Alan Cribb
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242733
- eISBN:
- 9780191603549
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242739.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The goals of healthcare and health policy, and the health-related dilemmas facing policy makers, professionals, and citizens are analysed and debated in a range of disciplines, including public ...
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The goals of healthcare and health policy, and the health-related dilemmas facing policy makers, professionals, and citizens are analysed and debated in a range of disciplines, including public health, sociology, and applied philosophy. The book's core argument is that clinical ethics needs to be understood in the context of public health ethics. This entails healthcare ethics embracing ‘the social dimension’ of health in two overlapping senses: first, the various respects in which health experiences and outcomes are socially determined; and second, the ways in which health-related goods are better understood as social rather then purely individual goods. This broader approach to the ethics of healthcare includes a concern with the social construction of both healthcare goods and the roles, ideals, and obligations of agents; that is to say it focuses upon the ‘value field’ of health-related action and not only upon the ethics of action within this value field. This book thus ‘opens up’ the agenda of healthcare ethics both methodologically and substantively: it argues that population-oriented perspectives are central to all healthcare ethics, and that everybody has some share of responsibility for securing health-related goods including the good of greater health equality. One of its major conclusions is that the rather limited tradition of health education policy and practice needs a complete re-think.Less
The goals of healthcare and health policy, and the health-related dilemmas facing policy makers, professionals, and citizens are analysed and debated in a range of disciplines, including public health, sociology, and applied philosophy. The book's core argument is that clinical ethics needs to be understood in the context of public health ethics. This entails healthcare ethics embracing ‘the social dimension’ of health in two overlapping senses: first, the various respects in which health experiences and outcomes are socially determined; and second, the ways in which health-related goods are better understood as social rather then purely individual goods. This broader approach to the ethics of healthcare includes a concern with the social construction of both healthcare goods and the roles, ideals, and obligations of agents; that is to say it focuses upon the ‘value field’ of health-related action and not only upon the ethics of action within this value field. This book thus ‘opens up’ the agenda of healthcare ethics both methodologically and substantively: it argues that population-oriented perspectives are central to all healthcare ethics, and that everybody has some share of responsibility for securing health-related goods including the good of greater health equality. One of its major conclusions is that the rather limited tradition of health education policy and practice needs a complete re-think.
Dr Mitch Blair, Professor Sarah Stewart-Brown, Dr Tony Waterston, and Dr Rachel Crowther
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547500
- eISBN:
- 9780191720123
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547500.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Despite children making up around a quarter of the population, the first edition of this book was the first to focus on a public health approach to the health and sickness of children and young ...
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Despite children making up around a quarter of the population, the first edition of this book was the first to focus on a public health approach to the health and sickness of children and young people. It combined clinical and academic perspectives to explore the current state of health of our children, the historical roots of the speciality, and the relationship between early infant and child health on later adult health. Child public health is a rapidly developing field, and is increasingly recognised throughout the world as a major area of focus for population health. Targeting the health of children now is essential if we are to achieve a healthy population as adults. For the second edition the text has been revised and updated with new material on health for all children, global warming, child participation, systems theory, refugees, commissioning, and sustainable development.Less
Despite children making up around a quarter of the population, the first edition of this book was the first to focus on a public health approach to the health and sickness of children and young people. It combined clinical and academic perspectives to explore the current state of health of our children, the historical roots of the speciality, and the relationship between early infant and child health on later adult health. Child public health is a rapidly developing field, and is increasingly recognised throughout the world as a major area of focus for population health. Targeting the health of children now is essential if we are to achieve a healthy population as adults. For the second edition the text has been revised and updated with new material on health for all children, global warming, child participation, systems theory, refugees, commissioning, and sustainable development.
Achille Ardigó
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294740
- eISBN:
- 9780191598838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294743.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Considers what citizens perceive to be the responsibilities of their governments and the way they assess the activities of government concerning the management of the welfare state, with particular ...
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Considers what citizens perceive to be the responsibilities of their governments and the way they assess the activities of government concerning the management of the welfare state, with particular reference to health services. First, it draws conclusions from a secondary analysis of data from cross‐national sample surveys that contain questions on the role of national governments in providing health services. Second, it relates these findings to recent variations in health service expenditure. The scale of current and prospective changes in public health service funding offers a fruitful arena for future research on the relationship between public opinion and government policy on health care provision.Less
Considers what citizens perceive to be the responsibilities of their governments and the way they assess the activities of government concerning the management of the welfare state, with particular reference to health services. First, it draws conclusions from a secondary analysis of data from cross‐national sample surveys that contain questions on the role of national governments in providing health services. Second, it relates these findings to recent variations in health service expenditure. The scale of current and prospective changes in public health service funding offers a fruitful arena for future research on the relationship between public opinion and government policy on health care provision.
Philippa Brice and Ron Zimmern
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398441
- eISBN:
- 9780199776023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398441.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter considers the origins and emergence of public health genomics as a subdiscipline of public health, moving on to a consideration of current practice with some specific examples. It then ...
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This chapter considers the origins and emergence of public health genomics as a subdiscipline of public health, moving on to a consideration of current practice with some specific examples. It then looks at the future prospects for the field and its role within medicine and health care in the 21st century and beyond. Public health genomics is built around the prevention of morbidity and mortality and the promotion of health, and seeks these benefits at the population level in addition to that of individual patients. This is a paradigm that should not only unite genomics and epidemiology, medicine, and public health, but which should also underpin all health services and biomedical research in the modern world.Less
This chapter considers the origins and emergence of public health genomics as a subdiscipline of public health, moving on to a consideration of current practice with some specific examples. It then looks at the future prospects for the field and its role within medicine and health care in the 21st century and beyond. Public health genomics is built around the prevention of morbidity and mortality and the promotion of health, and seeks these benefits at the population level in addition to that of individual patients. This is a paradigm that should not only unite genomics and epidemiology, medicine, and public health, but which should also underpin all health services and biomedical research in the modern world.
Vincanne Adams
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the impact of “evidence-based medicine” (EBM) on global public health. An epistemic transformation in the field of global health is underway, and it argues that the impact of ...
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This chapter examines the impact of “evidence-based medicine” (EBM) on global public health. An epistemic transformation in the field of global health is underway, and it argues that the impact of EBM has been twofold: (1) the creation of an experimental metric as a means of providing health care; and (2) a shift in the priorities of caregiving practices in public health such that “people [no longer] come first.” The production of experimental research populations in and through EBM helps constitute larger fiscal transformations in how we do global health. Notably, EBM has created a platform for the buying and selling of truth and reliability, abstracting clinical caregiving from the social relationships on which they depend.Less
This chapter examines the impact of “evidence-based medicine” (EBM) on global public health. An epistemic transformation in the field of global health is underway, and it argues that the impact of EBM has been twofold: (1) the creation of an experimental metric as a means of providing health care; and (2) a shift in the priorities of caregiving practices in public health such that “people [no longer] come first.” The production of experimental research populations in and through EBM helps constitute larger fiscal transformations in how we do global health. Notably, EBM has created a platform for the buying and selling of truth and reliability, abstracting clinical caregiving from the social relationships on which they depend.
Kristin Shrader‐Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195325461
- eISBN:
- 9780199869275
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325461.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter begins with a discussion of the three important ethical points about science, whistleblowing, and democracy, following the tragic deaths of several children in northern Indiana from rare ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the three important ethical points about science, whistleblowing, and democracy, following the tragic deaths of several children in northern Indiana from rare types of cancer due to alleged exposure to ethylene dichloride released by a nearby chemical plant. It then discusses the themes and limits of the book, threats posed by pollution, and public health in developed and developing nations. An overview of the chapters included in this book is also presented.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the three important ethical points about science, whistleblowing, and democracy, following the tragic deaths of several children in northern Indiana from rare types of cancer due to alleged exposure to ethylene dichloride released by a nearby chemical plant. It then discusses the themes and limits of the book, threats posed by pollution, and public health in developed and developing nations. An overview of the chapters included in this book is also presented.
Ian Whitmarsh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0015
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical ...
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Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical subject This chapter draws on fieldwork in the Caribbean and the United States on the science and medicine of the chronic diseases of asthma, diabetes, and obesity to explore this subject. Moving from scientists in the United States to health officials, doctors, and patients in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, it explores the ways in which biomedical science and global health become intertwined, creating particular forms of health intervention. It argues that the figure that inhabits biomedical compliance is not the familiar (neo)liberal individual found by recent social science analyses to be at the center of global science, markets, and governing.Less
Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical subject This chapter draws on fieldwork in the Caribbean and the United States on the science and medicine of the chronic diseases of asthma, diabetes, and obesity to explore this subject. Moving from scientists in the United States to health officials, doctors, and patients in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, it explores the ways in which biomedical science and global health become intertwined, creating particular forms of health intervention. It argues that the figure that inhabits biomedical compliance is not the familiar (neo)liberal individual found by recent social science analyses to be at the center of global science, markets, and governing.
Mitch Blair, Sarah Stewart-Brown, Tony Waterston, and Rachel Crowther
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547500
- eISBN:
- 9780191720123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547500.003.005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter presents a number of concepts from the fields of public health and child health that are useful in the exploration of child public health. The chapter is divided into four broad themes: ...
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This chapter presents a number of concepts from the fields of public health and child health that are useful in the exploration of child public health. The chapter is divided into four broad themes: a) epidemiological concepts; b) concepts related to health improvement; c) concepts relating to disease prevention; and d) concepts relating to the practice of public health and health promotion.Less
This chapter presents a number of concepts from the fields of public health and child health that are useful in the exploration of child public health. The chapter is divided into four broad themes: a) epidemiological concepts; b) concepts related to health improvement; c) concepts relating to disease prevention; and d) concepts relating to the practice of public health and health promotion.
Mitch Blair, Sarah Stewart-Brown, Tony Waterston, and Rachel Crowther
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547500
- eISBN:
- 9780191720123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547500.003.008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter presents an overview of the community diagnosis process in practice through ten child public health scenarios, each of which considers a different issue. The aim is to illustrate a range ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the community diagnosis process in practice through ten child public health scenarios, each of which considers a different issue. The aim is to illustrate a range of ‘real’ problems in child public health, and possible approaches to tackling them. The topics covered are: (i) walking the patch — developing a public health approach to a locality; (ii) promoting infant mental health; (iii) reducing unintentional injury due to motor vehicles; (iv) promoting breast-feeding; (v) child health surveillance programmes — delay in diagnoses; (vi) mitigating the impact of social deprivation; (vii) investigating declining vaccine uptake; (viii) investigating systems for responding to child deaths from abuse; (ix) responding to the epidemic of youth obesity; and (x) a whole country approach to tackling child malnutrition. Each scenario aims to ‘bring to life’ the approaches and techniques described in earlier chapters, applying them to key child public health issues with down-to-earth descriptions of child public health in practice. It is hoped that they will help practitioners from a range of disciplines to get started on addressing the problems they face in their own practice.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the community diagnosis process in practice through ten child public health scenarios, each of which considers a different issue. The aim is to illustrate a range of ‘real’ problems in child public health, and possible approaches to tackling them. The topics covered are: (i) walking the patch — developing a public health approach to a locality; (ii) promoting infant mental health; (iii) reducing unintentional injury due to motor vehicles; (iv) promoting breast-feeding; (v) child health surveillance programmes — delay in diagnoses; (vi) mitigating the impact of social deprivation; (vii) investigating declining vaccine uptake; (viii) investigating systems for responding to child deaths from abuse; (ix) responding to the epidemic of youth obesity; and (x) a whole country approach to tackling child malnutrition. Each scenario aims to ‘bring to life’ the approaches and techniques described in earlier chapters, applying them to key child public health issues with down-to-earth descriptions of child public health in practice. It is hoped that they will help practitioners from a range of disciplines to get started on addressing the problems they face in their own practice.
David J. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424631
- eISBN:
- 9781447303978
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424631.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Health systems everywhere are experiencing rapid change in response to new threats to health, including from lifestyle diseases, risks of pandemic flu, and the global effects of climate change, but ...
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Health systems everywhere are experiencing rapid change in response to new threats to health, including from lifestyle diseases, risks of pandemic flu, and the global effects of climate change, but health inequalities continue to widen. Such developments have profound implications for the future direction of public health policy and practice. This book offers a wide-ranging, provocative assessment of challenges confronting a public health system, exploring how its parameters have shifted and what the origins of dilemmas in public health practice are.Less
Health systems everywhere are experiencing rapid change in response to new threats to health, including from lifestyle diseases, risks of pandemic flu, and the global effects of climate change, but health inequalities continue to widen. Such developments have profound implications for the future direction of public health policy and practice. This book offers a wide-ranging, provocative assessment of challenges confronting a public health system, exploring how its parameters have shifted and what the origins of dilemmas in public health practice are.
Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
Rarely have humans been as threatened by viruses as they are today. It almost seems as if a virus invasion is taking place. Viruses have lately been coming out of nowhere and appearing in the ...
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Rarely have humans been as threatened by viruses as they are today. It almost seems as if a virus invasion is taking place. Viruses have lately been coming out of nowhere and appearing in the strangest places — exotic viruses about which no one had ever heard before. Many human viruses have started out in the animal world. Are these viruses maybe escaping from their natural hosts? Are human beings simply available as easy prey? Why is all this happening now, and what does it mean for our future? What can we do to defend ourselves? This book addresses viral adaptation as a general phenomenon and examines the implications for public health of human behavior altering viral ecosystems. This book discusses the phenomenon of viral emergence.Less
Rarely have humans been as threatened by viruses as they are today. It almost seems as if a virus invasion is taking place. Viruses have lately been coming out of nowhere and appearing in the strangest places — exotic viruses about which no one had ever heard before. Many human viruses have started out in the animal world. Are these viruses maybe escaping from their natural hosts? Are human beings simply available as easy prey? Why is all this happening now, and what does it mean for our future? What can we do to defend ourselves? This book addresses viral adaptation as a general phenomenon and examines the implications for public health of human behavior altering viral ecosystems. This book discusses the phenomenon of viral emergence.
Clare Bambra
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199588299
- eISBN:
- 9780191731372
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588299.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
We are told that ‘work is good for us’ and that ill-health is caused by ‘individual lifestyles’. Drawing on research from public health, social policy, epidemiology, geography, and political science, ...
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We are told that ‘work is good for us’ and that ill-health is caused by ‘individual lifestyles’. Drawing on research from public health, social policy, epidemiology, geography, and political science, this evidence-based inter-disciplinary book firmly challenges these contemporary orthodoxies. It systematically demonstrates that work — or lack of it — is central to our health and wellbeing and is the underlying determinant of health inequalities. Work is the cornerstone of modern society and dominates adult life with around a third of our time spent working. It is a vital part of self-identity and for most of us, it is the foundation of economic and social status. As such, the material and psychosocial conditions in which we work have immense consequences for our physical and mental wellbeing, as well as the distribution of health across the population. Recessions, job-loss, insecurity, and unemployment also have important ramifications for the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities. Chronic illness is itself a significant cause of worklessness and low pay. Drawing on examples from different countries, this book shows that the relationship between work, worklessness, and health varies by country. Countries with a more regulated work environment and a more interventionist and supportive welfare system have better health and smaller work-related health inequalities. The book provides examples of specific policies and interventions that mitigate the ill-health effects of work and worklessness. It concludes by asserting the importance of politics and policy choices in the aetiology of health and health inequalities.Less
We are told that ‘work is good for us’ and that ill-health is caused by ‘individual lifestyles’. Drawing on research from public health, social policy, epidemiology, geography, and political science, this evidence-based inter-disciplinary book firmly challenges these contemporary orthodoxies. It systematically demonstrates that work — or lack of it — is central to our health and wellbeing and is the underlying determinant of health inequalities. Work is the cornerstone of modern society and dominates adult life with around a third of our time spent working. It is a vital part of self-identity and for most of us, it is the foundation of economic and social status. As such, the material and psychosocial conditions in which we work have immense consequences for our physical and mental wellbeing, as well as the distribution of health across the population. Recessions, job-loss, insecurity, and unemployment also have important ramifications for the health and wellbeing of individuals, families, and communities. Chronic illness is itself a significant cause of worklessness and low pay. Drawing on examples from different countries, this book shows that the relationship between work, worklessness, and health varies by country. Countries with a more regulated work environment and a more interventionist and supportive welfare system have better health and smaller work-related health inequalities. The book provides examples of specific policies and interventions that mitigate the ill-health effects of work and worklessness. It concludes by asserting the importance of politics and policy choices in the aetiology of health and health inequalities.
Mitch Blair, Sarah Stewart-Brown, Tony Waterston, and Rachel Crowther
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547500
- eISBN:
- 9780191720123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547500.003.004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter provides an historical review of child public health. It explains how the cause of child health has fared through the centuries, highlighting key milestones and identifying lessons for ...
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This chapter provides an historical review of child public health. It explains how the cause of child health has fared through the centuries, highlighting key milestones and identifying lessons for practice today. These are particularly important to draw on as the agenda for child health is redefined at the start of the 21st century.Less
This chapter provides an historical review of child public health. It explains how the cause of child health has fared through the centuries, highlighting key milestones and identifying lessons for practice today. These are particularly important to draw on as the agenda for child health is redefined at the start of the 21st century.
Charles M. Heilig and Patricia Sweeney
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372922
- eISBN:
- 9780199866090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372922.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter reflects on the ethical norms for public health surveillance. It presents pragmatic guidelines for ethical considerations in public health surveillance. The overall moral foundation set ...
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This chapter reflects on the ethical norms for public health surveillance. It presents pragmatic guidelines for ethical considerations in public health surveillance. The overall moral foundation set in public health is a collective effort to achieve a public good. This involves the government's fundamental duty to promote and protect the health of the public, which requires obtaining private health information about individuals. Defining the ethical limits on accumulating information about individuals in serving the common good requires careful consideration of both ethical principles and the duties of the public health agencies.Less
This chapter reflects on the ethical norms for public health surveillance. It presents pragmatic guidelines for ethical considerations in public health surveillance. The overall moral foundation set in public health is a collective effort to achieve a public good. This involves the government's fundamental duty to promote and protect the health of the public, which requires obtaining private health information about individuals. Defining the ethical limits on accumulating information about individuals in serving the common good requires careful consideration of both ethical principles and the duties of the public health agencies.
Richard Heller
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198529743
- eISBN:
- 9780191723919
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529743.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book aims to show the value of developing and applying an evidence base to public health. The application of evidence to clinical practice is well established, and the field of evidence-based ...
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This book aims to show the value of developing and applying an evidence base to public health. The application of evidence to clinical practice is well established, and the field of evidence-based medicine accepted as a basic clinical science, not so for public health. The book examines the methods used for Evidence Based Medicine, and shows how these can be applied to public health. In the process, a number of new measures are necessary to extend clinical measures to the population. Population impact measures are described and their value in public health policy-making described and discussed. The book identifies evidence for population health as an appropriate field of study. The chapters are divided in three sections to follow the structure of the Population Health Evidence Cycle: Ask the question, Collect the evidence, and Understand and use the evidence.Less
This book aims to show the value of developing and applying an evidence base to public health. The application of evidence to clinical practice is well established, and the field of evidence-based medicine accepted as a basic clinical science, not so for public health. The book examines the methods used for Evidence Based Medicine, and shows how these can be applied to public health. In the process, a number of new measures are necessary to extend clinical measures to the population. Population impact measures are described and their value in public health policy-making described and discussed. The book identifies evidence for population health as an appropriate field of study. The chapters are divided in three sections to follow the structure of the Population Health Evidence Cycle: Ask the question, Collect the evidence, and Understand and use the evidence.
Mitch Blair, Sarah Stewart-Brown, Tony Waterston, and Rachel Crowther
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547500
- eISBN:
- 9780191720123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547500.003.007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter addresses techniques and resources for assessing health needs — comparing the clinical and public health process of making a ‘diagnosis’ — and describes the sources of information ...
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This chapter addresses techniques and resources for assessing health needs — comparing the clinical and public health process of making a ‘diagnosis’ — and describes the sources of information available to support public health practice. It also considers approaches to evaluation and the generation of evidence in public health, and shows how these differ from approaches appropriate to clinical care.Less
This chapter addresses techniques and resources for assessing health needs — comparing the clinical and public health process of making a ‘diagnosis’ — and describes the sources of information available to support public health practice. It also considers approaches to evaluation and the generation of evidence in public health, and shows how these differ from approaches appropriate to clinical care.
Per Arnt Pettersen
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294740
- eISBN:
- 9780191598838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294743.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The basic question for analysis in this chapter is whether people prefer that security benefits such as state pension schemes, public health services, and unemployment benefits should expand, ...
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The basic question for analysis in this chapter is whether people prefer that security benefits such as state pension schemes, public health services, and unemployment benefits should expand, continue as they are, or diminish. The chapter reviews the historical development of welfare and benefit provision from the self‐confident 1960s, through the stagnation of the 1970s, through to the austerity of the 1980s. It then examines which demographic and social groupings are likely to support or oppose the expansion of security provision by the welfare state, and the nature of the connections between public perceptions and party‐political positions on welfare policies.Less
The basic question for analysis in this chapter is whether people prefer that security benefits such as state pension schemes, public health services, and unemployment benefits should expand, continue as they are, or diminish. The chapter reviews the historical development of welfare and benefit provision from the self‐confident 1960s, through the stagnation of the 1970s, through to the austerity of the 1980s. It then examines which demographic and social groupings are likely to support or oppose the expansion of security provision by the welfare state, and the nature of the connections between public perceptions and party‐political positions on welfare policies.
Ina Zweiniger‐Bargielowska
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280520
- eISBN:
- 9780191594878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280520.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The dysgenic disaster of the First World War compounded anxieties about physical deterioration. Sir George Newman, Chief Medical Officer at the new Ministry of Health, advocated health education as ...
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The dysgenic disaster of the First World War compounded anxieties about physical deterioration. Sir George Newman, Chief Medical Officer at the new Ministry of Health, advocated health education as an essential aspect of preventive medicine. New pressure groups including the People's League of Health, the Sunlight League, and the New Health Society promoted healthy living as a duty of citizenship. They aimed to transform Britain from a C3 to an A1 nation. These military categories became a recurrent metaphor throughout the interwar years and the virtuous habits of the healthy and fit A1 citizen were juxtaposed with those of the C3 anti‐citizen whose undisciplined lifestyle was attributed to ignorance and lack of self‐control. The revival of life reform was further stimulated by the discovery of vitamins and a new interest in the healing power of sunlight. Dietary advice was not monolithic and the health benefits of wholemeal bread were contested.Less
The dysgenic disaster of the First World War compounded anxieties about physical deterioration. Sir George Newman, Chief Medical Officer at the new Ministry of Health, advocated health education as an essential aspect of preventive medicine. New pressure groups including the People's League of Health, the Sunlight League, and the New Health Society promoted healthy living as a duty of citizenship. They aimed to transform Britain from a C3 to an A1 nation. These military categories became a recurrent metaphor throughout the interwar years and the virtuous habits of the healthy and fit A1 citizen were juxtaposed with those of the C3 anti‐citizen whose undisciplined lifestyle was attributed to ignorance and lack of self‐control. The revival of life reform was further stimulated by the discovery of vitamins and a new interest in the healing power of sunlight. Dietary advice was not monolithic and the health benefits of wholemeal bread were contested.
João Biehl and Adriana Petryna
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0016
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
In 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to adopt an official policy granting free access to antiretroviral drugs through its broad-reaching but ailing public health care system (SUS). In ...
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In 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to adopt an official policy granting free access to antiretroviral drugs through its broad-reaching but ailing public health care system (SUS). In the wake of the country's highly publicized antiretroviral drug rollout, public health and care have become increasingly pharmaceuticalized and privatized, and the rights-based demand for drug access has migrated from AIDS to other diseases and patient groups. A growing number of citizens are acting within the state to guarantee their right to health, understood as access to medicines of all kinds, whether or not they are available in official drug formularies. This chapter examines the political subjects that emerge from this complex law–state–market ecology and shows how in this new chapter in the history of the right to health, the judiciary has become a crucial arbiter and purveyor of care and technology access.Less
In 1996, Brazil became the first developing country to adopt an official policy granting free access to antiretroviral drugs through its broad-reaching but ailing public health care system (SUS). In the wake of the country's highly publicized antiretroviral drug rollout, public health and care have become increasingly pharmaceuticalized and privatized, and the rights-based demand for drug access has migrated from AIDS to other diseases and patient groups. A growing number of citizens are acting within the state to guarantee their right to health, understood as access to medicines of all kinds, whether or not they are available in official drug formularies. This chapter examines the political subjects that emerge from this complex law–state–market ecology and shows how in this new chapter in the history of the right to health, the judiciary has become a crucial arbiter and purveyor of care and technology access.
Alan Cribb
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242733
- eISBN:
- 9780191603549
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242739.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter seeks to pull together the arguments and implications of the book. In particular, it wants to ask how we — individually and collectively — ought to understand and debate the major ...
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This chapter seeks to pull together the arguments and implications of the book. In particular, it wants to ask how we — individually and collectively — ought to understand and debate the major questions of public-health policy. It focuses on the methodological implications of the arguments, i.e., their implications for the direction of healthcare ethics. It is argued that we each have some responsibility to divide our attention between our immediate ‘role-related’ obligations and the wider evaluation and construction of the social frameworks that define these roles and associated ‘ethical positions’. One aspect of this broader responsibility is seeking to understand the value field of health-related action: of the ways in which health-related goods are socially constructed and produced, and of the scope for changing these things.Less
This chapter seeks to pull together the arguments and implications of the book. In particular, it wants to ask how we — individually and collectively — ought to understand and debate the major questions of public-health policy. It focuses on the methodological implications of the arguments, i.e., their implications for the direction of healthcare ethics. It is argued that we each have some responsibility to divide our attention between our immediate ‘role-related’ obligations and the wider evaluation and construction of the social frameworks that define these roles and associated ‘ethical positions’. One aspect of this broader responsibility is seeking to understand the value field of health-related action: of the ways in which health-related goods are socially constructed and produced, and of the scope for changing these things.
