Martina Morris (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269013
- eISBN:
- 9780191601330
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269017.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
For epidemiologists and public health professionals, the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS has provoked a fundamental re-examination of infectious disease prevention and the research needed to support it. ...
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For epidemiologists and public health professionals, the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS has provoked a fundamental re-examination of infectious disease prevention and the research needed to support it. This book documents and explains a breakthrough in behavioural research design that has emerged to confront this new challenge: the network survey. It represents a paradigm shift in epidemiology, broadening the focus from the traditional “knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP)” of individuals to mapping the relational networks that spread infection, and constrain behavioural change. Eight pioneering network studies from around the world are reviewed, with extensive detail on the sampling strategy, questionnaire development, fieldwork experiences, and key findings. In addition, there is an introduction that lays out the basics of network survey design, and a glossary of network terminology. This is a unique resource for all who wish to understand or undertake a network study.Less
For epidemiologists and public health professionals, the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS has provoked a fundamental re-examination of infectious disease prevention and the research needed to support it. This book documents and explains a breakthrough in behavioural research design that has emerged to confront this new challenge: the network survey. It represents a paradigm shift in epidemiology, broadening the focus from the traditional “knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP)” of individuals to mapping the relational networks that spread infection, and constrain behavioural change. Eight pioneering network studies from around the world are reviewed, with extensive detail on the sampling strategy, questionnaire development, fieldwork experiences, and key findings. In addition, there is an introduction that lays out the basics of network survey design, and a glossary of network terminology. This is a unique resource for all who wish to understand or undertake a network study.
Thomas Rigotti, David E. Guest, Michael Clinton, and Gisela Mohr
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542697
- eISBN:
- 9780191715389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542697.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
This chapter outlines the key features of the research on which the book is based. The research was conducted in six European countries and Israel as a comparator. It involved over 200 organizations ...
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This chapter outlines the key features of the research on which the book is based. The research was conducted in six European countries and Israel as a comparator. It involved over 200 organizations and over 5000 workers, about a third of whom were on various kinds of temporary contract. All kinds of temporary worker are included with a majority employed on fixed‐term contracts which is representative of typical national practice. Data were collected from employer representatives and from workers in each organization using extensively‐piloted questionnaires. The process of data collection and the broad content of the questionnaires are described. The statistical properties of the various scales used in the study are presented in a Technical Appendix.Less
This chapter outlines the key features of the research on which the book is based. The research was conducted in six European countries and Israel as a comparator. It involved over 200 organizations and over 5000 workers, about a third of whom were on various kinds of temporary contract. All kinds of temporary worker are included with a majority employed on fixed‐term contracts which is representative of typical national practice. Data were collected from employer representatives and from workers in each organization using extensively‐piloted questionnaires. The process of data collection and the broad content of the questionnaires are described. The statistical properties of the various scales used in the study are presented in a Technical Appendix.
Fred Luthans, Carolyn M. Youssef, and Bruce J. Avolio
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195187526
- eISBN:
- 9780199789863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187526.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This final chapter first summarizes the existing published measures of efficacy, hope, optimism, and resiliency and then presents the recently developed 24-item psychological capital questionnaire ...
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This final chapter first summarizes the existing published measures of efficacy, hope, optimism, and resiliency and then presents the recently developed 24-item psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ). This is followed by a recap of the research evidence to date on the positive relationship between the PsyCap measure and work-related outcomes. The major portion of the chapter is devoted to the developmental guidelines for PsyCap, and the recent psychological capital intervention (PCI) model is presented. Detailed attention is given to assessing the return on PsyCap investment by using utility analysis on a variety of examples and specifically a PsyCap training intervention study that yielded a 270 percent return. The concluding sections recognize potential limitations and pitfalls and future implications and directions for research and practice.Less
This final chapter first summarizes the existing published measures of efficacy, hope, optimism, and resiliency and then presents the recently developed 24-item psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ). This is followed by a recap of the research evidence to date on the positive relationship between the PsyCap measure and work-related outcomes. The major portion of the chapter is devoted to the developmental guidelines for PsyCap, and the recent psychological capital intervention (PCI) model is presented. Detailed attention is given to assessing the return on PsyCap investment by using utility analysis on a variety of examples and specifically a PsyCap training intervention study that yielded a 270 percent return. The concluding sections recognize potential limitations and pitfalls and future implications and directions for research and practice.
E. J. Milner-Gulland and Marcus Rowcliffe
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198530367
- eISBN:
- 9780191713095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530367.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter summarizes the methods available for collecting data about people's motivations for natural resource use, thus providing information on the social and economic facets of sustainability. ...
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This chapter summarizes the methods available for collecting data about people's motivations for natural resource use, thus providing information on the social and economic facets of sustainability. The key methods covered include questionnaire surveys, participatory methods, direct observations, experimental economics, cost-benefit analysis and the use of existing databases such as government records. The emphasis is on effective sampling in order to provide representative quantitative results, but qualitative methods for understanding resource users' motivations are also covered. Research on people can cause significant harm if not carried out sensitively, and ethical issues are examined, outlining the steps needed to avoid any negative impacts of the research. Understanding social and economic sustainability generally requires a case-specific combination of techniques, and a set of case studies is used to illustrate a range of possible approaches.Less
This chapter summarizes the methods available for collecting data about people's motivations for natural resource use, thus providing information on the social and economic facets of sustainability. The key methods covered include questionnaire surveys, participatory methods, direct observations, experimental economics, cost-benefit analysis and the use of existing databases such as government records. The emphasis is on effective sampling in order to provide representative quantitative results, but qualitative methods for understanding resource users' motivations are also covered. Research on people can cause significant harm if not carried out sensitively, and ethical issues are examined, outlining the steps needed to avoid any negative impacts of the research. Understanding social and economic sustainability generally requires a case-specific combination of techniques, and a set of case studies is used to illustrate a range of possible approaches.
Jakob Bue Bjorner and Jørn Olsen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239481
- eISBN:
- 9780191716973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239481.003.006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
In most epidemiologic studies, questionnaires are used as the main source of information, or at least as a part of the information. This chapter provides guidelines for teaching how best to construct ...
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In most epidemiologic studies, questionnaires are used as the main source of information, or at least as a part of the information. This chapter provides guidelines for teaching how best to construct such a questionnaire and how to examine its validity. It includes design of questionnaires, rules for asking questions, and references to psychometric methods to examine validity.Less
In most epidemiologic studies, questionnaires are used as the main source of information, or at least as a part of the information. This chapter provides guidelines for teaching how best to construct such a questionnaire and how to examine its validity. It includes design of questionnaires, rules for asking questions, and references to psychometric methods to examine validity.
Ádám Miklósi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter discusses the difference between temperament and personality in dog behaviour. Although both concepts assume context independent aspects of behaviour, the former is believed to relate ...
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This chapter discusses the difference between temperament and personality in dog behaviour. Although both concepts assume context independent aspects of behaviour, the former is believed to relate more strongly to inherited factors whilst the latter is associated with the adult animal reflecting the influence of experience and learning. There are various ways to measure both temperament and personality in dogs, which has resulted in confusing results. The chapter critically examines the methods used and proposes a more ethologically-oriented approach. Finally, both physiological and genetic correlates of personality are presented, which could promote understanding of the biological factors underlying personality in dogs.Less
This chapter discusses the difference between temperament and personality in dog behaviour. Although both concepts assume context independent aspects of behaviour, the former is believed to relate more strongly to inherited factors whilst the latter is associated with the adult animal reflecting the influence of experience and learning. There are various ways to measure both temperament and personality in dogs, which has resulted in confusing results. The chapter critically examines the methods used and proposes a more ethologically-oriented approach. Finally, both physiological and genetic correlates of personality are presented, which could promote understanding of the biological factors underlying personality in dogs.
Jane W. Davidson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195167498
- eISBN:
- 9780199867707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167498.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter considers a range of ways in which the social psychology of music may be tackled empirically. Since most music-making is a social activity, this is a particularly important area of ...
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This chapter considers a range of ways in which the social psychology of music may be tackled empirically. Since most music-making is a social activity, this is a particularly important area of study. Topics covered include the study of social factors in the acquisition of musical skills, using biographical surveys, questionnaires, and case studies; social factors in musical taste; the study of social dynamics in musical ensembles; and the social psychology of individual differences in music. This last section includes a discussion of the use of personality questionnaires, projective and objective testing methods, and the relationship between personality research and musical preferences. The chapter concludes by indicating the wide range of social psychological research questions in relation to music that still await proper research, and encourages researchers to use imaginative but systematic methods in tackling them.Less
This chapter considers a range of ways in which the social psychology of music may be tackled empirically. Since most music-making is a social activity, this is a particularly important area of study. Topics covered include the study of social factors in the acquisition of musical skills, using biographical surveys, questionnaires, and case studies; social factors in musical taste; the study of social dynamics in musical ensembles; and the social psychology of individual differences in music. This last section includes a discussion of the use of personality questionnaires, projective and objective testing methods, and the relationship between personality research and musical preferences. The chapter concludes by indicating the wide range of social psychological research questions in relation to music that still await proper research, and encourages researchers to use imaginative but systematic methods in tackling them.
David Royse, Michele Staton‐Tindall, Karen Badger, and J. Matthew Webster
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368789
- eISBN:
- 9780199863860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:royes/9780195368789.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter discusses ways of analyzing and interpreting data collected for a needs assessment project based on the type of design that is selected. Analysis of qualitative data is also discussed ...
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This chapter discusses ways of analyzing and interpreting data collected for a needs assessment project based on the type of design that is selected. Analysis of qualitative data is also discussed for those who have used focus groups or questionnaires that have employed open-ended questions. Quantitative data analytic strategies include data editing and checking, frequencies and univariate analyses, and examination of variables two at a time. Qualitative data analyses include understanding and interpreting themes and patterns in the data and drawing conclusions. The chapter also highlights some published needs assessment articles which have used quantitative and qualitative analytic approaches.Less
This chapter discusses ways of analyzing and interpreting data collected for a needs assessment project based on the type of design that is selected. Analysis of qualitative data is also discussed for those who have used focus groups or questionnaires that have employed open-ended questions. Quantitative data analytic strategies include data editing and checking, frequencies and univariate analyses, and examination of variables two at a time. Qualitative data analyses include understanding and interpreting themes and patterns in the data and drawing conclusions. The chapter also highlights some published needs assessment articles which have used quantitative and qualitative analytic approaches.
Christine DeMars
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195377033
- eISBN:
- 9780199847341
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377033.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book addresses an important issue for the design of survey instruments, which is rarely taught in graduate programs beyond those specifically for statisticians. Item Response Theory is used to ...
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This book addresses an important issue for the design of survey instruments, which is rarely taught in graduate programs beyond those specifically for statisticians. Item Response Theory is used to describe the application of mathematical models to data from questionnaires and tests as a basis for measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables. It is used for statistical analysis and the development of assessments, often for high stakes tests such as the Graduate Record Examination. This volume includes examples of both good and bad write-ups for the methods sections of journal articles.Less
This book addresses an important issue for the design of survey instruments, which is rarely taught in graduate programs beyond those specifically for statisticians. Item Response Theory is used to describe the application of mathematical models to data from questionnaires and tests as a basis for measuring abilities, attitudes, or other variables. It is used for statistical analysis and the development of assessments, often for high stakes tests such as the Graduate Record Examination. This volume includes examples of both good and bad write-ups for the methods sections of journal articles.
Ann Morning
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520270305
- eISBN:
- 9780520950146
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520270305.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
What do Americans think “race” means? What determines one's race — appearance, ancestry, genes, or culture? How do education, government, and business influence our views on race? To unravel these ...
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What do Americans think “race” means? What determines one's race — appearance, ancestry, genes, or culture? How do education, government, and business influence our views on race? To unravel these complex questions, the book takes a close look at how scientists are influencing ideas about race through teaching and textbooks. Drawing from in-depth interviews with biologists, anthropologists, and undergraduates, the book explores different conceptions of race — finding for example, that while many sociologists now assume that race is a social invention or “construct,” anthropologists and biologists are far from such a consensus. It discusses powerful new genetic accounts of race, and considers how corporations and the government use scientific research — for example, in designing DNA ancestry tests or census questionnaires — in ways that often reinforce the idea that race is biologically determined. Widening the debate about race beyond the pages of scholarly journals, this book dissects competing definitions in straightforward language to reveal the logic and assumptions underpinning today's claims about human difference.Less
What do Americans think “race” means? What determines one's race — appearance, ancestry, genes, or culture? How do education, government, and business influence our views on race? To unravel these complex questions, the book takes a close look at how scientists are influencing ideas about race through teaching and textbooks. Drawing from in-depth interviews with biologists, anthropologists, and undergraduates, the book explores different conceptions of race — finding for example, that while many sociologists now assume that race is a social invention or “construct,” anthropologists and biologists are far from such a consensus. It discusses powerful new genetic accounts of race, and considers how corporations and the government use scientific research — for example, in designing DNA ancestry tests or census questionnaires — in ways that often reinforce the idea that race is biologically determined. Widening the debate about race beyond the pages of scholarly journals, this book dissects competing definitions in straightforward language to reveal the logic and assumptions underpinning today's claims about human difference.
James R. Lewis and Christine Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378443
- eISBN:
- 9780199869701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378443.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Demographic questionnaires were administered to members of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) in 2005 and 2008. This chapter examines the membership's characteristics and analyzes how people became ...
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Demographic questionnaires were administered to members of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) in 2005 and 2008. This chapter examines the membership's characteristics and analyzes how people became members. Though some of the OCS data support generally accepted conclusions that researchers have drawn from earlier studies of new religious movements, on certain points the data call into question—sometimes dramatically—prior generalizations. Thus, for example, the scholarly consensus is that the great majority of recruits become involved in new religious movements (NRMs) in response to the “youth crisis” that takes place during the difficult transition from adolescence to adulthood. The average member of the order, however, became involved in his or her 30s. This and a number of other characteristics of the OCS membership challenge general conclusions about recruits to new religions that have been drawn from previous research.Less
Demographic questionnaires were administered to members of the Order of Christ Sophia (OCS) in 2005 and 2008. This chapter examines the membership's characteristics and analyzes how people became members. Though some of the OCS data support generally accepted conclusions that researchers have drawn from earlier studies of new religious movements, on certain points the data call into question—sometimes dramatically—prior generalizations. Thus, for example, the scholarly consensus is that the great majority of recruits become involved in new religious movements (NRMs) in response to the “youth crisis” that takes place during the difficult transition from adolescence to adulthood. The average member of the order, however, became involved in his or her 30s. This and a number of other characteristics of the OCS membership challenge general conclusions about recruits to new religions that have been drawn from previous research.
ROBERT V. DODGE
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199857203
- eISBN:
- 9780199932597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199857203.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
The essential skill needed for strategic thinking and the basis of game theory involves vicarious thinking. One must think as the other is thinking to make a strategic decision and the other is ...
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The essential skill needed for strategic thinking and the basis of game theory involves vicarious thinking. One must think as the other is thinking to make a strategic decision and the other is operating in the same manner. This chapter is devoted to a questionnaire Schelling developed when he was a Yale professor. It involves two near similar questionnaires where individuals who cannot communicate attempt to answer questions the same way, or in some cases, to their own advantage by trying to think about how the other will answer. Similar “A” and “B” questionnaires are included so that the “B” questionnaire can be removed and answered by a second party. There is also an answered questionnaire included that can be matched with the “A” questionnaire, based on fifteen years of experience involving the answers students provide.Less
The essential skill needed for strategic thinking and the basis of game theory involves vicarious thinking. One must think as the other is thinking to make a strategic decision and the other is operating in the same manner. This chapter is devoted to a questionnaire Schelling developed when he was a Yale professor. It involves two near similar questionnaires where individuals who cannot communicate attempt to answer questions the same way, or in some cases, to their own advantage by trying to think about how the other will answer. Similar “A” and “B” questionnaires are included so that the “B” questionnaire can be removed and answered by a second party. There is also an answered questionnaire included that can be matched with the “A” questionnaire, based on fifteen years of experience involving the answers students provide.
Jon A. Krosnick and Arthur Lupia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151458
- eISBN:
- 9781400840298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151458.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter explains the introduction of certain changes to the ANES, in response to the National Science Foundation's 2004 challenge to the scholarly community to update the ANES in ways that would ...
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This chapter explains the introduction of certain changes to the ANES, in response to the National Science Foundation's 2004 challenge to the scholarly community to update the ANES in ways that would increase its scholarly and social value. It features a plan to change how the ANES conducted its business. Part of the plan included reactivating the use of pilot studies, which in the past had allowed ANES users to evaluate new measures. Another part of the plan was a mechanism for incorporating ideas from many people into the process of questionnaire design. The chapter begins by arguing that broader participation and greater transparency in the process of survey design improves the content and legitimacy of survey-based election research. It then reviews attempts to achieve such outcomes through the “Online Commons” and the 2006 ANES Pilot Study.Less
This chapter explains the introduction of certain changes to the ANES, in response to the National Science Foundation's 2004 challenge to the scholarly community to update the ANES in ways that would increase its scholarly and social value. It features a plan to change how the ANES conducted its business. Part of the plan included reactivating the use of pilot studies, which in the past had allowed ANES users to evaluate new measures. Another part of the plan was a mechanism for incorporating ideas from many people into the process of questionnaire design. The chapter begins by arguing that broader participation and greater transparency in the process of survey design improves the content and legitimacy of survey-based election research. It then reviews attempts to achieve such outcomes through the “Online Commons” and the 2006 ANES Pilot Study.
Steven Hitlin and Katherine W. O. Kramer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151458
- eISBN:
- 9781400840298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151458.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter augments the discussion of the values measures in the 2006 ANES Pilot Study in three ways. First, it compares the items drawn from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) with the ...
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This chapter augments the discussion of the values measures in the 2006 ANES Pilot Study in three ways. First, it compares the items drawn from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) with the options that were presented in an alternate format, coming down strongly in support of using the PVQ items. Second, this chapter analyzes the PVQ items along two factor-derived dimensions to suggest alternative uses of these measures—uses that allow comparisons of potential ANES data with other cross-national surveys like the World Values Surveys. Third, the chapter provides empirical illustrations of the utility of this approach for understanding important political phenomena, focusing on voting behavior and presidential approval.Less
This chapter augments the discussion of the values measures in the 2006 ANES Pilot Study in three ways. First, it compares the items drawn from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) with the options that were presented in an alternate format, coming down strongly in support of using the PVQ items. Second, this chapter analyzes the PVQ items along two factor-derived dimensions to suggest alternative uses of these measures—uses that allow comparisons of potential ANES data with other cross-national surveys like the World Values Surveys. Third, the chapter provides empirical illustrations of the utility of this approach for understanding important political phenomena, focusing on voting behavior and presidential approval.
Jon A. Krosnick and Arthur Lupia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151458
- eISBN:
- 9781400840298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151458.003.0020
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter describes the manner by which the ANES converted the insights of many people into strong and innovative questionnaires. This description is broken into two stages to reflect the nature ...
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This chapter describes the manner by which the ANES converted the insights of many people into strong and innovative questionnaires. This description is broken into two stages to reflect the nature of the decision-making processes. The first stage began in 2006, two years before the general election of 2008. The chapter describes how a large set of new questions were evaluated and which questions were to be included in the 2006 Pilot Study. The second stage began about six weeks after the pilot study, when the data was released to the public. This period started at the end of 2006 and continued into the early months of 2008. The chapter looks at how the Pilot Study Reports from the period were evaluated and how these evaluations affected choices of which questions would appear on one or more of the 2008 studies.Less
This chapter describes the manner by which the ANES converted the insights of many people into strong and innovative questionnaires. This description is broken into two stages to reflect the nature of the decision-making processes. The first stage began in 2006, two years before the general election of 2008. The chapter describes how a large set of new questions were evaluated and which questions were to be included in the 2006 Pilot Study. The second stage began about six weeks after the pilot study, when the data was released to the public. This period started at the end of 2006 and continued into the early months of 2008. The chapter looks at how the Pilot Study Reports from the period were evaluated and how these evaluations affected choices of which questions would appear on one or more of the 2008 studies.
Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D. Vohs, and David C. Funder
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377798
- eISBN:
- 9780199864522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association’s current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the ...
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Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association’s current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the science. Yet some psychological subdisciplines have never directly studied behavior, and behavior is dwindling rapidly in other subdisciplines. We discuss the eclipse of behavior in personality and social psychology, in which direct observation of behavior has been increasingly supplanted by introspective self-reports, hypothetical scenarios, and questionnaire ratings. We advocate a renewed commitment to including direct observation of behavior whenever possible, and in at least a healthy minority of research projects.Less
Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association’s current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the science. Yet some psychological subdisciplines have never directly studied behavior, and behavior is dwindling rapidly in other subdisciplines. We discuss the eclipse of behavior in personality and social psychology, in which direct observation of behavior has been increasingly supplanted by introspective self-reports, hypothetical scenarios, and questionnaire ratings. We advocate a renewed commitment to including direct observation of behavior whenever possible, and in at least a healthy minority of research projects.
Lena Palaniyappan and Rajeev Krishnadas
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199550777
- eISBN:
- 9780191917790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199550777.003.0004
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Professional Development in Medicine
Walter Willett
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122978
- eISBN:
- 9780199864249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.003.05
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Food frequency questionnaires have become the primary method for measuring dietary intake in epidemiological studies. Such questionnaires are directed to the dietary exposure of conceptual interest ...
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Food frequency questionnaires have become the primary method for measuring dietary intake in epidemiological studies. Such questionnaires are directed to the dietary exposure of conceptual interest in most applications, which is average intake over an extended period of time. This chapter discusses the design of food frequency questionnaires. Topics covered include the food list, frequency response action, options for portion size information, computation of nutrient intakes, and the use of empirical predictor scores.Less
Food frequency questionnaires have become the primary method for measuring dietary intake in epidemiological studies. Such questionnaires are directed to the dietary exposure of conceptual interest in most applications, which is average intake over an extended period of time. This chapter discusses the design of food frequency questionnaires. Topics covered include the food list, frequency response action, options for portion size information, computation of nutrient intakes, and the use of empirical predictor scores.
Michael J. Lambert and Kenichi Shimokawa
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199737208
- eISBN:
- 9780199894635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737208.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
While highly effective, psychotherapy outcome studies suggest 5%–14% of clients worsen while in treatment and that therapists are unable to identify a substantial portion of such cases. Methods to ...
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While highly effective, psychotherapy outcome studies suggest 5%–14% of clients worsen while in treatment and that therapists are unable to identify a substantial portion of such cases. Methods to systematically collect feedback from psychotherapy clients are discussed, and two systems for monitoring treatment response, feeding back this information and assisting in problem solving with such cases, are described. Within these systems, obtaining client ratings of their relationship appear to be highly important. This chapter summarizes an original meta-analysis of the effects of these feedback systems. The number of psychotherapy patients who deteriorate can be cut in half by use of these systems. The chapter concludes with a series of practice implications, including that clinicians seriously consider making formal methods of collecting client feedback a routine part of their daily practice.Less
While highly effective, psychotherapy outcome studies suggest 5%–14% of clients worsen while in treatment and that therapists are unable to identify a substantial portion of such cases. Methods to systematically collect feedback from psychotherapy clients are discussed, and two systems for monitoring treatment response, feeding back this information and assisting in problem solving with such cases, are described. Within these systems, obtaining client ratings of their relationship appear to be highly important. This chapter summarizes an original meta-analysis of the effects of these feedback systems. The number of psychotherapy patients who deteriorate can be cut in half by use of these systems. The chapter concludes with a series of practice implications, including that clinicians seriously consider making formal methods of collecting client feedback a routine part of their daily practice.
Neil Conway and Rob B. Briner
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280643
- eISBN:
- 9780191700125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280643.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Organization Studies
This chapter describes the main methods used to research the psychological contract and briefly considers their strengths and weaknesses. It examines the weaknesses of the questionnaire survey, the ...
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This chapter describes the main methods used to research the psychological contract and briefly considers their strengths and weaknesses. It examines the weaknesses of the questionnaire survey, the most common research method, along with other methodological and design limitations of typical studies in the field. The cross-sectional questionnaire survey is designed to detect associations between attitudes at a very general level and will be of little use in studying the occurrence, experience, consequence, and evolution of psychological contract content and breach. Daily diaries are proposed as an alternative approach that can be used to overcome many of the limitations of current research methods. This chapter then looks at a number of important areas of the psychological contract that have received relatively little research attention.Less
This chapter describes the main methods used to research the psychological contract and briefly considers their strengths and weaknesses. It examines the weaknesses of the questionnaire survey, the most common research method, along with other methodological and design limitations of typical studies in the field. The cross-sectional questionnaire survey is designed to detect associations between attitudes at a very general level and will be of little use in studying the occurrence, experience, consequence, and evolution of psychological contract content and breach. Daily diaries are proposed as an alternative approach that can be used to overcome many of the limitations of current research methods. This chapter then looks at a number of important areas of the psychological contract that have received relatively little research attention.
