Samuel Paul, Kala Seetharam Sridhar, A. Venugopala Reddy, and Pavan Srinath
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198080381
- eISBN:
- 9780199081622
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198080381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Cities in Karnataka, as in India, suffer from inadequate data and information, which has undermined their ability and that of analysts and policymakers to comprehend the complex forces shaping cities ...
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Cities in Karnataka, as in India, suffer from inadequate data and information, which has undermined their ability and that of analysts and policymakers to comprehend the complex forces shaping cities and to develop and implement effective urban policies. Given the importance of cities in Karnataka’s economic growth and development, the book undertakes a review of 15 major cities. While it is clear that no existing studies present the state of cities in India’s context, not collecting this information has disastrous consequences for cities, since they would not be in a position to understand their own growth nor predict their future planning for public services. This book attempts to fill in this vacuum. In this book, indicators and benchmarks are developed for six thematic areas that capture the dynamics and potential of urban areas: history and governance, demographics, economic dimensions, infrastructure and public services, resources, and quality of life. Policymakers, city officials, investors, real estate developers, infrastructure agencies, financiers, industry, credit rating agencies, the educated general public, and researchers would be interested in the book since it has implications for the business environment and quality of living in these cities. The book also provides a description of best practices in service delivery across the 15 cities, so that these can be shared across the cities, and competition encouraged among them for firms, investment, and better residents with promise of a better quality of living.Less
Cities in Karnataka, as in India, suffer from inadequate data and information, which has undermined their ability and that of analysts and policymakers to comprehend the complex forces shaping cities and to develop and implement effective urban policies. Given the importance of cities in Karnataka’s economic growth and development, the book undertakes a review of 15 major cities. While it is clear that no existing studies present the state of cities in India’s context, not collecting this information has disastrous consequences for cities, since they would not be in a position to understand their own growth nor predict their future planning for public services. This book attempts to fill in this vacuum. In this book, indicators and benchmarks are developed for six thematic areas that capture the dynamics and potential of urban areas: history and governance, demographics, economic dimensions, infrastructure and public services, resources, and quality of life. Policymakers, city officials, investors, real estate developers, infrastructure agencies, financiers, industry, credit rating agencies, the educated general public, and researchers would be interested in the book since it has implications for the business environment and quality of living in these cities. The book also provides a description of best practices in service delivery across the 15 cities, so that these can be shared across the cities, and competition encouraged among them for firms, investment, and better residents with promise of a better quality of living.
Elizabeth Wicks
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547395
- eISBN:
- 9780191594373
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547395.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Medical Law
The right to life is a core human right which has not yet received the detailed legal analysis that it requires. This book provides detailed, critical analysis of the controversial human right to ...
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The right to life is a core human right which has not yet received the detailed legal analysis that it requires. This book provides detailed, critical analysis of the controversial human right to life and, in particular, assesses the weight of conflicting interests which could and/or should serve to override the right. This contemporary study of the right to life focuses on the legal, as well as ethical, issues raised by the value of life in modern day society. It seeks to analyse the development, meaning and value of the fundamental human right to life in the context of its conflicts with other competing interests. The book begins with an overview of the right to life in which the concept of life itself is first analysed, before both the right and its legal protection and enforcement are subjected to historical, philosophical and comparative analysis. The remainder of the book identifies, and assesses the merits of, various competing interests. These comprise armed conflict; prevention of crime; rights of others; autonomy; quality of life; and finite resources. The right to life is unusual in having potential application to so many of today’s ethically controversial questions. This new work investigates specific topics of current political, legal and ethical concern such as the right to life during international conflicts, the role of lethal force in law enforcement, the death penalty, the right to life of a foetus in the context of legalized abortion, and the significance of quality of life and autonomy issues in respect of euthanasia and assisted suicide.Less
The right to life is a core human right which has not yet received the detailed legal analysis that it requires. This book provides detailed, critical analysis of the controversial human right to life and, in particular, assesses the weight of conflicting interests which could and/or should serve to override the right. This contemporary study of the right to life focuses on the legal, as well as ethical, issues raised by the value of life in modern day society. It seeks to analyse the development, meaning and value of the fundamental human right to life in the context of its conflicts with other competing interests. The book begins with an overview of the right to life in which the concept of life itself is first analysed, before both the right and its legal protection and enforcement are subjected to historical, philosophical and comparative analysis. The remainder of the book identifies, and assesses the merits of, various competing interests. These comprise armed conflict; prevention of crime; rights of others; autonomy; quality of life; and finite resources. The right to life is unusual in having potential application to so many of today’s ethically controversial questions. This new work investigates specific topics of current political, legal and ethical concern such as the right to life during international conflicts, the role of lethal force in law enforcement, the death penalty, the right to life of a foetus in the context of legalized abortion, and the significance of quality of life and autonomy issues in respect of euthanasia and assisted suicide.
David J. Bearison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195389272
- eISBN:
- 9780199979219
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195389272.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine
This book is a sequel to When treatment fails: How Medicine Cares for Dying Children (Oxford University Press, 2006). Its purpose was to systematically document persuasive issues that arise in ...
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This book is a sequel to When treatment fails: How Medicine Cares for Dying Children (Oxford University Press, 2006). Its purpose was to systematically document persuasive issues that arise in pediatric end-of-life palliative care: when to withhold or withdraw curative treatments, how to manage pain and suffering, how to communicate bad news to patients and families, how the staff copes with patients dying and how they are able to move on, how best to train staff in pediatric end-of-life care, and how the staff understands the reactions of dying patients and their families. Similar in form (i.e., narrative analyses) and purpose, this book addresses these issues. It systematically analyzes and documents the challenges of pediatric end-of-life palliative care but does so from the special perspectives provided by narratives from children at the end of their lives and their families. It captures the frustrating and diverse voices among dying children and their parents. Together, these two books significantly advance ways to improve standards of care and promote transparency in ethically complicated deliberations concerning end-of-life care for children. Their findings will be used to develop pediatric palliative care policies and guidelines, teaching programs, advocacy resources, treatment protocols, and innovative service delivery models of national significance that improve the quality-of- life for children who are approaching the end of life and their families.Less
This book is a sequel to When treatment fails: How Medicine Cares for Dying Children (Oxford University Press, 2006). Its purpose was to systematically document persuasive issues that arise in pediatric end-of-life palliative care: when to withhold or withdraw curative treatments, how to manage pain and suffering, how to communicate bad news to patients and families, how the staff copes with patients dying and how they are able to move on, how best to train staff in pediatric end-of-life care, and how the staff understands the reactions of dying patients and their families. Similar in form (i.e., narrative analyses) and purpose, this book addresses these issues. It systematically analyzes and documents the challenges of pediatric end-of-life palliative care but does so from the special perspectives provided by narratives from children at the end of their lives and their families. It captures the frustrating and diverse voices among dying children and their parents. Together, these two books significantly advance ways to improve standards of care and promote transparency in ethically complicated deliberations concerning end-of-life care for children. Their findings will be used to develop pediatric palliative care policies and guidelines, teaching programs, advocacy resources, treatment protocols, and innovative service delivery models of national significance that improve the quality-of- life for children who are approaching the end of life and their families.
Partha Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288350
- eISBN:
- 9780191596094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288352.003.0020
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The main part of this chapter discusses normative considerations on population and savings. It has five sections. The first discusses parental concerns on the well‐being of their children in relation ...
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The main part of this chapter discusses normative considerations on population and savings. It has five sections. The first discusses parental concerns on the well‐being of their children in relation to savings. The second discusses the Genesis Problem (which in its purest form asks how many lives there should be, enjoying what standards), and the Repugnant Conclusion (which, in Parfit's formulation states that ‘For any population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some larger imaginable population whose existence,if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living). Section (3) questions whether the Repugnant Conclusion is repugnant when applied to comparisons of well‐being in the Genesis Problem, and section 4 argues that the Genesis Problem is irrelevant in real life, which addresses actual problems. Section (5) looks at population ethics. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *13) gives theoretical presentations on classical utilitarianism in a limited world.Less
The main part of this chapter discusses normative considerations on population and savings. It has five sections. The first discusses parental concerns on the well‐being of their children in relation to savings. The second discusses the Genesis Problem (which in its purest form asks how many lives there should be, enjoying what standards), and the Repugnant Conclusion (which, in Parfit's formulation states that ‘For any population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some larger imaginable population whose existence,if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living). Section (3) questions whether the Repugnant Conclusion is repugnant when applied to comparisons of well‐being in the Genesis Problem, and section 4 argues that the Genesis Problem is irrelevant in real life, which addresses actual problems. Section (5) looks at population ethics. An extra and separate section (designated Chapter *13) gives theoretical presentations on classical utilitarianism in a limited world.
Charles Jones
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242221
- eISBN:
- 9780191697067
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242221.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
What obligations do the world's wealthy people have to ensure that the world's poor achieve a quality of life that is recognisably human? This is the fundamental question of international ...
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What obligations do the world's wealthy people have to ensure that the world's poor achieve a quality of life that is recognisably human? This is the fundamental question of international distributive justice, and surprisingly a question that has been the subject of serious debate only in the past three decades. This book outlines and evaluates the main competing moral perspectives framing these debates, assessing the relative merits of the utilitarian, human rights, and neo-Kantian perspectives before answering the nationalist, patriotic, relativist, and constitutivist challenges to moral universalism. The book defends a form of cosmopolitanism involving a commitment to basic human rights, and provides both a guide to the state of the art in disputes about global justice, and a distinctive defense of the moral case for change in the international system.Less
What obligations do the world's wealthy people have to ensure that the world's poor achieve a quality of life that is recognisably human? This is the fundamental question of international distributive justice, and surprisingly a question that has been the subject of serious debate only in the past three decades. This book outlines and evaluates the main competing moral perspectives framing these debates, assessing the relative merits of the utilitarian, human rights, and neo-Kantian perspectives before answering the nationalist, patriotic, relativist, and constitutivist challenges to moral universalism. The book defends a form of cosmopolitanism involving a commitment to basic human rights, and provides both a guide to the state of the art in disputes about global justice, and a distinctive defense of the moral case for change in the international system.
Julie Hearn and Kathryn Myers (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192631831
- eISBN:
- 9780191730221
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631831.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Day care for people with advanced diseases is one of the most rapidly expanding components of palliative care in the UK, and is increasingly a focus of new-service development throughout the world. ...
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Day care for people with advanced diseases is one of the most rapidly expanding components of palliative care in the UK, and is increasingly a focus of new-service development throughout the world. Many benefits, in terms of quality of life, holistic care for the patient and family and increased time at home are claimed by day care. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current philosophy, patterns, and policies of palliative day care. It places emphasis on the need to evaluate performance in palliative day care and describes in detail aspects such as audit, health economics, and research, and their associated problems and pitfalls. For readers new to the field it aims to survey the broad concepts and components of palliative day care and the philosophies and practical issues that relate to them. For those more experienced in the field, it seeks to highlight some of the questions, challenges, and dilemmas that palliative day care services face and which will need to be addressed in the years ahead.Less
Day care for people with advanced diseases is one of the most rapidly expanding components of palliative care in the UK, and is increasingly a focus of new-service development throughout the world. Many benefits, in terms of quality of life, holistic care for the patient and family and increased time at home are claimed by day care. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current philosophy, patterns, and policies of palliative day care. It places emphasis on the need to evaluate performance in palliative day care and describes in detail aspects such as audit, health economics, and research, and their associated problems and pitfalls. For readers new to the field it aims to survey the broad concepts and components of palliative day care and the philosophies and practical issues that relate to them. For those more experienced in the field, it seeks to highlight some of the questions, challenges, and dilemmas that palliative day care services face and which will need to be addressed in the years ahead.
Derek Doyle and David Jeffrey
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192632272
- eISBN:
- 9780191730245
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632272.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Most people with far-advanced illness wish to be cared for at home for as long as possible. The challenge of providing good palliative care at home is therefore of major importance for family ...
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Most people with far-advanced illness wish to be cared for at home for as long as possible. The challenge of providing good palliative care at home is therefore of major importance for family doctors, nurses, and all those committed to maintaining the highest possible quality of life for the dying person. As modern specialist palliative care has raised both standards of care and also public expectations of family doctors and community nurses, this book helps to place specialist care in context. As palliative care is a major responsibility for teams providing care at home, the book provides a definitive guide on how to provide effective care for people with far-advanced disease. It has been written by two palliative specialists, both of whom have been family doctors. The book deals with all the physical, emotional, spiritual, and social problems that will be encountered by family doctors and community nurses caring for patients and relatives in a home setting. It deals in detail with emergencies, communications, and ethical issues, and emphasises throughout the importance of team work.Less
Most people with far-advanced illness wish to be cared for at home for as long as possible. The challenge of providing good palliative care at home is therefore of major importance for family doctors, nurses, and all those committed to maintaining the highest possible quality of life for the dying person. As modern specialist palliative care has raised both standards of care and also public expectations of family doctors and community nurses, this book helps to place specialist care in context. As palliative care is a major responsibility for teams providing care at home, the book provides a definitive guide on how to provide effective care for people with far-advanced disease. It has been written by two palliative specialists, both of whom have been family doctors. The book deals with all the physical, emotional, spiritual, and social problems that will be encountered by family doctors and community nurses caring for patients and relatives in a home setting. It deals in detail with emergencies, communications, and ethical issues, and emphasises throughout the importance of team work.
Andrew Davies and Ilora Finlay (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192632432
- eISBN:
- 9780191730375
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632432.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Lesions of the oral cavity have an enormous impact on the quality of life of patients with advanced disease. They cause considerable morbidity and diminish a patient's physical and psychological well ...
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Lesions of the oral cavity have an enormous impact on the quality of life of patients with advanced disease. They cause considerable morbidity and diminish a patient's physical and psychological well being. Oral complications impair oral nutrition and can cause a variety of problems including malnutrition, anorexia, and cachexia. Psychological problems relate to the role that the oral cavity plays in communication and social life. This book provides comprehensive, clinically relevant, evidence-based guidelines on oral problems to ensure first-rate care. The scientific foundations and research base for their management underpin the discussion throughout. A multi-disciplinary group of contributors provide authoritative guidelines on clinical features, investigations, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, as well as complementary therapies. Chapters cover oral assessment, hygiene, domiciliary dental care, infections, taste disturbance, pain, HIV infection and AIDS, neurological diseases, and paediatric problems.Less
Lesions of the oral cavity have an enormous impact on the quality of life of patients with advanced disease. They cause considerable morbidity and diminish a patient's physical and psychological well being. Oral complications impair oral nutrition and can cause a variety of problems including malnutrition, anorexia, and cachexia. Psychological problems relate to the role that the oral cavity plays in communication and social life. This book provides comprehensive, clinically relevant, evidence-based guidelines on oral problems to ensure first-rate care. The scientific foundations and research base for their management underpin the discussion throughout. A multi-disciplinary group of contributors provide authoritative guidelines on clinical features, investigations, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment, as well as complementary therapies. Chapters cover oral assessment, hygiene, domiciliary dental care, infections, taste disturbance, pain, HIV infection and AIDS, neurological diseases, and paediatric problems.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168754
- eISBN:
- 9780199783601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168755.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Technical advances based on unprecedented levels of energy use brought a new phenomenon of mass consumption as well as many obvious gains in the typical quality of life. However, they have not ...
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Technical advances based on unprecedented levels of energy use brought a new phenomenon of mass consumption as well as many obvious gains in the typical quality of life. However, they have not substantially reduced economic inequality. They also introduced new risks (ranging from car accidents to nuclear weapons) and some worrisome environmental changes, especially the possibility of relatively rapid global warming.Less
Technical advances based on unprecedented levels of energy use brought a new phenomenon of mass consumption as well as many obvious gains in the typical quality of life. However, they have not substantially reduced economic inequality. They also introduced new risks (ranging from car accidents to nuclear weapons) and some worrisome environmental changes, especially the possibility of relatively rapid global warming.
Nick Bosanquet and Chris Salisbury
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192629913
- eISBN:
- 9780191730153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629913.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter details the aim of this study, which is to identify the proper and cost-effective model of service delivery and level of provision of palliative care services. In it, the ten questions ...
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This chapter details the aim of this study, which is to identify the proper and cost-effective model of service delivery and level of provision of palliative care services. In it, the ten questions that were geared to meet and address the overall aim of the study are outlined. These ten questions address 1) the pattern of palliative care usage, 2) the level of need for palliative care, 3) the models for palliative care, 4) the costs and benefits of the models of palliative care, 5) the appropriate skill mix in palliative care nursing, 6) patient and carer satisfaction, 7) the impact of palliative care models on the quality of life of the patients, 8) the impact of the alternative models of service delivery on the sectors of the palliative care network, 9) the changes and improvements brought about by the models of organisation and bed utilisation in the care of dying patients in hospitals, and 10) the relationship between the models of palliative care in cancer and in other diseases.Less
This chapter details the aim of this study, which is to identify the proper and cost-effective model of service delivery and level of provision of palliative care services. In it, the ten questions that were geared to meet and address the overall aim of the study are outlined. These ten questions address 1) the pattern of palliative care usage, 2) the level of need for palliative care, 3) the models for palliative care, 4) the costs and benefits of the models of palliative care, 5) the appropriate skill mix in palliative care nursing, 6) patient and carer satisfaction, 7) the impact of palliative care models on the quality of life of the patients, 8) the impact of the alternative models of service delivery on the sectors of the palliative care network, 9) the changes and improvements brought about by the models of organisation and bed utilisation in the care of dying patients in hospitals, and 10) the relationship between the models of palliative care in cancer and in other diseases.
Derek Doyle, David Jeffrey, and Kenneth Calman
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192632272
- eISBN:
- 9780191730245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632272.003.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Palliative care aims to give the best quality of life for patients with incurable life-threatening diseases. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms associated with these ...
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Palliative care aims to give the best quality of life for patients with incurable life-threatening diseases. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms associated with these diseases. Palliative care also aims to provide a support system to aid the family in coping with the patient's illness and their bereavement. One of the most significant phases of palliative care is the terminal care that takes place in the last days of life and which aims to provide a dignified death for the patient. This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the primary care teams in providing palliative care within the home setting. Among these are communication problems; continuity of care; competency of the multidisciplinary specialist palliative care teams; team work within the multidisciplinary teams; ethical issues and dilemmas; investment of time by the health care providers; needs of the relatives and carers; and partnership between the family, patients, and professionals.Less
Palliative care aims to give the best quality of life for patients with incurable life-threatening diseases. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms associated with these diseases. Palliative care also aims to provide a support system to aid the family in coping with the patient's illness and their bereavement. One of the most significant phases of palliative care is the terminal care that takes place in the last days of life and which aims to provide a dignified death for the patient. This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the primary care teams in providing palliative care within the home setting. Among these are communication problems; continuity of care; competency of the multidisciplinary specialist palliative care teams; team work within the multidisciplinary teams; ethical issues and dilemmas; investment of time by the health care providers; needs of the relatives and carers; and partnership between the family, patients, and professionals.
R. S. Downie and K. C. Calman
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192624086
- eISBN:
- 9780191723728
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192624086.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the problems of defining and measuring quality of life. In particular, the distinction between quantity and quality of life is important. Three objectives are distinguished: ...
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This chapter discusses the problems of defining and measuring quality of life. In particular, the distinction between quantity and quality of life is important. Three objectives are distinguished: curing an illness, controlling an illness, and improving quality of life. To improve quality of lie on its own without affecting quantity is a legitimate objective. The quality of life of the staff must not be neglected.Less
This chapter discusses the problems of defining and measuring quality of life. In particular, the distinction between quantity and quality of life is important. Three objectives are distinguished: curing an illness, controlling an illness, and improving quality of life. To improve quality of lie on its own without affecting quantity is a legitimate objective. The quality of life of the staff must not be neglected.
Lisa L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331684
- eISBN:
- 9780199867967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331684.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter begins with a discussion of the need to re-vision political mobilization and interest group activity through the lens provided by politicized urban neighborhoods. The scholarly emphasis ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the need to re-vision political mobilization and interest group activity through the lens provided by politicized urban neighborhoods. The scholarly emphasis on formal organization, resource mobilization, and policy strategies often obscures low-income residents' active political engagement with a full range of quality-of-life issues, from graffiti, vandalism, and illegal billboard advertisements to aggressive drug dealing, hate crimes, and gun violence. The chapter details the interest group environment on the crime issue in two large urban locales, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. At the urban level—unlike the state and national levels—this chapter reveals a stunning array of broadly focused citizen groups that are active and regular participants in crime control politics. These groups range from formal organizations, such as long-standing community councils, to informal and new organizations formed in the aftermath of tragic, violent crimes. They interact with lawmakers through legislative hearings but also through a wide range of informal contacts. In contrast, police and prosecutors are more limited in their interaction with legislators, which shifts problem definitions and policy frames away from punishing offenders and toward broader social problems facing high-crime communities.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the need to re-vision political mobilization and interest group activity through the lens provided by politicized urban neighborhoods. The scholarly emphasis on formal organization, resource mobilization, and policy strategies often obscures low-income residents' active political engagement with a full range of quality-of-life issues, from graffiti, vandalism, and illegal billboard advertisements to aggressive drug dealing, hate crimes, and gun violence. The chapter details the interest group environment on the crime issue in two large urban locales, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. At the urban level—unlike the state and national levels—this chapter reveals a stunning array of broadly focused citizen groups that are active and regular participants in crime control politics. These groups range from formal organizations, such as long-standing community councils, to informal and new organizations formed in the aftermath of tragic, violent crimes. They interact with lawmakers through legislative hearings but also through a wide range of informal contacts. In contrast, police and prosecutors are more limited in their interaction with legislators, which shifts problem definitions and policy frames away from punishing offenders and toward broader social problems facing high-crime communities.
Ed Diener, Richard E. Lucas, Ulrich Schimmack, and John F. Helliwell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195334074
- eISBN:
- 9780199893928
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334074.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter introduces the idea that measures of well-being provide information that can be useful to policy makers in enhancing quality of life by creating more astute policies and regulations. The ...
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This chapter introduces the idea that measures of well-being provide information that can be useful to policy makers in enhancing quality of life by creating more astute policies and regulations. The themes of the chapters in the book, including the shortcomings of existing measures and how surveys of well-being can complement these limitations, are introduced. The chapters provide insights into why well-being measures are needed, and answer common objections to the measures. Policy issue examples are described, and the nature of the surveys that are needed is outlined.Less
This chapter introduces the idea that measures of well-being provide information that can be useful to policy makers in enhancing quality of life by creating more astute policies and regulations. The themes of the chapters in the book, including the shortcomings of existing measures and how surveys of well-being can complement these limitations, are introduced. The chapters provide insights into why well-being measures are needed, and answer common objections to the measures. Policy issue examples are described, and the nature of the surveys that are needed is outlined.
Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Many of our distinctively human social traits are interwoven with simulational propensities. A stroll through simulation-related topics includes the psychological underpinnings of social bonds, our ...
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Many of our distinctively human social traits are interwoven with simulational propensities. A stroll through simulation-related topics includes the psychological underpinnings of social bonds, our fascination with fiction, and the relevance of simulation and empathy to moral theory. The “chameleon effect”, which involves unconscious mimicry of facial expressions, postures, and mannerisms, promotes cohesion and liking within a group. Enactment imagination and empathy lie at the core of our experience of fiction. Emotional empathy, i.e., affective contagion, is a crucial determinant of the quality of life, and high-level empathy, or perspective taking, plays a critical role in moral motivation and moral principles, especially universalization principles like the golden rule.Less
Many of our distinctively human social traits are interwoven with simulational propensities. A stroll through simulation-related topics includes the psychological underpinnings of social bonds, our fascination with fiction, and the relevance of simulation and empathy to moral theory. The “chameleon effect”, which involves unconscious mimicry of facial expressions, postures, and mannerisms, promotes cohesion and liking within a group. Enactment imagination and empathy lie at the core of our experience of fiction. Emotional empathy, i.e., affective contagion, is a crucial determinant of the quality of life, and high-level empathy, or perspective taking, plays a critical role in moral motivation and moral principles, especially universalization principles like the golden rule.
Fiona Randall and R S Downie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198567363
- eISBN:
- 9780191730535
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567363.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. ...
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The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. It is now being applied not only to cancer patients, but to all patients in end-of-life situations. As this palliative care approach advances, it is important to pause and comment on its effectiveness. It is a philosophy of patient care, and is therefore open to critique and evaluation. Using the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 3rd edition as their basic reference, the authors present their argument that the palliative care approach has become too busy and over-professionalised, and that it therefore has significant weaknesses. They examine the framework of the specialty – quality of life, autonomy, dignity, patient-centredness, and the priority assigned to relatives in the remit of care – and the moral problems associated with implementing such a philosophy. The resource implications of various healthcare policies are also discussed in relation to the WHO definition. Whilst the authors defend the achievements of palliative care and those who work in the profession, they present suggestions for an alternative philosophy that prompts many ethical and philosophical questions about the future of palliative care.Less
The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. It is now being applied not only to cancer patients, but to all patients in end-of-life situations. As this palliative care approach advances, it is important to pause and comment on its effectiveness. It is a philosophy of patient care, and is therefore open to critique and evaluation. Using the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 3rd edition as their basic reference, the authors present their argument that the palliative care approach has become too busy and over-professionalised, and that it therefore has significant weaknesses. They examine the framework of the specialty – quality of life, autonomy, dignity, patient-centredness, and the priority assigned to relatives in the remit of care – and the moral problems associated with implementing such a philosophy. The resource implications of various healthcare policies are also discussed in relation to the WHO definition. Whilst the authors defend the achievements of palliative care and those who work in the profession, they present suggestions for an alternative philosophy that prompts many ethical and philosophical questions about the future of palliative care.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262035774
- eISBN:
- 9780262338301
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035774.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Energy is the only universal currency; it is necessary for getting anything done. The conversion of energy on Earth ranges from terra-forming forces of plate tectonics to cumulative erosive effects ...
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Energy is the only universal currency; it is necessary for getting anything done. The conversion of energy on Earth ranges from terra-forming forces of plate tectonics to cumulative erosive effects of raindrops. Life on Earth depends on the photosynthetic conversion of solar energy into plant biomass. Humans have come to rely on many more energy flows—ranging from fossil fuels to photovoltaic generation of electricity—for their civilized existence. This book provides a comprehensive account of how energy has shaped society, from pre-agricultural foraging societies through today’s fossil fuel-driven civilization. Humans are the only species that can systematically harness energies outside their bodies, using the power of their intellect and an enormous variety of artifacts—from the simplest tools to internal combustion engines and nuclear reactors. The epochal transition to fossil fuels affected everything: agriculture, industry, transportation, weapons, communication, economics, urbanization, quality of life, politics, and the environment. This book describes humanity’s energy eras in panoramic and interdisciplinary fashion, offering readers a magisterial overview.Less
Energy is the only universal currency; it is necessary for getting anything done. The conversion of energy on Earth ranges from terra-forming forces of plate tectonics to cumulative erosive effects of raindrops. Life on Earth depends on the photosynthetic conversion of solar energy into plant biomass. Humans have come to rely on many more energy flows—ranging from fossil fuels to photovoltaic generation of electricity—for their civilized existence. This book provides a comprehensive account of how energy has shaped society, from pre-agricultural foraging societies through today’s fossil fuel-driven civilization. Humans are the only species that can systematically harness energies outside their bodies, using the power of their intellect and an enormous variety of artifacts—from the simplest tools to internal combustion engines and nuclear reactors. The epochal transition to fossil fuels affected everything: agriculture, industry, transportation, weapons, communication, economics, urbanization, quality of life, politics, and the environment. This book describes humanity’s energy eras in panoramic and interdisciplinary fashion, offering readers a magisterial overview.
Geoffrey P Dunn and Alan G Johnson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198510000
- eISBN:
- 9780191730184
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198510000.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This book describes the principles and practice of surgery in the context of palliative and supportive care. Surgery is often considered too invasive to be useful in palliation and clinicians ...
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This book describes the principles and practice of surgery in the context of palliative and supportive care. Surgery is often considered too invasive to be useful in palliation and clinicians instinctively turn to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other drugs. Surgery, with increasingly minimal access to techniques, may be simpler and less invasive than other treatments and produces excellent palliation. Indeed, most types of surgery are not curative and the aim of this book is to alert all concerned with palliative care to the usefulness and appropriateness of a surgical option. The text is divided into two sections: the first deals with general issues, varying from quality-of-life measurement to spirituality; and the second illustrates their application in different specialties of surgery ranging from neurosurgery to urology. The book ends with a challenge to surgeons to change their perspective from curative surgery, in terms of simply cure or failure, to improvement in quality of life and relief of symptoms.Less
This book describes the principles and practice of surgery in the context of palliative and supportive care. Surgery is often considered too invasive to be useful in palliation and clinicians instinctively turn to radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other drugs. Surgery, with increasingly minimal access to techniques, may be simpler and less invasive than other treatments and produces excellent palliation. Indeed, most types of surgery are not curative and the aim of this book is to alert all concerned with palliative care to the usefulness and appropriateness of a surgical option. The text is divided into two sections: the first deals with general issues, varying from quality-of-life measurement to spirituality; and the second illustrates their application in different specialties of surgery ranging from neurosurgery to urology. The book ends with a challenge to surgeons to change their perspective from curative surgery, in terms of simply cure or failure, to improvement in quality of life and relief of symptoms.
Sheila Peace and Jeanne Katz
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198510710
- eISBN:
- 9780191730276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198510710.003.0012
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine and Older People, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses end-of-life care in nursing and residential homes in Great Britain. The quality of dying of residents has been often neglected in favour of providing them a good quality of ...
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This chapter discusses end-of-life care in nursing and residential homes in Great Britain. The quality of dying of residents has been often neglected in favour of providing them a good quality of life while they are still living. While no one will deny that the quality of life needs to improve for these older people, the uneven boundary between life and death needs to be acknowledged and the quality of death given equal recognition.Less
This chapter discusses end-of-life care in nursing and residential homes in Great Britain. The quality of dying of residents has been often neglected in favour of providing them a good quality of life while they are still living. While no one will deny that the quality of life needs to improve for these older people, the uneven boundary between life and death needs to be acknowledged and the quality of death given equal recognition.
Kirsten Wentlandt and Camilla Zimmermann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599400
- eISBN:
- 9780191739170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599400.003.0035
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
The use of palliative care services has been increasing for the last few decades. Despite this, many cancer centres and general hospitals still do not have palliative care services, and there is ...
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The use of palliative care services has been increasing for the last few decades. Despite this, many cancer centres and general hospitals still do not have palliative care services, and there is continuation of aggressive treatment at the end of life (defined broadly as treatments and settings designed for prolonging life, rather than improving quality of life). An aggressive approach is often sustained even in patients who are close to death, and in countries such as the United States, Belgium, and Canada, more than 40% of all deaths still occur in hospital acute care units. This chapter reviews the literature pertaining to aggressiveness of care and use of palliative care and hospice services near the end of life. It examines characteristics associated with aggressiveness of care or hospice/palliative care use on the level of the physician, patient, and health care system, and discusses implications for quality of care and quality of life for patient and family.Less
The use of palliative care services has been increasing for the last few decades. Despite this, many cancer centres and general hospitals still do not have palliative care services, and there is continuation of aggressive treatment at the end of life (defined broadly as treatments and settings designed for prolonging life, rather than improving quality of life). An aggressive approach is often sustained even in patients who are close to death, and in countries such as the United States, Belgium, and Canada, more than 40% of all deaths still occur in hospital acute care units. This chapter reviews the literature pertaining to aggressiveness of care and use of palliative care and hospice services near the end of life. It examines characteristics associated with aggressiveness of care or hospice/palliative care use on the level of the physician, patient, and health care system, and discusses implications for quality of care and quality of life for patient and family.
