Brandon C. Welsh and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195326215
- eISBN:
- 9780199943999
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326215.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
The United Kingdom has more than 4.2 million public closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras—one for every fourteen citizens. Across the United States, hundreds of video-surveillance systems are ...
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The United Kingdom has more than 4.2 million public closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras—one for every fourteen citizens. Across the United States, hundreds of video-surveillance systems are being installed in town centers, public transportation facilities, and schools at a cost exceeding $100 million annually, and now other Western countries have begun to experiment with CCTV to prevent crime in public places. In light of this expansion and the associated public expenditure, as well as pressing concerns about privacy rights, there is an acute need for an evidence-based approach to inform policy and practice. This book assesses the effectiveness and social costs of not only CCTV, but also other surveillance methods to prevent crime in public space, such as improved street lighting, security guards, place managers, and defensible space. It goes beyond the question of “Does it work?” and examines the specific conditions and contexts under which these methods may have an effect on crime as well as the mechanisms that bring about a reduction in crime. At a time when cities need cost-effective methods to fight crime and the public gradually awakens to the burdens of sacrificing their privacy and civil rights for security, the authors provide this guide to the most effective and non-invasive uses of surveillance to make public places safer from crime.Less
The United Kingdom has more than 4.2 million public closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras—one for every fourteen citizens. Across the United States, hundreds of video-surveillance systems are being installed in town centers, public transportation facilities, and schools at a cost exceeding $100 million annually, and now other Western countries have begun to experiment with CCTV to prevent crime in public places. In light of this expansion and the associated public expenditure, as well as pressing concerns about privacy rights, there is an acute need for an evidence-based approach to inform policy and practice. This book assesses the effectiveness and social costs of not only CCTV, but also other surveillance methods to prevent crime in public space, such as improved street lighting, security guards, place managers, and defensible space. It goes beyond the question of “Does it work?” and examines the specific conditions and contexts under which these methods may have an effect on crime as well as the mechanisms that bring about a reduction in crime. At a time when cities need cost-effective methods to fight crime and the public gradually awakens to the burdens of sacrificing their privacy and civil rights for security, the authors provide this guide to the most effective and non-invasive uses of surveillance to make public places safer from crime.
Katherine Beckett and Steve Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195395174
- eISBN:
- 9780199943319
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395174.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill ...
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With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill effects their presence inflicts on property values and public safety, many cities have wholeheartedly embraced “zero-tolerance” or “broken window” policing efforts to clear the streets of unwanted people. Through an almost completely unnoticed set of practices, these people are banned from occupying certain spaces. Once zoned out, they are subject to arrest if they return—effectively banished from public places. This book offers an exploration of these new tactics that dramatically enhance the power of the police to monitor and arrest thousands of city dwellers. Drawing upon an extensive body of data, the chapters chart the rise of banishment in Seattle, a city on the leading edge of this emerging trend, to establish how it works and explore its ramifications. They demonstrate that, although the practice allows police and public officials to appear responsive to concerns about urban disorder, it is a highly questionable policy—it is expensive, does not reduce crime, and does not address the underlying conditions that generate urban poverty. Moreover, interviews with the banished themselves reveal that exclusion makes their lives and their path to self-sufficiency immeasurably more difficult. At a time when ever more cities and governments in the U.S. and Europe resort to the criminal justice system to solve complex social problems, the book provides a challenge to exclusionary strategies that diminish the life circumstances and the rights of those it targets.Less
With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill effects their presence inflicts on property values and public safety, many cities have wholeheartedly embraced “zero-tolerance” or “broken window” policing efforts to clear the streets of unwanted people. Through an almost completely unnoticed set of practices, these people are banned from occupying certain spaces. Once zoned out, they are subject to arrest if they return—effectively banished from public places. This book offers an exploration of these new tactics that dramatically enhance the power of the police to monitor and arrest thousands of city dwellers. Drawing upon an extensive body of data, the chapters chart the rise of banishment in Seattle, a city on the leading edge of this emerging trend, to establish how it works and explore its ramifications. They demonstrate that, although the practice allows police and public officials to appear responsive to concerns about urban disorder, it is a highly questionable policy—it is expensive, does not reduce crime, and does not address the underlying conditions that generate urban poverty. Moreover, interviews with the banished themselves reveal that exclusion makes their lives and their path to self-sufficiency immeasurably more difficult. At a time when ever more cities and governments in the U.S. and Europe resort to the criminal justice system to solve complex social problems, the book provides a challenge to exclusionary strategies that diminish the life circumstances and the rights of those it targets.
Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter asks where migrants fit into the debate over how rural citizens can encourage public accountability, drawing on Hirschman's framework of ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’. Though migrants chose ...
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This chapter asks where migrants fit into the debate over how rural citizens can encourage public accountability, drawing on Hirschman's framework of ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’. Though migrants chose exit, they continue to express loyalty by exercising cross-border voice in their home communities, as well exercising voice by constructing a multi-faceted public sphere. This chapter explores how migrants have forged collective civic, social, and political identities, transcending kinship networks and micro-level transnational communities. A new generation of organized migrants is engaging with both US and Mexican states and societies at the same time, constructing practices of ‘civic binationality’ that challenge nationalist pressures to define their engagements in terms of mutually exclusive nation-states. The empirical discussion compares a range of organizations that emerge from different migrant collective identities, including territorial, religious, worker, and ethnic-based forms of membership.Less
This chapter asks where migrants fit into the debate over how rural citizens can encourage public accountability, drawing on Hirschman's framework of ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’. Though migrants chose exit, they continue to express loyalty by exercising cross-border voice in their home communities, as well exercising voice by constructing a multi-faceted public sphere. This chapter explores how migrants have forged collective civic, social, and political identities, transcending kinship networks and micro-level transnational communities. A new generation of organized migrants is engaging with both US and Mexican states and societies at the same time, constructing practices of ‘civic binationality’ that challenge nationalist pressures to define their engagements in terms of mutually exclusive nation-states. The empirical discussion compares a range of organizations that emerge from different migrant collective identities, including territorial, religious, worker, and ethnic-based forms of membership.
Shalini Venturelli
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198233794
- eISBN:
- 9780191678998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233794.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This chapter constructs a diagram and framework for a participatory public space. It opens a discussion on the application of the concept of a participatory diagram of public space and a detailed and ...
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This chapter constructs a diagram and framework for a participatory public space. It opens a discussion on the application of the concept of a participatory diagram of public space and a detailed and exhaustive analysis of a number of major policy initiatives in the realm of information society in several countries and nations. It discusses the participatory theory of public space and how it begins with the normative basis for information structures. Several key issues in information society policies have been identified in this chapter such as the principles and criteria for minimum conditions of non-discriminatory access to the information network by individuals or groups; positive content regulation to guarantee adequacy of information services; rules on content and infrastructure ownership; the structure of intellectual property rights and proprietary rights governing content ownership; rules on governance, accountability, and public interest standards in functioning and development of the multimedia public sphere, the implications of privatization law; construction of the competitive order of the information society; and the provisions to ensure priority on citizens' constitutional rights to expression and information.Less
This chapter constructs a diagram and framework for a participatory public space. It opens a discussion on the application of the concept of a participatory diagram of public space and a detailed and exhaustive analysis of a number of major policy initiatives in the realm of information society in several countries and nations. It discusses the participatory theory of public space and how it begins with the normative basis for information structures. Several key issues in information society policies have been identified in this chapter such as the principles and criteria for minimum conditions of non-discriminatory access to the information network by individuals or groups; positive content regulation to guarantee adequacy of information services; rules on content and infrastructure ownership; the structure of intellectual property rights and proprietary rights governing content ownership; rules on governance, accountability, and public interest standards in functioning and development of the multimedia public sphere, the implications of privatization law; construction of the competitive order of the information society; and the provisions to ensure priority on citizens' constitutional rights to expression and information.
Jeanne Halgren Kilde
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195143416
- eISBN:
- 9780199834372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195143418.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Examines the impact of early nineteenth‐century revivalism on church space and argues that the progenitors of the late nineteenth‐century auditorium churches were the theater‐like buildings used ...
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Examines the impact of early nineteenth‐century revivalism on church space and argues that the progenitors of the late nineteenth‐century auditorium churches were the theater‐like buildings used during the urban revivals of the Presbyterian Free Church Movement in New York City. The Chatham Street Chapel and the Broadway Tabernacle, used by the renowned preacher, Charles Grandison Finney, proved highly facilitative of the antiformalism that dominated revivalist worship and the New Measures revival techniques that Finney employed. The acoustics, unobstructed sightliness, and large pulpit stages in these buildings focused audience attention and aided dramatic preaching performances. Frequently leased for many types of meetings, these religious spaces created a new type of heterogeneous public space, which, at times, was strongly contested.Less
Examines the impact of early nineteenth‐century revivalism on church space and argues that the progenitors of the late nineteenth‐century auditorium churches were the theater‐like buildings used during the urban revivals of the Presbyterian Free Church Movement in New York City. The Chatham Street Chapel and the Broadway Tabernacle, used by the renowned preacher, Charles Grandison Finney, proved highly facilitative of the antiformalism that dominated revivalist worship and the New Measures revival techniques that Finney employed. The acoustics, unobstructed sightliness, and large pulpit stages in these buildings focused audience attention and aided dramatic preaching performances. Frequently leased for many types of meetings, these religious spaces created a new type of heterogeneous public space, which, at times, was strongly contested.
Shalini Venturelli
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198233794
- eISBN:
- 9780191678998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233794.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
Taking a turn from the issues and concerns raised in the previous chapter, this chapter presents an attempt to argue that the aforementioned problems in the information policy concerning the public ...
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Taking a turn from the issues and concerns raised in the previous chapter, this chapter presents an attempt to argue that the aforementioned problems in the information policy concerning the public sphere of the information society are merely theoretical problems. This chapter provides an intellectual critique and an exhaustive exposition of public space and its functions in a democratic society. It points out that the challenges that come in the way of achieving and realising the goal of public participation in the public space are closely associated with the wrong concepts of citizenship, public welfare, justice, and the definition of a democratic civil society. It argues that the democratic processes and conventions such as the right to vote, contractual liberties, and the rule of law can exist even in a non-democratic society. It tries to delineate the idea of democracy from the concept of full access to information and states that being a member of a political community does not necessarily guarantee information rights and participation.Less
Taking a turn from the issues and concerns raised in the previous chapter, this chapter presents an attempt to argue that the aforementioned problems in the information policy concerning the public sphere of the information society are merely theoretical problems. This chapter provides an intellectual critique and an exhaustive exposition of public space and its functions in a democratic society. It points out that the challenges that come in the way of achieving and realising the goal of public participation in the public space are closely associated with the wrong concepts of citizenship, public welfare, justice, and the definition of a democratic civil society. It argues that the democratic processes and conventions such as the right to vote, contractual liberties, and the rule of law can exist even in a non-democratic society. It tries to delineate the idea of democracy from the concept of full access to information and states that being a member of a political community does not necessarily guarantee information rights and participation.
David Kurnick
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151519
- eISBN:
- 9781400840090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151519.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines the tonal shifts of the narrative voice in Vanity Fair as encoding a yearning for public scenes of performance. Moving between public speechifying and chastened intimate ...
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This chapter examines the tonal shifts of the narrative voice in Vanity Fair as encoding a yearning for public scenes of performance. Moving between public speechifying and chastened intimate address, the Thackerayan narrator offers readers an acoustic map of different imaginary scenes of reception. The pitch of Thackeray's voice—both its tone and its reach, its sound and the spaces it organizes—indexes various fantasmatic scenes of readerly witness, conveying in the process a vivid sense of the erosion of public space in the face of the exaltation of the domestic sphere. The sociohistorical imagination evident in Vanity Fair was given a new intensity of focus in his unperformed play The Wolves and the Lamb (1854) and the novel into which he later adapted it, the formally innovative Lovel the Widower (1860). In retreating from the stage, Thackeray both amplified his critique of mid-Victorian domesticity and pioneered the practice of interior monologue.Less
This chapter examines the tonal shifts of the narrative voice in Vanity Fair as encoding a yearning for public scenes of performance. Moving between public speechifying and chastened intimate address, the Thackerayan narrator offers readers an acoustic map of different imaginary scenes of reception. The pitch of Thackeray's voice—both its tone and its reach, its sound and the spaces it organizes—indexes various fantasmatic scenes of readerly witness, conveying in the process a vivid sense of the erosion of public space in the face of the exaltation of the domestic sphere. The sociohistorical imagination evident in Vanity Fair was given a new intensity of focus in his unperformed play The Wolves and the Lamb (1854) and the novel into which he later adapted it, the formally innovative Lovel the Widower (1860). In retreating from the stage, Thackeray both amplified his critique of mid-Victorian domesticity and pioneered the practice of interior monologue.
Cecilia Sjöholm
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231173087
- eISBN:
- 9780231539906
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231173087.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Arendt approaches aesthetics through its conditions of possibility - emphasizing the space, literal and metaphorical, that allows art to exist. Sjöholm grounds Arendt's aesthetic theory in public ...
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Arendt approaches aesthetics through its conditions of possibility - emphasizing the space, literal and metaphorical, that allows art to exist. Sjöholm grounds Arendt's aesthetic theory in public space - allowing, primarilly, theories of performativity to reveal the tenacity of aeshtetics to reference and detourn public space. The public sphere is a place where difference and appearance continually ossify, denying a static theory of being (Heidegger) or an unpolitical aesthethic theory (Adorno). Instead, Arendt posits the capacity of subjects to interact with aesthetic objects as a model of appearances and phenomena. She presents an ontology based on pluratity, not reliant on the universality of the subject, but the subjects interaction, relation and percepation of differing phenonema.The body is not a limitation for Arendt, but a unique access to a historicity of plurality, encouraging each present moment to occur freely. Performance art, then, becomes a major departure for Arendt's aesthetic theory by intersecting both embodiment and aesthetics in the possibiltiy of the subject. If the public realm has inherited the modern promise of freedom, then how can art re-articulate this in times of, both, post-totalitarianism and capitalism? Sjöholm articulates numerous examples of avant-garde practice quite reliant on the public space as both a battery for performativity and its reception. Importantly, public space singularly resisiting totalitarian inhibitions in its promise of freedom and performativity.Less
Arendt approaches aesthetics through its conditions of possibility - emphasizing the space, literal and metaphorical, that allows art to exist. Sjöholm grounds Arendt's aesthetic theory in public space - allowing, primarilly, theories of performativity to reveal the tenacity of aeshtetics to reference and detourn public space. The public sphere is a place where difference and appearance continually ossify, denying a static theory of being (Heidegger) or an unpolitical aesthethic theory (Adorno). Instead, Arendt posits the capacity of subjects to interact with aesthetic objects as a model of appearances and phenomena. She presents an ontology based on pluratity, not reliant on the universality of the subject, but the subjects interaction, relation and percepation of differing phenonema.The body is not a limitation for Arendt, but a unique access to a historicity of plurality, encouraging each present moment to occur freely. Performance art, then, becomes a major departure for Arendt's aesthetic theory by intersecting both embodiment and aesthetics in the possibiltiy of the subject. If the public realm has inherited the modern promise of freedom, then how can art re-articulate this in times of, both, post-totalitarianism and capitalism? Sjöholm articulates numerous examples of avant-garde practice quite reliant on the public space as both a battery for performativity and its reception. Importantly, public space singularly resisiting totalitarian inhibitions in its promise of freedom and performativity.
Cecilia Sjöholm
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199559213
- eISBN:
- 9780191594403
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559213.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The philosophical readings of Sophocles, from Hegel to Irigaray, have largely stuck to the tragedies as isolated plots, looking at Antigone or King Oedipus in their own right. Oedipus at Colonus, in ...
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The philosophical readings of Sophocles, from Hegel to Irigaray, have largely stuck to the tragedies as isolated plots, looking at Antigone or King Oedipus in their own right. Oedipus at Colonus, in turn, has rarely been made the object of a philosophical reading. And yet it presents to us a figure of high political significance: the refugee. What happens when we read Antigone with Oedipus at Colonus? As this chapter will argue, such a reading may well alter our view of Antigone from the way her character has been interpreted in the philosophical tradition, displacing the issues from being concerned with Antigone as a symbol of a feminine position in society, to placing the tragedy in relation to the question of the refugee. If we are to perform such a reading, we may resort to the work of Giorgio Agamben, and in particular, Hannah Arendt. Arendt does not perform a reading of Antigone, but as this chapter argues, Arendt's philosophy of the polis and of public space on the one hand, and her ideas on the position of the refugee, indicates a way of rereading Antigone with the latter work by Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus. Such a rereading points to an intrinsic relation between the notion of public space, and the question of ‘bare life’, a concept forwarded by Giorgio Agamben (inspired by Arendt). The characters of Antigone and Oedipus appear to unravel the exception and the foreclosure of the refugee in relation to political space. Rereading Antigone and Oedipus at Colonus through the philosophy of Arendt, we find that the tragedies are concerned with the emergence of a political community, and the laws conditioning the space of such a community. It may be the very exception of the refugee which, in the end, will serve to enforce the validity of such a space.Less
The philosophical readings of Sophocles, from Hegel to Irigaray, have largely stuck to the tragedies as isolated plots, looking at Antigone or King Oedipus in their own right. Oedipus at Colonus, in turn, has rarely been made the object of a philosophical reading. And yet it presents to us a figure of high political significance: the refugee. What happens when we read Antigone with Oedipus at Colonus? As this chapter will argue, such a reading may well alter our view of Antigone from the way her character has been interpreted in the philosophical tradition, displacing the issues from being concerned with Antigone as a symbol of a feminine position in society, to placing the tragedy in relation to the question of the refugee. If we are to perform such a reading, we may resort to the work of Giorgio Agamben, and in particular, Hannah Arendt. Arendt does not perform a reading of Antigone, but as this chapter argues, Arendt's philosophy of the polis and of public space on the one hand, and her ideas on the position of the refugee, indicates a way of rereading Antigone with the latter work by Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus. Such a rereading points to an intrinsic relation between the notion of public space, and the question of ‘bare life’, a concept forwarded by Giorgio Agamben (inspired by Arendt). The characters of Antigone and Oedipus appear to unravel the exception and the foreclosure of the refugee in relation to political space. Rereading Antigone and Oedipus at Colonus through the philosophy of Arendt, we find that the tragedies are concerned with the emergence of a political community, and the laws conditioning the space of such a community. It may be the very exception of the refugee which, in the end, will serve to enforce the validity of such a space.
Colin Crouch
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198279747
- eISBN:
- 9780191599019
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279744.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The ways in which the religious base and other nation‐building criteria affected the reception given by states to the organization of economic interests from the early nineteenth century onwards is ...
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The ways in which the religious base and other nation‐building criteria affected the reception given by states to the organization of economic interests from the early nineteenth century onwards is described and analysed. Differences in the extent to which states 'shared’ public space are stressed.Less
The ways in which the religious base and other nation‐building criteria affected the reception given by states to the organization of economic interests from the early nineteenth century onwards is described and analysed. Differences in the extent to which states 'shared’ public space are stressed.
Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
Iranian society has changed considerably since the Iranian revolution of 1979 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian youth practice new lifestyles and constitute a distinct ...
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Iranian society has changed considerably since the Iranian revolution of 1979 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian youth practice new lifestyles and constitute a distinct generation. This chapter looks at ways to interpret the changes that have occurred among the younger generation, especially young women. This generation does not seem as Islamic as the ideological government had expected it to be. Based on research done in 2005 to 2006 through in-depth interviews with young, urban Iranian women about their private and public lives, this chapter examines whether female youth are becoming less overtly traditional as they claim their own subjectivity. Many Iranian female youth are shaping their identity through negating or accepting conventional and legal sexual discourses mixed with some modern representations. Their presence in the public space has been accepted at the expense of reinforcing certain traditional power relationships.Less
Iranian society has changed considerably since the Iranian revolution of 1979 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iranian youth practice new lifestyles and constitute a distinct generation. This chapter looks at ways to interpret the changes that have occurred among the younger generation, especially young women. This generation does not seem as Islamic as the ideological government had expected it to be. Based on research done in 2005 to 2006 through in-depth interviews with young, urban Iranian women about their private and public lives, this chapter examines whether female youth are becoming less overtly traditional as they claim their own subjectivity. Many Iranian female youth are shaping their identity through negating or accepting conventional and legal sexual discourses mixed with some modern representations. Their presence in the public space has been accepted at the expense of reinforcing certain traditional power relationships.
Colin Crouch
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198279747
- eISBN:
- 9780191599019
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279744.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
A major conclusion to emerge from Part II was that the diversity of national industrial relations systems could be related to wider diversity in relations between states and societies. Some states ...
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A major conclusion to emerge from Part II was that the diversity of national industrial relations systems could be related to wider diversity in relations between states and societies. Some states 'shared’ public space with social interests; in other cases, clear lines had been established to distinguish the two. These differences, which had very different implications at different periods, can be related to diversity in patterns of state and nation formation, and finally to different relations between state and religion from the Reformation onwards.Less
A major conclusion to emerge from Part II was that the diversity of national industrial relations systems could be related to wider diversity in relations between states and societies. Some states 'shared’ public space with social interests; in other cases, clear lines had been established to distinguish the two. These differences, which had very different implications at different periods, can be related to diversity in patterns of state and nation formation, and finally to different relations between state and religion from the Reformation onwards.
Pierre Hecker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0020
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
Heavy metal scenes can be found throughout the Middle East as in almost any other region of the world. Although still marginal in terms of numbers and public attention, the metal scene in the region, ...
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Heavy metal scenes can be found throughout the Middle East as in almost any other region of the world. Although still marginal in terms of numbers and public attention, the metal scene in the region, particularly in urban centers in Turkey, Lebanon, and Israel, has developed its own infrastructure consisting of bands, magazines, independent labels, distributors, festivals, and bars. This chapter, based on two case studies from Turkey, explores the impact of newly emerging “metal spaces” on already existing social and public spaces. It considers aspects of both local embeddedness and of translocal connectivity to illustrate how youthful “metal heads” negotiate boundaries in everyday life. The first case study focuses on the emergence of Turkey’s very first rock bar, whereas the second case sheds light on cultural globalization and the translocal connectivity among metal heads of different ethnic, religious, and national backgrounds.Less
Heavy metal scenes can be found throughout the Middle East as in almost any other region of the world. Although still marginal in terms of numbers and public attention, the metal scene in the region, particularly in urban centers in Turkey, Lebanon, and Israel, has developed its own infrastructure consisting of bands, magazines, independent labels, distributors, festivals, and bars. This chapter, based on two case studies from Turkey, explores the impact of newly emerging “metal spaces” on already existing social and public spaces. It considers aspects of both local embeddedness and of translocal connectivity to illustrate how youthful “metal heads” negotiate boundaries in everyday life. The first case study focuses on the emergence of Turkey’s very first rock bar, whereas the second case sheds light on cultural globalization and the translocal connectivity among metal heads of different ethnic, religious, and national backgrounds.
Carlos Machado
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199739400
- eISBN:
- 9780199933006
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199739400.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter focuses on the aristocratic domus in late antique Rome and Constantinople. It demonstrates how elite housing shaped not just the physical environment but also the institutions and ...
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This chapter focuses on the aristocratic domus in late antique Rome and Constantinople. It demonstrates how elite housing shaped not just the physical environment but also the institutions and society of the late antique capitals. This study shows how the boom in aristocratic housing in fourth-century Rome involved the progressive takeover, on an unprecedented scale, of public space by private interests. The resulting change in the topography and urbanism of the city reflects the way in which aristocrats took advantage of the increasing physical and political distancing of the imperial court. It is shown that the opposite tendency prevailed in Constantinople, where the establishment of an imperial court and of the senatorial aristocracy led to the development of a clearly imperial urban layout.Less
This chapter focuses on the aristocratic domus in late antique Rome and Constantinople. It demonstrates how elite housing shaped not just the physical environment but also the institutions and society of the late antique capitals. This study shows how the boom in aristocratic housing in fourth-century Rome involved the progressive takeover, on an unprecedented scale, of public space by private interests. The resulting change in the topography and urbanism of the city reflects the way in which aristocrats took advantage of the increasing physical and political distancing of the imperial court. It is shown that the opposite tendency prevailed in Constantinople, where the establishment of an imperial court and of the senatorial aristocracy led to the development of a clearly imperial urban layout.
Beate Kohler-Koch (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252268
- eISBN:
- 9780191601040
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252262.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a ...
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European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a well-chosen selection from recent studies of leading scholars in the field – takes a special approach to the subject as it highlights the multi-faceted interconnectedness of EU and national governance. It reveals the extent to which the EU has been transformed from a multi-level polity to a system of penetrated governance embracing a ‘communicative universe’ and a European public space. The individual chapters are colourful representations of the different facets of European governance, which come to light when policy formulation and implementation in the EU is understood as network governance linking both different levels of policy-making and a wide variety of state and society actors. On the one hand, the EU and, especially, the Commission refer to an extensive repertoire of ’hard‘ and ’soft‘ procedures and instruments to link a multitude of actors and arenas and, thereby, trigger off substantial change in the member states. On the other hand, national, subnational and societal actors show differentiated modes of response and adaptation to manage the new challenges within the expanding EU system, to cope with common problems and to shape problem-solving strategies according to their own ideas. As the contributions focus on the diverse mechanisms which link EU and national governance they demonstrate the many constraints state and society actors are facing within the Union but also the readiness and capacity of these actors to deal with demands for adjustment and institutional reforms. They also reveal that compliance is a reaction to hierarchical coercion as well as to horizontal enforcement. Eventually, apart from this more functional view, the penetrated system of European goverance is looked at from a normative perspective, thus, investigating both the prospect of improving multi-level representative democracy and the formation of a European public sphere.Less
European governance ranks high on the present research agenda on the EU and Europeanization and has attracted considerable attention in public and academic debate over the past decade. This book – a well-chosen selection from recent studies of leading scholars in the field – takes a special approach to the subject as it highlights the multi-faceted interconnectedness of EU and national governance. It reveals the extent to which the EU has been transformed from a multi-level polity to a system of penetrated governance embracing a ‘communicative universe’ and a European public space. The individual chapters are colourful representations of the different facets of European governance, which come to light when policy formulation and implementation in the EU is understood as network governance linking both different levels of policy-making and a wide variety of state and society actors. On the one hand, the EU and, especially, the Commission refer to an extensive repertoire of ’hard‘ and ’soft‘ procedures and instruments to link a multitude of actors and arenas and, thereby, trigger off substantial change in the member states. On the other hand, national, subnational and societal actors show differentiated modes of response and adaptation to manage the new challenges within the expanding EU system, to cope with common problems and to shape problem-solving strategies according to their own ideas. As the contributions focus on the diverse mechanisms which link EU and national governance they demonstrate the many constraints state and society actors are facing within the Union but also the readiness and capacity of these actors to deal with demands for adjustment and institutional reforms. They also reveal that compliance is a reaction to hierarchical coercion as well as to horizontal enforcement. Eventually, apart from this more functional view, the penetrated system of European goverance is looked at from a normative perspective, thus, investigating both the prospect of improving multi-level representative democracy and the formation of a European public sphere.
Azam Khatam
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
Since the early 1990s, the issue of the booming young generation has been placed at the top of the public agenda of the Iranian state. During this same period, young people have played a major role ...
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Since the early 1990s, the issue of the booming young generation has been placed at the top of the public agenda of the Iranian state. During this same period, young people have played a major role in the resistance against official attempts to reshape the cultural and even the physical space of urban areas along monolithic moral guidelines. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the successive Islamization policies of the Iranian state, with a focus on the successive attempts to police moral behavior of young people in public places in the cities. For the past 28 years, the moral police have been in charge of enforcing Islamic codes in urban public space. Their performance is an indication of the effectiveness of officially sanctioned Islamization policies of the Islamic Republic, the Republic of piety.Less
Since the early 1990s, the issue of the booming young generation has been placed at the top of the public agenda of the Iranian state. During this same period, young people have played a major role in the resistance against official attempts to reshape the cultural and even the physical space of urban areas along monolithic moral guidelines. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the successive Islamization policies of the Iranian state, with a focus on the successive attempts to police moral behavior of young people in public places in the cities. For the past 28 years, the moral police have been in charge of enforcing Islamic codes in urban public space. Their performance is an indication of the effectiveness of officially sanctioned Islamization policies of the Islamic Republic, the Republic of piety.
Robert J. Chaskin and Mark L. Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226164397
- eISBN:
- 9780226303901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226303901.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter focuses on critical emerging dynamics around the nature and use of public space, public behavior, and social control in these emerging communities. It illustrates that the efforts to ...
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This chapter focuses on critical emerging dynamics around the nature and use of public space, public behavior, and social control in these emerging communities. It illustrates that the efforts to address urban poverty and public housing reform through mixed-income development schemes generate a set of fundamental tensions—between integration and exclusion, use value and exchange value, appropriation and control, poverty and development—that play out in specific, concrete ways on the ground. In particular, community concerns about order and safety and contention around definitions of public space, rights of access, and norms of behavior lead to the increasingly stringent use of surveillance, control, and rule enforcement. These dynamics militate against effective integration and contribute to the alienation and marginalization of public housing and other low-income residents in these contexts. Indeed, rather than effective integration, we argue, the experience of many public housing and low-income residents in these contexts amounts to what might be called incorporated exclusion, in which physical integration reproduces marginalization and leads more to withdrawal and alienation than engagement and inclusion.Less
This chapter focuses on critical emerging dynamics around the nature and use of public space, public behavior, and social control in these emerging communities. It illustrates that the efforts to address urban poverty and public housing reform through mixed-income development schemes generate a set of fundamental tensions—between integration and exclusion, use value and exchange value, appropriation and control, poverty and development—that play out in specific, concrete ways on the ground. In particular, community concerns about order and safety and contention around definitions of public space, rights of access, and norms of behavior lead to the increasingly stringent use of surveillance, control, and rule enforcement. These dynamics militate against effective integration and contribute to the alienation and marginalization of public housing and other low-income residents in these contexts. Indeed, rather than effective integration, we argue, the experience of many public housing and low-income residents in these contexts amounts to what might be called incorporated exclusion, in which physical integration reproduces marginalization and leads more to withdrawal and alienation than engagement and inclusion.
William J. Glover
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198078012
- eISBN:
- 9780199080984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198078012.003.0051
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter presents a small number of legal cases from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in which the English term and concept ‘public’ was applied to a building or spatial practice in a ...
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This chapter presents a small number of legal cases from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in which the English term and concept ‘public’ was applied to a building or spatial practice in a Punjabi city. These cases illustrate a number of different ways the concept of public space refracted through more long-standing indigenous concepts and spatial practices in Punjab. They also reveal how the institutionalization of ‘public space’ as a prerogative of colonial municipal authority gradually changed the configurations and meanings of those shared spaces that were a traditional feature of every Indian city. These colonial-era cases thus point to the newness of public space — as both a concept and a corporeal substance — and its associated urban phenomena in late-nineteenth century India.Less
This chapter presents a small number of legal cases from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in which the English term and concept ‘public’ was applied to a building or spatial practice in a Punjabi city. These cases illustrate a number of different ways the concept of public space refracted through more long-standing indigenous concepts and spatial practices in Punjab. They also reveal how the institutionalization of ‘public space’ as a prerogative of colonial municipal authority gradually changed the configurations and meanings of those shared spaces that were a traditional feature of every Indian city. These colonial-era cases thus point to the newness of public space — as both a concept and a corporeal substance — and its associated urban phenomena in late-nineteenth century India.
Colin Crouch
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198279747
- eISBN:
- 9780191599019
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279744.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The impact of the events of the twentieth century on the patterns described in the previous two chapters is addressed, paying attention to the impact of fascism and Nazism and, in particular, social ...
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The impact of the events of the twentieth century on the patterns described in the previous two chapters is addressed, paying attention to the impact of fascism and Nazism and, in particular, social democracy.Less
The impact of the events of the twentieth century on the patterns described in the previous two chapters is addressed, paying attention to the impact of fascism and Nazism and, in particular, social democracy.
Robert Eric Frykenberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198263777
- eISBN:
- 9780191714191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263777.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter attempts to show how the terms ‘Hindu’ and ‘India’ are linked. Not only did they come into existence with the formation of the Government of India in 1773, but the systems that they ...
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This chapter attempts to show how the terms ‘Hindu’ and ‘India’ are linked. Not only did they come into existence with the formation of the Government of India in 1773, but the systems that they represent were also intermingled and overlapping from the beginning. It is not surprising that ‘Hindutva’ as the ideology of a political religion ferociously opposed to monotheistic traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, later found institutional support, especially in Maharashtra and Gujarat, as also in northern India.Less
This chapter attempts to show how the terms ‘Hindu’ and ‘India’ are linked. Not only did they come into existence with the formation of the Government of India in 1773, but the systems that they represent were also intermingled and overlapping from the beginning. It is not surprising that ‘Hindutva’ as the ideology of a political religion ferociously opposed to monotheistic traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, later found institutional support, especially in Maharashtra and Gujarat, as also in northern India.
