Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241477
- eISBN:
- 9780191696947
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241477.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
Information is not taken seriously. Much is said about the information age, the information economy, the information society, and particularly about information technology, but little about ...
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Information is not taken seriously. Much is said about the information age, the information economy, the information society, and particularly about information technology, but little about information itself. Information has some very odd characteristics, conveniently overlooked by senior managers passionate about knowledge-based, learning organizations; by politicians and public servants, compensating with policy and programme for the information failure of organization and market; and by the IT and dotcom communities, bent on adding value to what they treat as just a commodity. This book looks at innovation from an information perspective; one that puts information first. Its information perspective is applied to eighteenth-century agriculture and high technology, to technology transfer and espionage, to corporate strategy and intellectual property.Less
Information is not taken seriously. Much is said about the information age, the information economy, the information society, and particularly about information technology, but little about information itself. Information has some very odd characteristics, conveniently overlooked by senior managers passionate about knowledge-based, learning organizations; by politicians and public servants, compensating with policy and programme for the information failure of organization and market; and by the IT and dotcom communities, bent on adding value to what they treat as just a commodity. This book looks at innovation from an information perspective; one that puts information first. Its information perspective is applied to eighteenth-century agriculture and high technology, to technology transfer and espionage, to corporate strategy and intellectual property.
Jeannette Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083282
- eISBN:
- 9789882209824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083282.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter analyses the specific question of whether the Macao government pays efficiency wages to its public servants and how this impacts on productivity.
This chapter analyses the specific question of whether the Macao government pays efficiency wages to its public servants and how this impacts on productivity.
Theodore Zeldin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221777
- eISBN:
- 9780191678493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221777.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter shows the civil service as another of the professions where expansion was equated with the increase in the power of the bourgeoisie. There is a great deal of truth in this. This chapter ...
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This chapter shows the civil service as another of the professions where expansion was equated with the increase in the power of the bourgeoisie. There is a great deal of truth in this. This chapter looks into France as one of the pioneers of bureaucracy in Europe. In the 17th and 18th centuries the number of civil service jobs exploded to enormous proportions. State jobs became an investment, in which a moderate return on capital was compensated for by social advantages. The chapter further highlights that France although had the reputation of having the highest number of civil service posts in Europe, accurate statistics were never a strong point before 1945 and the exact number of civil servants can not be definitely established. But roughly speaking it seems that in 1848 there were about a quarter of a million civil servants, in 1914 half a million, and in 1945 one million. The real distinction between France and comparable countries is not in the number of public servants but in the number employed by the central government.Less
This chapter shows the civil service as another of the professions where expansion was equated with the increase in the power of the bourgeoisie. There is a great deal of truth in this. This chapter looks into France as one of the pioneers of bureaucracy in Europe. In the 17th and 18th centuries the number of civil service jobs exploded to enormous proportions. State jobs became an investment, in which a moderate return on capital was compensated for by social advantages. The chapter further highlights that France although had the reputation of having the highest number of civil service posts in Europe, accurate statistics were never a strong point before 1945 and the exact number of civil servants can not be definitely established. But roughly speaking it seems that in 1848 there were about a quarter of a million civil servants, in 1914 half a million, and in 1945 one million. The real distinction between France and comparable countries is not in the number of public servants but in the number employed by the central government.
Edward C Page and Bill Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280414
- eISBN:
- 9780191700118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280414.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Civil servants are classified accordingly and the comparisons of each hierarchical position are defined by the power they acquire in the organisation. Those in the higher civil service are referred ...
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Civil servants are classified accordingly and the comparisons of each hierarchical position are defined by the power they acquire in the organisation. Those in the higher civil service are referred to as the upper middle class while the much larger army of public servants providing ‘back office functions’ are viewed as the traditional British working class represented in the service sector. In an awkward position are those in the middle as their tasks differ from the higher office that makes the rules, the bottom simply applies them while their work is confined by the rules yet requires their own creative input. Apart from looking into what these middle-ranking officials do, this chapter also examines who they are in three perspectives including their social background, their background, and career outlook.Less
Civil servants are classified accordingly and the comparisons of each hierarchical position are defined by the power they acquire in the organisation. Those in the higher civil service are referred to as the upper middle class while the much larger army of public servants providing ‘back office functions’ are viewed as the traditional British working class represented in the service sector. In an awkward position are those in the middle as their tasks differ from the higher office that makes the rules, the bottom simply applies them while their work is confined by the rules yet requires their own creative input. Apart from looking into what these middle-ranking officials do, this chapter also examines who they are in three perspectives including their social background, their background, and career outlook.
William Doyle
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205364
- eISBN:
- 9780191676598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205364.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Two centuries after the Constitution of 1791 proclaimed its abolition, something close to venality of public offices continues to operate in crucial areas of French life. In one of those areas it ...
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Two centuries after the Constitution of 1791 proclaimed its abolition, something close to venality of public offices continues to operate in crucial areas of French life. In one of those areas it never really disappeared. Even the constituents, for whom devenalizing national institutions was an article of faith, thought new notaries should put up caution money. As they pocketed compensation for the loss of functions they still exercised, notaries continued quietly to sell their practices to the highest bidder. Only under the Fifth Republic was any dent been made in this seemingly impregnable edifice, and then only because it was relatively cost-free. Two functions of the venal system before 1789 were recruiting public servants and newcomers to social elites. Once the French Revolution was launched, the experience of venality under the old order helped to determine the way it went. The arguments against venality were ideas whose time had come, although the change in perceptions was not peculiar to France.Less
Two centuries after the Constitution of 1791 proclaimed its abolition, something close to venality of public offices continues to operate in crucial areas of French life. In one of those areas it never really disappeared. Even the constituents, for whom devenalizing national institutions was an article of faith, thought new notaries should put up caution money. As they pocketed compensation for the loss of functions they still exercised, notaries continued quietly to sell their practices to the highest bidder. Only under the Fifth Republic was any dent been made in this seemingly impregnable edifice, and then only because it was relatively cost-free. Two functions of the venal system before 1789 were recruiting public servants and newcomers to social elites. Once the French Revolution was launched, the experience of venality under the old order helped to determine the way it went. The arguments against venality were ideas whose time had come, although the change in perceptions was not peculiar to France.
Timothy Besley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199283910
- eISBN:
- 9780191700279
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283910.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
What is good government? Why do some governments fail? How do you implement political accountability in practice? What incentives do you need to put in place to ensure that politicians and public ...
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What is good government? Why do some governments fail? How do you implement political accountability in practice? What incentives do you need to put in place to ensure that politicians and public servants act in the public interest and not their own? These questions and many more are addressed in this book of intriguing Lindahl lectures. Economic analyses of government usually divide into two broad camps. One that emphasises government as a force for public good, which can regulate markets, distribute resources, and generally work towards improving the lives of its citizens. The other sees government as driven by private interests, susceptible to those with the power to influence its decisions, and failing to incentivise its officials to act for the greater public good. This book adopts a middle way between the two extremes, the Publius approach, which recognises the potential for government to act for the public good, but also accepts the fact that things often go wrong. It shares the view that there are certain institutional preconditions for effective government, but then proceeds to examine exactly what those preconditions are. The author emphasises that it is not just about designing an appropriate institutional framework, but also about understanding the way incentives work and the process by which the political class is selected.Less
What is good government? Why do some governments fail? How do you implement political accountability in practice? What incentives do you need to put in place to ensure that politicians and public servants act in the public interest and not their own? These questions and many more are addressed in this book of intriguing Lindahl lectures. Economic analyses of government usually divide into two broad camps. One that emphasises government as a force for public good, which can regulate markets, distribute resources, and generally work towards improving the lives of its citizens. The other sees government as driven by private interests, susceptible to those with the power to influence its decisions, and failing to incentivise its officials to act for the greater public good. This book adopts a middle way between the two extremes, the Publius approach, which recognises the potential for government to act for the public good, but also accepts the fact that things often go wrong. It shares the view that there are certain institutional preconditions for effective government, but then proceeds to examine exactly what those preconditions are. The author emphasises that it is not just about designing an appropriate institutional framework, but also about understanding the way incentives work and the process by which the political class is selected.
S. K. Das
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195653823
- eISBN:
- 9780199081561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195653823.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter examines the history and evolution of public bureaucracies in India. It focuses on four specific historical periods—the Maurya Empire, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and the ...
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This chapter examines the history and evolution of public bureaucracies in India. It focuses on four specific historical periods—the Maurya Empire, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and the East India Company. It describes the structure and organization of public bureaucracy under each period and their methods of controlling public servants. It suggests that all periods exhibit patrimonial bureaucracy and that the rule of the East India Company was one of sheer plunder by its civil servants.Less
This chapter examines the history and evolution of public bureaucracies in India. It focuses on four specific historical periods—the Maurya Empire, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and the East India Company. It describes the structure and organization of public bureaucracy under each period and their methods of controlling public servants. It suggests that all periods exhibit patrimonial bureaucracy and that the rule of the East India Company was one of sheer plunder by its civil servants.
A.G. Noorani
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195678291
- eISBN:
- 9780199080588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678291.003.0044
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the legal aspects concerning the bribery of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, it ...
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This chapter discusses the legal aspects concerning the bribery of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, it is not an offence to bribe an MLA or MP. This was not so even under Prevention of Corruption Act 1947. These acts were enacted to penalize the offer to and receipt or demand of a bribe by a minister, a civil servant, or a voter as these were considered public servants. However, a Constitution bench of five judges to the Supreme Court ruled in 1984 that MLA is not a public servant and not covered by anti-corruption law. In addition, the Salmon Commission held that an MLA does not perform a public duty and that membership of parliament does not constitute public office for the purposes of the common law.Less
This chapter discusses the legal aspects concerning the bribery of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, it is not an offence to bribe an MLA or MP. This was not so even under Prevention of Corruption Act 1947. These acts were enacted to penalize the offer to and receipt or demand of a bribe by a minister, a civil servant, or a voter as these were considered public servants. However, a Constitution bench of five judges to the Supreme Court ruled in 1984 that MLA is not a public servant and not covered by anti-corruption law. In addition, the Salmon Commission held that an MLA does not perform a public duty and that membership of parliament does not constitute public office for the purposes of the common law.
A.G. Noorani
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195678291
- eISBN:
- 9780199080588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678291.003.0081
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
In principle, every official, prime minister downwards, has personal liability before criminal and civil courts. Laws made by the Britishers in India continue to impede, if not prevent accountability ...
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In principle, every official, prime minister downwards, has personal liability before criminal and civil courts. Laws made by the Britishers in India continue to impede, if not prevent accountability of public servants to law. Clause 23(2) of the General Clauses Act 1897, a stature applied to all central laws including the Constitution says that 'a thing shall be deemed so be done in good faith. … whether it is done negligently or not'. Therefore, no civil suit for damages or criminal prosecution can be initiated for negligent exercise of statutory power even if it deprives the citizen of his liberty or rights or does damage to his property or business. This is patently violative of the fundamental rights to equality (Article 14) and to personal liberty and equal protection of the law (Article 21). Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Court 1898 provides that no court shall take cognizance of any offence by a 'public servant' except with the previous sanction of the government that employed him. The sanction provision (Section 19) of the Prevention of Corruption Act also makes the government the court of first instance in cases of offences by public servants.Less
In principle, every official, prime minister downwards, has personal liability before criminal and civil courts. Laws made by the Britishers in India continue to impede, if not prevent accountability of public servants to law. Clause 23(2) of the General Clauses Act 1897, a stature applied to all central laws including the Constitution says that 'a thing shall be deemed so be done in good faith. … whether it is done negligently or not'. Therefore, no civil suit for damages or criminal prosecution can be initiated for negligent exercise of statutory power even if it deprives the citizen of his liberty or rights or does damage to his property or business. This is patently violative of the fundamental rights to equality (Article 14) and to personal liberty and equal protection of the law (Article 21). Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Court 1898 provides that no court shall take cognizance of any offence by a 'public servant' except with the previous sanction of the government that employed him. The sanction provision (Section 19) of the Prevention of Corruption Act also makes the government the court of first instance in cases of offences by public servants.
Daniel A. Bell
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691173047
- eISBN:
- 9781400865505
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691173047.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This chapter examines which abilities and virtues should set the standard for the selection and promotion of public officials/servants so that China's political system can be improved. The discussion ...
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This chapter examines which abilities and virtues should set the standard for the selection and promotion of public officials/servants so that China's political system can be improved. The discussion draws on the following assumptions: it is good for a political community to be governed by high-quality rulers; China's one (ruling) party political system is not about to collapse; the meritocratic aspect of the system is partly good; and it can be improved. The chapter then offers suggestions about which qualities matter most for political leaders in the context of large, peaceful, and modernizing (nondemocratic) meritocratic states, followed by suggestions about mechanisms that increase the likelihood of selecting leaders with such qualities. The findings reveal which abilities, social skills, and virtues matter most for political leaders in the context of a large, peaceful, and modernizing political meritocracy. These findings are used as a standard for evaluating the Chinese meritocratic system.Less
This chapter examines which abilities and virtues should set the standard for the selection and promotion of public officials/servants so that China's political system can be improved. The discussion draws on the following assumptions: it is good for a political community to be governed by high-quality rulers; China's one (ruling) party political system is not about to collapse; the meritocratic aspect of the system is partly good; and it can be improved. The chapter then offers suggestions about which qualities matter most for political leaders in the context of large, peaceful, and modernizing (nondemocratic) meritocratic states, followed by suggestions about mechanisms that increase the likelihood of selecting leaders with such qualities. The findings reveal which abilities, social skills, and virtues matter most for political leaders in the context of a large, peaceful, and modernizing political meritocracy. These findings are used as a standard for evaluating the Chinese meritocratic system.
Steven G. Calabresi and Christopher S. Yoo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300121261
- eISBN:
- 9780300145380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300121261.003.0027
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the Pendleton Act to reform the civil service, which was adopted during Chester A. Arthur's administration. It established a bipartisan Civil Service Commission of three ...
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This chapter discusses the Pendleton Act to reform the civil service, which was adopted during Chester A. Arthur's administration. It established a bipartisan Civil Service Commission of three members appointed by the president with senatorial consent but critically subject to removal by the president. The Act required that open, competitive examinations be held, with appointments going to those who earned the highest grades, and apportioned the civil service among the states equitably. It provided for protection of the so-called classified service against political assessments by explicitly providing that public servants could not be forced to contribute to political funds or be removed for failure to do so. The act also prohibited federal officials from soliciting political contributions from employees and barred anyone from soliciting or receiving such contributions in any public building. The president was given the power to extend the classified service to more employees by executive order.Less
This chapter discusses the Pendleton Act to reform the civil service, which was adopted during Chester A. Arthur's administration. It established a bipartisan Civil Service Commission of three members appointed by the president with senatorial consent but critically subject to removal by the president. The Act required that open, competitive examinations be held, with appointments going to those who earned the highest grades, and apportioned the civil service among the states equitably. It provided for protection of the so-called classified service against political assessments by explicitly providing that public servants could not be forced to contribute to political funds or be removed for failure to do so. The act also prohibited federal officials from soliciting political contributions from employees and barred anyone from soliciting or receiving such contributions in any public building. The president was given the power to extend the classified service to more employees by executive order.
A.G. Noorani
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195678291
- eISBN:
- 9780199080588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678291.003.0045
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines the legal issues relevant to the bribery of Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under Article 105(2) of the Indian Constitution, no MP shall be liable to legal proceedings 'in ...
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This chapter examines the legal issues relevant to the bribery of Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under Article 105(2) of the Indian Constitution, no MP shall be liable to legal proceedings 'in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in parliament' because this is part of parliamentary privilege. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 also departed from the Act of 1947 by defining public servant as any person who holds an office by virtue of which he is authorized or required to perform any public duty. This definition excludes MPs from being held liable for offering or accepting bribery. The chapter also reviews related laws in the U.S., Great Britain, and Australia.Less
This chapter examines the legal issues relevant to the bribery of Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under Article 105(2) of the Indian Constitution, no MP shall be liable to legal proceedings 'in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in parliament' because this is part of parliamentary privilege. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 also departed from the Act of 1947 by defining public servant as any person who holds an office by virtue of which he is authorized or required to perform any public duty. This definition excludes MPs from being held liable for offering or accepting bribery. The chapter also reviews related laws in the U.S., Great Britain, and Australia.
Angie Ash
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447305668
- eISBN:
- 9781447311683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447305668.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
This chapter proposes that what happens to an older person after disclosure of abuse depends considerably on the way professionals and practitioners such as social workers, police officers or nurses, ...
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This chapter proposes that what happens to an older person after disclosure of abuse depends considerably on the way professionals and practitioners such as social workers, police officers or nurses, understand, use and implement safeguarding policy. This chapter lays out the conceptual backcloth to the research reported in Chapters 6 and 7, Specifically, it reviews Michael Lipsky’s work on street-level bureaucracy, and Lipsky’s contention that public policy was made, in effect, in the day-to-day activities of ‘street-level bureaucrats’ (staff and professionals paid to deliver public services). This chapter discusses the exercise of discretion by those public servants; in particular focusing on the critical importance of context to understanding the actions and decisions of adult safeguarding professionals dealing with potential elder abuse.Less
This chapter proposes that what happens to an older person after disclosure of abuse depends considerably on the way professionals and practitioners such as social workers, police officers or nurses, understand, use and implement safeguarding policy. This chapter lays out the conceptual backcloth to the research reported in Chapters 6 and 7, Specifically, it reviews Michael Lipsky’s work on street-level bureaucracy, and Lipsky’s contention that public policy was made, in effect, in the day-to-day activities of ‘street-level bureaucrats’ (staff and professionals paid to deliver public services). This chapter discusses the exercise of discretion by those public servants; in particular focusing on the critical importance of context to understanding the actions and decisions of adult safeguarding professionals dealing with potential elder abuse.
Christopher Pollitt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199603831
- eISBN:
- 9780191806797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199603831.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
This introductory chapter defines the ‘other’ place of government in society. It has transformed and progressed from a place with a face to a government that is reached via the Internet or telephone. ...
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This introductory chapter defines the ‘other’ place of government in society. It has transformed and progressed from a place with a face to a government that is reached via the Internet or telephone. Government may not even be in the country anymore, as some of the departments are being operated by private companies. The book also examines interactions between places, changing technologies, and public services. It analyzes whether the decline in real, local, face-to-face contacts with public authorities has any effect on the citizen's perception of government's trustworthiness, reliability, and legitimacy. It also discusses the attitudes and behaviors of public servants who have progressed from using traditional ways of interacting with government to the deployment of advanced technology offered by public services.Less
This introductory chapter defines the ‘other’ place of government in society. It has transformed and progressed from a place with a face to a government that is reached via the Internet or telephone. Government may not even be in the country anymore, as some of the departments are being operated by private companies. The book also examines interactions between places, changing technologies, and public services. It analyzes whether the decline in real, local, face-to-face contacts with public authorities has any effect on the citizen's perception of government's trustworthiness, reliability, and legitimacy. It also discusses the attitudes and behaviors of public servants who have progressed from using traditional ways of interacting with government to the deployment of advanced technology offered by public services.
Angie Ash
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447305668
- eISBN:
- 9781447311683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447305668.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
This chapter reports on research carried out in Wales, UK. This case study set out to, firstly, identify the constraints and dilemmas social workers and their managers grappled with when they dealt ...
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This chapter reports on research carried out in Wales, UK. This case study set out to, firstly, identify the constraints and dilemmas social workers and their managers grappled with when they dealt with potential abuse of an older person; and secondly, to appraise what Lipsky’s concept of street level bureaucracy offered in understanding factors influencing local implementation of adult protection policy by social workers and their managers. This chapter discusses five themes emerging from the research: social workers’ awareness of elder mistreatment; their organisation’s culture and organisation; dilemmas of resources when decision-making; dilemmas of care for older people; and the exercise of professional power and discretion in the implementation of adult protection procedures.Less
This chapter reports on research carried out in Wales, UK. This case study set out to, firstly, identify the constraints and dilemmas social workers and their managers grappled with when they dealt with potential abuse of an older person; and secondly, to appraise what Lipsky’s concept of street level bureaucracy offered in understanding factors influencing local implementation of adult protection policy by social workers and their managers. This chapter discusses five themes emerging from the research: social workers’ awareness of elder mistreatment; their organisation’s culture and organisation; dilemmas of resources when decision-making; dilemmas of care for older people; and the exercise of professional power and discretion in the implementation of adult protection procedures.
