Andrew Mason
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199264414
- eISBN:
- 9780191718489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264414.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter begins with an examination of the simple view that equality of opportunity requires open competition for advantaged social positions. It is argued that this idea is not really so simple. ...
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This chapter begins with an examination of the simple view that equality of opportunity requires open competition for advantaged social positions. It is argued that this idea is not really so simple. The notion of an open competition and the idea of a qualification which it presupposes are more complicated than they seem, and need to be looked at in a broad account of justice in general, or equality of opportunity in particular. The simple view must be regarded as incomplete: it is implausible to suppose, for example, that open competition for advantaged social positions is a sufficient condition of equality of opportunity. Reflection upon the simple view suggests that any adequate account of equality of opportunity must include at least two components: the idea that there should be open competition for advantaged social positions, and that there should be fair access to the qualifications required for success in these competitions.Less
This chapter begins with an examination of the simple view that equality of opportunity requires open competition for advantaged social positions. It is argued that this idea is not really so simple. The notion of an open competition and the idea of a qualification which it presupposes are more complicated than they seem, and need to be looked at in a broad account of justice in general, or equality of opportunity in particular. The simple view must be regarded as incomplete: it is implausible to suppose, for example, that open competition for advantaged social positions is a sufficient condition of equality of opportunity. Reflection upon the simple view suggests that any adequate account of equality of opportunity must include at least two components: the idea that there should be open competition for advantaged social positions, and that there should be fair access to the qualifications required for success in these competitions.
Andrew Mason
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199264414
- eISBN:
- 9780191718489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264414.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter examines the most obvious way of developing a meritocratic account, one in terms of the idea of desert. According to this approach, the best-qualified candidates should be appointed to ...
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This chapter examines the most obvious way of developing a meritocratic account, one in terms of the idea of desert. According to this approach, the best-qualified candidates should be appointed to advantaged social positions because they deserve to be, provided there is fair access to qualifications. David Miller's version of this approach is examined. He maintains that the best-qualified applicants for jobs deserve them because they are the most likely to come to deserve the rewards attached to them, at least when the market is functioning properly. Against this approach, it is argued that ordinary judgements about economic desert are sensitive to effort-making, not just achievement, and the degree of effort that people make corresponds in a highly imperfect way to their qualifications.Less
This chapter examines the most obvious way of developing a meritocratic account, one in terms of the idea of desert. According to this approach, the best-qualified candidates should be appointed to advantaged social positions because they deserve to be, provided there is fair access to qualifications. David Miller's version of this approach is examined. He maintains that the best-qualified applicants for jobs deserve them because they are the most likely to come to deserve the rewards attached to them, at least when the market is functioning properly. Against this approach, it is argued that ordinary judgements about economic desert are sensitive to effort-making, not just achievement, and the degree of effort that people make corresponds in a highly imperfect way to their qualifications.
Andrew Mason
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199264414
- eISBN:
- 9780191718489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264414.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
In order to defend a version of the mitigation approach as opposed to the neutralization approach, a plausible set of principles that might constitute that approach must be identified. The strategy ...
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In order to defend a version of the mitigation approach as opposed to the neutralization approach, a plausible set of principles that might constitute that approach must be identified. The strategy here is to work from the bottom up: to seek defensible principles to govern specific goods or specific aspects of people's circumstances, and then to see whether they can be grounded in more abstract principles. The chapter focuses on three areas: access to qualifications, the giving of gifts and bequests, and the effects of differences in natural talents and abilities. The principles that emerge should be thought of as working together to spell out what kind of impact differences in social circumstances and natural endowments may justly have upon access to advantage. These different principles have different characters: some are best understood as quasi-egalitarian, whilst others are grounded in a moderate version of the sufficiency view.Less
In order to defend a version of the mitigation approach as opposed to the neutralization approach, a plausible set of principles that might constitute that approach must be identified. The strategy here is to work from the bottom up: to seek defensible principles to govern specific goods or specific aspects of people's circumstances, and then to see whether they can be grounded in more abstract principles. The chapter focuses on three areas: access to qualifications, the giving of gifts and bequests, and the effects of differences in natural talents and abilities. The principles that emerge should be thought of as working together to spell out what kind of impact differences in social circumstances and natural endowments may justly have upon access to advantage. These different principles have different characters: some are best understood as quasi-egalitarian, whilst others are grounded in a moderate version of the sufficiency view.
Richard Layte and Christopher T. Whelan
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The Irish case provides a particularly appropriate test of the consequences for social mobility of economic growth and, in particular, of the hypothesis of increasing merit selection. This is so not ...
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The Irish case provides a particularly appropriate test of the consequences for social mobility of economic growth and, in particular, of the hypothesis of increasing merit selection. This is so not only because the lateness and speed of economic change allows us to capture it through a set of national surveys conducted in the past three decades but because such change was based on a sustained policy of increased openness to international competitive forces. The functional requirements of the economy and a rapid increase in the supply of those with higher educational qualifications provided an ideal context in which to observe the predicted movement from ascription to achievement. However, while changes in the class structure and a rapid expansion of educational opportunity had significant consequences in terms of absolute mobility, there was no clear evidence of a significant shift towards meritocratic principles; indeed, the impact of educational qualifications on class destination diminished. Controlling for education, we find that the impact of class origin effects is substantial and shows relatively little sign of diminishing over time.Less
The Irish case provides a particularly appropriate test of the consequences for social mobility of economic growth and, in particular, of the hypothesis of increasing merit selection. This is so not only because the lateness and speed of economic change allows us to capture it through a set of national surveys conducted in the past three decades but because such change was based on a sustained policy of increased openness to international competitive forces. The functional requirements of the economy and a rapid increase in the supply of those with higher educational qualifications provided an ideal context in which to observe the predicted movement from ascription to achievement. However, while changes in the class structure and a rapid expansion of educational opportunity had significant consequences in terms of absolute mobility, there was no clear evidence of a significant shift towards meritocratic principles; indeed, the impact of educational qualifications on class destination diminished. Controlling for education, we find that the impact of class origin effects is substantial and shows relatively little sign of diminishing over time.
Giorgia Brunello, Pietro Garibaldi, and Etienne Wasmer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199210978
- eISBN:
- 9780191705786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210978.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Every year, the European economy generates a large number of high school and college / university graduates who begin their search for their first job. The transition from school to work can be slow ...
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Every year, the European economy generates a large number of high school and college / university graduates who begin their search for their first job. The transition from school to work can be slow and is often associated with long spells of unemployment. Paradoxically, companies also claim that their posted vacancies cannot easily be filled by the numerous graduate or school-leaving jobseekers, due to a lack of sufficiently qualified or available labour force. This chapter attempts to measure the magnitude of this mismatch, and provide some suggestions for correcting it. The discussion focuses on the causes and consequences of skill mismatch in the EU-15 using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for the period 1994-2001. After presenting a short overview of the phenomenon of skill mismatch in the EU-15 economies, the analysis concentrates on the five largest EU-15 countries. The analysis is complemented by focusing on Poland. Finally, this chapter offers new empirical evidence of the labour market consequences of under- and over-education in Poland, and when possible, draws some tentative lines of comparison with the other EU countries.Less
Every year, the European economy generates a large number of high school and college / university graduates who begin their search for their first job. The transition from school to work can be slow and is often associated with long spells of unemployment. Paradoxically, companies also claim that their posted vacancies cannot easily be filled by the numerous graduate or school-leaving jobseekers, due to a lack of sufficiently qualified or available labour force. This chapter attempts to measure the magnitude of this mismatch, and provide some suggestions for correcting it. The discussion focuses on the causes and consequences of skill mismatch in the EU-15 using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for the period 1994-2001. After presenting a short overview of the phenomenon of skill mismatch in the EU-15 economies, the analysis concentrates on the five largest EU-15 countries. The analysis is complemented by focusing on Poland. Finally, this chapter offers new empirical evidence of the labour market consequences of under- and over-education in Poland, and when possible, draws some tentative lines of comparison with the other EU countries.
Dr. Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter focuses on the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code to understand the duties and powers of the Chapter 7 Trustee. The Chapter 7 ...
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This chapter focuses on the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code to understand the duties and powers of the Chapter 7 Trustee. The Chapter 7 Trustee serves as the liquidator, and has primary responsibility for the investigation of the debtor. Information on the process for the selection, qualification, and compensation of the Chapter 7 Trustee is also presented.Less
This chapter focuses on the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code to understand the duties and powers of the Chapter 7 Trustee. The Chapter 7 Trustee serves as the liquidator, and has primary responsibility for the investigation of the debtor. Information on the process for the selection, qualification, and compensation of the Chapter 7 Trustee is also presented.
Anne-Lise Christensen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195176704
- eISBN:
- 9780199864706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176704.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
In this context the first chapter concentrates on Luria's theories and his work in science, stressing individuality and variability. In his diagnostic methods two issues are emphasized: (1) the ...
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In this context the first chapter concentrates on Luria's theories and his work in science, stressing individuality and variability. In his diagnostic methods two issues are emphasized: (1) the concept of function, considered as complex functional systems, not localized, but distributed as networks across broader areas of the brain, and (2) the right technique for the careful analysis of these networks, since each local lesion of the cortex results in a very specific type of disturbance. It is suggested that the application of these principles to the examination of the brain injured patient will lead not only to a more precise and early diagnosis but at the same time provide the possibility for a careful planning of the most effective treatment procedure and planning of rehabilitation.Less
In this context the first chapter concentrates on Luria's theories and his work in science, stressing individuality and variability. In his diagnostic methods two issues are emphasized: (1) the concept of function, considered as complex functional systems, not localized, but distributed as networks across broader areas of the brain, and (2) the right technique for the careful analysis of these networks, since each local lesion of the cortex results in a very specific type of disturbance. It is suggested that the application of these principles to the examination of the brain injured patient will lead not only to a more precise and early diagnosis but at the same time provide the possibility for a careful planning of the most effective treatment procedure and planning of rehabilitation.
John D. Skrentny
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159966
- eISBN:
- 9781400848492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159966.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter introduces the problems of the roles racial differences play in the workplace. It discusses the changes in the way Americans talk about race and what pragmatic and progressive voices say ...
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This chapter introduces the problems of the roles racial differences play in the workplace. It discusses the changes in the way Americans talk about race and what pragmatic and progressive voices say that they want since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Never before has such a wide variety of employers, advocates, activists, and government leaders in American society discussed the benefits of racial diversity and the utility of racial difference in such a broad range of contexts. Thus, the chapter points out the emerging discourse of race as a qualification for employment, and briefly details the many issues as well as the role of established laws on such an issue. It also lays out the conceptual foundations upon which the following chapters will be based on.Less
This chapter introduces the problems of the roles racial differences play in the workplace. It discusses the changes in the way Americans talk about race and what pragmatic and progressive voices say that they want since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Never before has such a wide variety of employers, advocates, activists, and government leaders in American society discussed the benefits of racial diversity and the utility of racial difference in such a broad range of contexts. Thus, the chapter points out the emerging discourse of race as a qualification for employment, and briefly details the many issues as well as the role of established laws on such an issue. It also lays out the conceptual foundations upon which the following chapters will be based on.
Paul Attewell and S. Madheswaran
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732166
- eISBN:
- 9780199866144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732166.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines inequality in the formal sector in urban India — the part of the economy that is more integrated into the global economic system — and pays special attention to caste-related ...
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This chapter examines inequality in the formal sector in urban India — the part of the economy that is more integrated into the global economic system — and pays special attention to caste-related income and employment gaps among highly educated employees. Education pays a significant premium and that, over time, the return on ever-higher qualifications has increased. Predictably this has produced more inequality across classes in India. But this is not coming at the expense of more traditional forms of discrimination. It is shown that returns on education vary by caste and that those on the bottom of the hierarchy benefit less from their educational investment than those above.Less
This chapter examines inequality in the formal sector in urban India — the part of the economy that is more integrated into the global economic system — and pays special attention to caste-related income and employment gaps among highly educated employees. Education pays a significant premium and that, over time, the return on ever-higher qualifications has increased. Predictably this has produced more inequality across classes in India. But this is not coming at the expense of more traditional forms of discrimination. It is shown that returns on education vary by caste and that those on the bottom of the hierarchy benefit less from their educational investment than those above.
Alok Kumar and Sushanta K. Chatterjee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082279
- eISBN:
- 9780199082063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082279.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter introduces the legal and policy provisions on the competitive procurement of electricity in India, which are one of the most important features of the Act. The salient features of the ...
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This chapter introduces the legal and policy provisions on the competitive procurement of electricity in India, which are one of the most important features of the Act. The salient features of the Competitive Bidding Guidelines issued by the Government of India under Section 63 of the Act have been covered. The chapter also covers the key features of the standard bidding documents like Request for Qualification (RfQ), Request for Proposal (RfP), and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The chapter explains in a simple language the various aspects of competitive procurement, including procurement under both location neutral and location specific procurement queries. It also describes in brief the experiences so far on competitive procurement and analyses the emerging issues and suggests the way forward to institutionalize competitive procurement in the sector.Less
This chapter introduces the legal and policy provisions on the competitive procurement of electricity in India, which are one of the most important features of the Act. The salient features of the Competitive Bidding Guidelines issued by the Government of India under Section 63 of the Act have been covered. The chapter also covers the key features of the standard bidding documents like Request for Qualification (RfQ), Request for Proposal (RfP), and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The chapter explains in a simple language the various aspects of competitive procurement, including procurement under both location neutral and location specific procurement queries. It also describes in brief the experiences so far on competitive procurement and analyses the emerging issues and suggests the way forward to institutionalize competitive procurement in the sector.
Douglas Kerr
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198123705
- eISBN:
- 9780191671609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198123705.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
‘The Smoky Cellar of the Forester's House’ — the last letter that Owen wrote — contained a very emotional scene in which there was no distance between the officers and other ranks as they all had to ...
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‘The Smoky Cellar of the Forester's House’ — the last letter that Owen wrote — contained a very emotional scene in which there was no distance between the officers and other ranks as they all had to stay in a cellar. Such situations were found to be rare since one of the most important aspects of the army involves the distinction of officers from the other men. The distribution of rank worked in such a way that the poor comprised the ‘other ranks’ while the officer corps were composed of the people who had been to public school and training in either Woolwich or Sandhurst. The European land war in 1914 changed traditional methods, and Wilfred Owen rose to a junior officer position. This chapter looks into the factors that determine whether one could be an officer through qualifications, influence, and even luck. It also analyses how Owen had been able to achieve his position.Less
‘The Smoky Cellar of the Forester's House’ — the last letter that Owen wrote — contained a very emotional scene in which there was no distance between the officers and other ranks as they all had to stay in a cellar. Such situations were found to be rare since one of the most important aspects of the army involves the distinction of officers from the other men. The distribution of rank worked in such a way that the poor comprised the ‘other ranks’ while the officer corps were composed of the people who had been to public school and training in either Woolwich or Sandhurst. The European land war in 1914 changed traditional methods, and Wilfred Owen rose to a junior officer position. This chapter looks into the factors that determine whether one could be an officer through qualifications, influence, and even luck. It also analyses how Owen had been able to achieve his position.
Robin C. A. White
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198267768
- eISBN:
- 9780191683367
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267768.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter discusses approaches to mutual recognition of qualifications. The starting point is Community legislation, but there is a significant bundle of rights flowing from the case law of the ...
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This chapter discusses approaches to mutual recognition of qualifications. The starting point is Community legislation, but there is a significant bundle of rights flowing from the case law of the Court which might be of assistance to a citizen of the Union seeking to export his or her qualifications, and should operate as an inhibition to competent bodies in the Member States in refusing recognition to qualifications from another Member State without a good faith consideration of their equivalence to national qualifications.Less
This chapter discusses approaches to mutual recognition of qualifications. The starting point is Community legislation, but there is a significant bundle of rights flowing from the case law of the Court which might be of assistance to a citizen of the Union seeking to export his or her qualifications, and should operate as an inhibition to competent bodies in the Member States in refusing recognition to qualifications from another Member State without a good faith consideration of their equivalence to national qualifications.
Samuel Guttenplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280896
- eISBN:
- 9780191602627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280894.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
Beginning with Nelson Goodman’s notion of exemplification, the possibility of using non-word objects (where ‘objects’ include events, states of affairs, situations and the like) to fulfil the ...
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Beginning with Nelson Goodman’s notion of exemplification, the possibility of using non-word objects (where ‘objects’ include events, states of affairs, situations and the like) to fulfil the predicative function ordinarily accomplished by words and expressions in language is described. It is shown that there are in fact many kinds of cases in which this function called ‘qualification’ does figure, albeit unnoticed, in dealings with objects. This notion of qualification is intended to be correlative with, and of the same generality as, reference, and with reference it enables a better understanding of the primitive structure that Quine and Strawson call the ‘basic combination’. Aside from its importance to philosophical logic, qualification serves as one of the main ingredients in the account of metaphor.Less
Beginning with Nelson Goodman’s notion of exemplification, the possibility of using non-word objects (where ‘objects’ include events, states of affairs, situations and the like) to fulfil the predicative function ordinarily accomplished by words and expressions in language is described. It is shown that there are in fact many kinds of cases in which this function called ‘qualification’ does figure, albeit unnoticed, in dealings with objects. This notion of qualification is intended to be correlative with, and of the same generality as, reference, and with reference it enables a better understanding of the primitive structure that Quine and Strawson call the ‘basic combination’. Aside from its importance to philosophical logic, qualification serves as one of the main ingredients in the account of metaphor.
Samuel Guttenplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280896
- eISBN:
- 9780191602627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280894.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The notion of semantic descent made familiar by Quine is extended to a movement from the first-floor level of language use to the level of objects that language typically describes; descent here is ...
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The notion of semantic descent made familiar by Quine is extended to a movement from the first-floor level of language use to the level of objects that language typically describes; descent here is to a basement level. The idea of such a descent is combined with the idea of qualification to produce what is called the ‘Semantic Descent’ account of metaphor. According to this account, metaphor first requires semantic descent to a level of (appropriate) non-linguistic objects, and these objects then fulfill the predicative function described as qualification. The account is presented in a relatively minimalist way, to show how it copes with the features of metaphor discussed in Chapter 1, as well as provide a clear view of the obvious objections that might be raised against it. The latter centrally includes the fear that the use of objects as qualifiers might be too indeterminate. This is countered with a discussion of a notion called ‘attunement’.Less
The notion of semantic descent made familiar by Quine is extended to a movement from the first-floor level of language use to the level of objects that language typically describes; descent here is to a basement level. The idea of such a descent is combined with the idea of qualification to produce what is called the ‘Semantic Descent’ account of metaphor. According to this account, metaphor first requires semantic descent to a level of (appropriate) non-linguistic objects, and these objects then fulfill the predicative function described as qualification. The account is presented in a relatively minimalist way, to show how it copes with the features of metaphor discussed in Chapter 1, as well as provide a clear view of the obvious objections that might be raised against it. The latter centrally includes the fear that the use of objects as qualifiers might be too indeterminate. This is countered with a discussion of a notion called ‘attunement’.
Samuel Guttenplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280896
- eISBN:
- 9780191602627
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280894.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The central idea of the Semantic Descent account, namely qualification, can be used in a substantial way to clarify the debates about the relationship between thought and language, both within ...
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The central idea of the Semantic Descent account, namely qualification, can be used in a substantial way to clarify the debates about the relationship between thought and language, both within philosophy and psychology. Some remarks by Henle on how this notion has been just below the surface in writings about metaphor are highlighted. Brief suggestions are made about how it bears on debates about thought and language.Less
The central idea of the Semantic Descent account, namely qualification, can be used in a substantial way to clarify the debates about the relationship between thought and language, both within philosophy and psychology. Some remarks by Henle on how this notion has been just below the surface in writings about metaphor are highlighted. Brief suggestions are made about how it bears on debates about thought and language.
Lawrence Stone and Jeanne C. Fawtier Stone
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206071
- eISBN:
- 9780191676963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206071.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses that from the sixteenth to the late nineteenth centuries, ownership of a country seat, from whose ranks the ruling class was drawn, was an essential qualification for ...
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This chapter discusses that from the sixteenth to the late nineteenth centuries, ownership of a country seat, from whose ranks the ruling class was drawn, was an essential qualification for membership of the local elites. Before the early sixteenth century, the development of the country house was held back by the prevailing insecurity of the countryside. Before 1540 in the south and Midlands and before 1610 in the far north on the borders of Scotland, the urgent need for defense took precedence over display in a society torn apart by bastard feudalism. In the eighteenth century, no gentleman or lady seems to have had any difficulty in seeing over any country seat which took his or her fancy, so long as the owners were away, as they often were. In the nineteenth century, however, access to tourists was cut off, as country seats were more frequently occupied by their owners.Less
This chapter discusses that from the sixteenth to the late nineteenth centuries, ownership of a country seat, from whose ranks the ruling class was drawn, was an essential qualification for membership of the local elites. Before the early sixteenth century, the development of the country house was held back by the prevailing insecurity of the countryside. Before 1540 in the south and Midlands and before 1610 in the far north on the borders of Scotland, the urgent need for defense took precedence over display in a society torn apart by bastard feudalism. In the eighteenth century, no gentleman or lady seems to have had any difficulty in seeing over any country seat which took his or her fancy, so long as the owners were away, as they often were. In the nineteenth century, however, access to tourists was cut off, as country seats were more frequently occupied by their owners.
Justin J.W. Powell and Christine Trampusch
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599431
- eISBN:
- 9780191731518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599431.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
To what extent and in which directions are Europe-wide processes affecting the collective skill formation systems analyzed in this book, namely those in Austria, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, ...
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To what extent and in which directions are Europe-wide processes affecting the collective skill formation systems analyzed in this book, namely those in Austria, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland? Europeanization elicits varying responses in collective skill systems, which are still mainly governed in national contexts and determined primarily by domestic politics. This chapter explores the impact of Europe, and the European Union in particular, on contemporary conflicts and consensus and on institutional change in vocational training regimes. We analyze the impact of the European level on national institutions responsible for skill formation and explore similar challenges posed by European initiatives and the different responses of the collective skill systems. Investigating the two levels and their interaction, we contrast countries in which conflicts over such forms of Europeanization have ensued—Germany and Switzerland—with those in which consensus has facilitated Europeanization—Austria, Denmark, and the Netherlands.Less
To what extent and in which directions are Europe-wide processes affecting the collective skill formation systems analyzed in this book, namely those in Austria, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland? Europeanization elicits varying responses in collective skill systems, which are still mainly governed in national contexts and determined primarily by domestic politics. This chapter explores the impact of Europe, and the European Union in particular, on contemporary conflicts and consensus and on institutional change in vocational training regimes. We analyze the impact of the European level on national institutions responsible for skill formation and explore similar challenges posed by European initiatives and the different responses of the collective skill systems. Investigating the two levels and their interaction, we contrast countries in which conflicts over such forms of Europeanization have ensued—Germany and Switzerland—with those in which consensus has facilitated Europeanization—Austria, Denmark, and the Netherlands.
Panagiotis Delimatsis
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533152
- eISBN:
- 9780191714528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533152.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter deals with the current negotiations under Article VI:4 GATS, which have mainly focused on the establishment of a necessity test for all services sectors; that is, the obligation to ...
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This chapter deals with the current negotiations under Article VI:4 GATS, which have mainly focused on the establishment of a necessity test for all services sectors; that is, the obligation to ensure that domestic regulations relating to qualifications, licensing, and technical standards aiming to ensure the quality of services and service suppliers be no more trade-restrictive than necessary to ensure legitimate regulatory objectives. It provides not only an overview of the negotiating process which started as of the inception of the WTO (which serves as a by-product to clarify how the WTO actually works), but also an extensive analysis of this issue, exploring the necessity tests already contained in other WTO agreements and regional trade arrangements, and the prospects for including such a test in the GATS framework. Importantly, the chapter advances notions that should form part of an effective necessity test and which negotiators should take into account in developing a necessity test.Less
This chapter deals with the current negotiations under Article VI:4 GATS, which have mainly focused on the establishment of a necessity test for all services sectors; that is, the obligation to ensure that domestic regulations relating to qualifications, licensing, and technical standards aiming to ensure the quality of services and service suppliers be no more trade-restrictive than necessary to ensure legitimate regulatory objectives. It provides not only an overview of the negotiating process which started as of the inception of the WTO (which serves as a by-product to clarify how the WTO actually works), but also an extensive analysis of this issue, exploring the necessity tests already contained in other WTO agreements and regional trade arrangements, and the prospects for including such a test in the GATS framework. Importantly, the chapter advances notions that should form part of an effective necessity test and which negotiators should take into account in developing a necessity test.
Rainbow Murray
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199830091
- eISBN:
- 9780199932924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199830091.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter evaluates the common criticism that quotas violate the principle of “merit.” Comparing women elected after the passage of a legislative quota in France with their male counterparts and ...
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This chapter evaluates the common criticism that quotas violate the principle of “merit.” Comparing women elected after the passage of a legislative quota in France with their male counterparts and with women elected prior to 2002, Rainbow Murray separates quota women, non-quota women, and men. She examines indicators of political background, including age, profession, and levels of prior political experience, as well as measures of legislative activity, including the number of bills, reports, and parliamentary questions. This dual focus produces intriguing insights: the distinct profiles of male and female MPs suggest that quotas may help women overcome barriers to a political career, while similar levels of legislative activity demonstrate that quota women are as competent as men once elected. These findings support the need for quotas to overcome barriers to women’s access to politics, at the same time that they negate charges that quotas produce second-rate parliamentarians.Less
This chapter evaluates the common criticism that quotas violate the principle of “merit.” Comparing women elected after the passage of a legislative quota in France with their male counterparts and with women elected prior to 2002, Rainbow Murray separates quota women, non-quota women, and men. She examines indicators of political background, including age, profession, and levels of prior political experience, as well as measures of legislative activity, including the number of bills, reports, and parliamentary questions. This dual focus produces intriguing insights: the distinct profiles of male and female MPs suggest that quotas may help women overcome barriers to a political career, while similar levels of legislative activity demonstrate that quota women are as competent as men once elected. These findings support the need for quotas to overcome barriers to women’s access to politics, at the same time that they negate charges that quotas produce second-rate parliamentarians.
Susan Franceschet and Jennifer M. Piscopo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199830091
- eISBN:
- 9780199932924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199830091.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter focuses on legislators’ backgrounds, exploring whether legislative quotas in Argentina lead to the nomination of unrepresentative or unqualified female parliamentarians. Susan ...
More
This chapter focuses on legislators’ backgrounds, exploring whether legislative quotas in Argentina lead to the nomination of unrepresentative or unqualified female parliamentarians. Susan Franceschet and Jennifer M. Piscopo compare male and female legislators’ demographic data, including age, marital status, and number of children; their education and professional backgrounds; and their extent and type of political experience prior to holding office. While all female legislators are “quota women,” differences between men and women in the Argentine parliament show that quotas have not eliminated gendered political career patterns. As compared to men, the women are similar in age, less likely to be married, and tend to have fewer children; are equally highly educated, but with distinct educational and professional backgrounds; and much less likely to have held executive-level office previously. These differences do not reveal an innate inferiority of female politicians, but rather reveal that quotas enhance the overall diversity of legislators.Less
This chapter focuses on legislators’ backgrounds, exploring whether legislative quotas in Argentina lead to the nomination of unrepresentative or unqualified female parliamentarians. Susan Franceschet and Jennifer M. Piscopo compare male and female legislators’ demographic data, including age, marital status, and number of children; their education and professional backgrounds; and their extent and type of political experience prior to holding office. While all female legislators are “quota women,” differences between men and women in the Argentine parliament show that quotas have not eliminated gendered political career patterns. As compared to men, the women are similar in age, less likely to be married, and tend to have fewer children; are equally highly educated, but with distinct educational and professional backgrounds; and much less likely to have held executive-level office previously. These differences do not reveal an innate inferiority of female politicians, but rather reveal that quotas enhance the overall diversity of legislators.
