agents are long lived but objects are short lived. Then they review models where both agents and goods are long lived. They present applications to queue management of randomly arriving customers who are awarded priorities for using a processing device. Finally, the authors consider a class of dynamic screening models where the population is fixed, while the private information evolves over time.
Alison Adam
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262062749
- eISBN:
- 9780262273343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062749.003.0024
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
The concept of the list is a better understanding with the familiarization of data structure that classifies and organizes the information in chronological order. Entity groups, dimensional arrays, ...
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The concept of the list is a better understanding with the familiarization of data structure that classifies and organizes the information in chronological order. Entity groups, dimensional arrays, queues, and stacks represent the special types of lists. This chapter outlines first-in-first-out and last-in-first-out processing techniques, and also explains the importance of list making in modern practices. It examines the LISP, a programming language that explains the power of the list.Less
The concept of the list is a better understanding with the familiarization of data structure that classifies and organizes the information in chronological order. Entity groups, dimensional arrays, queues, and stacks represent the special types of lists. This chapter outlines first-in-first-out and last-in-first-out processing techniques, and also explains the importance of list making in modern practices. It examines the LISP, a programming language that explains the power of the list.
James Bonaiuto and Kristinn R Thórisson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199231751
- eISBN:
- 9780191696527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231751.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses hierarchically organised actions in communication. One essential, but often overlooked, feature of natural dialogue is turn taking. More recently, turn taking has become an ...
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This chapter discusses hierarchically organised actions in communication. One essential, but often overlooked, feature of natural dialogue is turn taking. More recently, turn taking has become an issue in robot and virtual human research as researchers aim to make these systems more fluent and dynamic when interacting naturally with humans. The most promising way to understand turn taking is to develop a model, preferably in ways that it can be tested in interaction with real humans. This chapter describes a hybrid model that integrates features of the Ymir Turn Taking Model and Augmented Competitive Queuing by expanding key cognitive components of the former with neural mechanisms from the latter. The model is able to learn turn taking with little or no overlap in speech and to learn social turn taking cues.Less
This chapter discusses hierarchically organised actions in communication. One essential, but often overlooked, feature of natural dialogue is turn taking. More recently, turn taking has become an issue in robot and virtual human research as researchers aim to make these systems more fluent and dynamic when interacting naturally with humans. The most promising way to understand turn taking is to develop a model, preferably in ways that it can be tested in interaction with real humans. This chapter describes a hybrid model that integrates features of the Ymir Turn Taking Model and Augmented Competitive Queuing by expanding key cognitive components of the former with neural mechanisms from the latter. The model is able to learn turn taking with little or no overlap in speech and to learn social turn taking cues.
Anany Levitin and Maria Levitin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199740444
- eISBN:
- 9780197563021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199740444.003.0009
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Software Engineering
Most puzzles do not lend themselves to such simple solutions. This one is a rare exception in that the man has just one meaningful choice on all but the third trip The ...
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Most puzzles do not lend themselves to such simple solutions. This one is a rare exception in that the man has just one meaningful choice on all but the third trip The puzzle can also be solved by using the state-space graph (see [Lev06, Section 6.6]), similar to the solution of the Two Jealous Husbands puzzle in the tutorial on general design strategies. The states of the puzzle can also be represented by vertices of a cube. These alternative representations make it obvious that the seven trips is the fewest possible here. This classic puzzle was included in Alcuin’s collection—the earliest known collection of mathematical problems in Latin—which we already had a chance to mention in the first tutorial. On the appearance of this puzzle in other parts of the world, see [Ash90]. In modern times, it has become a standard feature in puzzle collections. Surprisingly, the puzzle still attracts the attention of mathematicians and computer scientists (see [Cso08]).
Less
Most puzzles do not lend themselves to such simple solutions. This one is a rare exception in that the man has just one meaningful choice on all but the third trip The puzzle can also be solved by using the state-space graph (see [Lev06, Section 6.6]), similar to the solution of the Two Jealous Husbands puzzle in the tutorial on general design strategies. The states of the puzzle can also be represented by vertices of a cube. These alternative representations make it obvious that the seven trips is the fewest possible here. This classic puzzle was included in Alcuin’s collection—the earliest known collection of mathematical problems in Latin—which we already had a chance to mention in the first tutorial. On the appearance of this puzzle in other parts of the world, see [Ash90]. In modern times, it has become a standard feature in puzzle collections. Surprisingly, the puzzle still attracts the attention of mathematicians and computer scientists (see [Cso08]).
Roberta Wue
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888208463
- eISBN:
- 9789888313280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208463.003.0005
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
Looks at portraits of the art world produced by Shanghai’s best-known artist, Ren Bonian (1840-1896). Unique for their near-exclusive focus on art world sitters, these are portraits in which the ...
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Looks at portraits of the art world produced by Shanghai’s best-known artist, Ren Bonian (1840-1896). Unique for their near-exclusive focus on art world sitters, these are portraits in which the artist collaborated with their subjects to investigate an array of artistic identities, from conventional renderings of the artist as scholar and gentleman, to unexpected depictions of artists as men about town, failures, sell-outs and beggars. These are images that exceed portraiture’s usual purpose of documenting likeness and social status, instead seeking to comment on the modern Chinese artist’s engagement with a complex and demanding urban market and art world.Less
Looks at portraits of the art world produced by Shanghai’s best-known artist, Ren Bonian (1840-1896). Unique for their near-exclusive focus on art world sitters, these are portraits in which the artist collaborated with their subjects to investigate an array of artistic identities, from conventional renderings of the artist as scholar and gentleman, to unexpected depictions of artists as men about town, failures, sell-outs and beggars. These are images that exceed portraiture’s usual purpose of documenting likeness and social status, instead seeking to comment on the modern Chinese artist’s engagement with a complex and demanding urban market and art world.
Zhou Xun
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780300184044
- eISBN:
- 9780300199246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300184044.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter describes the spread of famine in the cities. By the winter of 1959, the famine that killed millions in the Chinese countryside began to reach the cities. Food queues grew and the mass ...
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This chapter describes the spread of famine in the cities. By the winter of 1959, the famine that killed millions in the Chinese countryside began to reach the cities. Food queues grew and the mass exodus from the countryside brought millions of hungry peasants into the cities. As food reserves continued to dwindle, many cities began enforcing the ration coupon system. On top of the grain coupon, which was first introduced in 1955, oil, meat, cotton, sugar, and many other daily necessities also were rationed. Toward the end of 1960 the food crisis in Beijing and Shanghai reached a critical point. Soon both cities were left with only a few days’ food supplies.Less
This chapter describes the spread of famine in the cities. By the winter of 1959, the famine that killed millions in the Chinese countryside began to reach the cities. Food queues grew and the mass exodus from the countryside brought millions of hungry peasants into the cities. As food reserves continued to dwindle, many cities began enforcing the ration coupon system. On top of the grain coupon, which was first introduced in 1955, oil, meat, cotton, sugar, and many other daily necessities also were rationed. Toward the end of 1960 the food crisis in Beijing and Shanghai reached a critical point. Soon both cities were left with only a few days’ food supplies.
Lakshmi Srinivas
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226361420
- eISBN:
- 9780226361734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226361734.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
Chapter 4 examines the contingent nature of cinemagoing by focusing on the significance of mundanities such as tickets, queues and seating for audiences. It addresses the ways in which audiences ...
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Chapter 4 examines the contingent nature of cinemagoing by focusing on the significance of mundanities such as tickets, queues and seating for audiences. It addresses the ways in which audiences navigate the materiality and sensualities of stratified theaters, their social organization and attendant meanings of order and disorder as well as the interactions in public settings which accompany the cinema outing. It further investigates the significance of social class and gender in the active construction of the cinemagoing event. Focusing on these frequently overlooked routine aspects of cinemagoing, the chapter reveals the work audiences do in accomplishing the outing and the ways in which they are able to shape the meanings of cinemagoing and experience inside the theater.Less
Chapter 4 examines the contingent nature of cinemagoing by focusing on the significance of mundanities such as tickets, queues and seating for audiences. It addresses the ways in which audiences navigate the materiality and sensualities of stratified theaters, their social organization and attendant meanings of order and disorder as well as the interactions in public settings which accompany the cinema outing. It further investigates the significance of social class and gender in the active construction of the cinemagoing event. Focusing on these frequently overlooked routine aspects of cinemagoing, the chapter reveals the work audiences do in accomplishing the outing and the ways in which they are able to shape the meanings of cinemagoing and experience inside the theater.
Ala Sirriyeh
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781529200423
- eISBN:
- 9781529200447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529200423.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter examines how the governments of Australia, the UK and the United States have co-opted discourses of compassion for ‘deserving’ immigrants and refugees to justify the enactment of violent ...
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This chapter examines how the governments of Australia, the UK and the United States have co-opted discourses of compassion for ‘deserving’ immigrants and refugees to justify the enactment of violent and punitive policies. In particular, it explores the emergence of the figure of the people smuggler as a racialised and gendered villain in contemporary border enforcement narratives and as a target for outrage driven by ‘compassion’. It first considers how violent humanitarianism has been justified through three archetype and neocolonial characters developed through the border-enforcement narrative: the ‘suffering refugee’, the villainous ‘people smuggler’ and ‘migrant queue jumper’, and the saviour government. It then discusses the ways in which a discourse of compassion for ‘genuine’ victims has been employed to direct disapproval and outrage against smugglers and migrant ‘queue jumpers’. It also describes the criminalisation of solidarity and humanitarianism as part of the war on people smugglers.Less
This chapter examines how the governments of Australia, the UK and the United States have co-opted discourses of compassion for ‘deserving’ immigrants and refugees to justify the enactment of violent and punitive policies. In particular, it explores the emergence of the figure of the people smuggler as a racialised and gendered villain in contemporary border enforcement narratives and as a target for outrage driven by ‘compassion’. It first considers how violent humanitarianism has been justified through three archetype and neocolonial characters developed through the border-enforcement narrative: the ‘suffering refugee’, the villainous ‘people smuggler’ and ‘migrant queue jumper’, and the saviour government. It then discusses the ways in which a discourse of compassion for ‘genuine’ victims has been employed to direct disapproval and outrage against smugglers and migrant ‘queue jumpers’. It also describes the criminalisation of solidarity and humanitarianism as part of the war on people smugglers.
František Slanina
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199299683
- eISBN:
- 9780191747038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299683.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
In this chapter we show how to model the book of orders, which is the hidden layer behind the stock-price fluctuations. The models are chiefly based on the representation of orders to buy or sell as ...
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In this chapter we show how to model the book of orders, which is the hidden layer behind the stock-price fluctuations. The models are chiefly based on the representation of orders to buy or sell as two species of particles which are deposited, diffuse, and react. The theory of reaction-diffusion processes in one dimension is used, but we go beyond that. Several deposition-evaporation models are presented and compared. The principal tool is computer simulation, but analytical approaches are also used, employing mean-field approximation and matrix multiplicative processes. Simple schematic models are studied, based on one-dimensional systems of interacting particles and on the queuing theory.Less
In this chapter we show how to model the book of orders, which is the hidden layer behind the stock-price fluctuations. The models are chiefly based on the representation of orders to buy or sell as two species of particles which are deposited, diffuse, and react. The theory of reaction-diffusion processes in one dimension is used, but we go beyond that. Several deposition-evaporation models are presented and compared. The principal tool is computer simulation, but analytical approaches are also used, employing mean-field approximation and matrix multiplicative processes. Simple schematic models are studied, based on one-dimensional systems of interacting particles and on the queuing theory.
