Shaun Nichols
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195169348
- eISBN:
- 9780199835041
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169344.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This volume develops a new account of the nature of moral judgment. Evidence from developmental psychology and psychopathologies suggests that emotions play a crucial role in normal moral judgment. ...
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This volume develops a new account of the nature of moral judgment. Evidence from developmental psychology and psychopathologies suggests that emotions play a crucial role in normal moral judgment. This indicates that philosophical accounts of moral judgment that eschew the emotions are mistaken. However, the volume also argues that prevailing philosophical accounts that embrace a role for the emotions are also mistaken. The empirical work points to a quite different account of moral judgment than philosophers have considered, an account in which normative rules and emotions make independent contributions to moral judgment. Further, the volume argues that the emotions play an important role in the normative rules that get fixed in the culture. The history of norms indicates that norms that resonate with our emotions are more likely to survive.Less
This volume develops a new account of the nature of moral judgment. Evidence from developmental psychology and psychopathologies suggests that emotions play a crucial role in normal moral judgment. This indicates that philosophical accounts of moral judgment that eschew the emotions are mistaken. However, the volume also argues that prevailing philosophical accounts that embrace a role for the emotions are also mistaken. The empirical work points to a quite different account of moral judgment than philosophers have considered, an account in which normative rules and emotions make independent contributions to moral judgment. Further, the volume argues that the emotions play an important role in the normative rules that get fixed in the culture. The history of norms indicates that norms that resonate with our emotions are more likely to survive.
Jesse Prinz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199571543
- eISBN:
- 9780191702075
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571543.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This book argues that recent work in philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology supports two radical hypotheses about the nature of morality: moral values are based on emotional responses, and these ...
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This book argues that recent work in philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology supports two radical hypotheses about the nature of morality: moral values are based on emotional responses, and these emotional responses are inculcated by culture, not hard-wired through natural selection. In the first half of the book, the hypothesis that morality has an emotional foundation is defended. Evidence from brain imaging, social psychology, and psychopathology suggest that, when we judge something to be right or wrong, we are merely expressing our emotions. The book claims that these emotions do not track objective features of reality; rather, the rightness and wrongness of an act consists in the fact that people are disposed to have certain emotions towards it. In the second half of the book, it turns to a defence of moral relativism. Moral facts depend on emotional responses, and emotional responses vary from culture to culture. The book surveys the anthropological record to establish moral variation, and draws on cultural history to show how attitudes toward practices such as cannibalism and marriage change over time. It also criticizes evidence from animal behaviour and child development that has been taken to support the claim that moral attitudes are hard-wired by natural selection. The book concludes that there is no single true morality, but also argues that some moral values are better than others; moral progress is possible.Less
This book argues that recent work in philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology supports two radical hypotheses about the nature of morality: moral values are based on emotional responses, and these emotional responses are inculcated by culture, not hard-wired through natural selection. In the first half of the book, the hypothesis that morality has an emotional foundation is defended. Evidence from brain imaging, social psychology, and psychopathology suggest that, when we judge something to be right or wrong, we are merely expressing our emotions. The book claims that these emotions do not track objective features of reality; rather, the rightness and wrongness of an act consists in the fact that people are disposed to have certain emotions towards it. In the second half of the book, it turns to a defence of moral relativism. Moral facts depend on emotional responses, and emotional responses vary from culture to culture. The book surveys the anthropological record to establish moral variation, and draws on cultural history to show how attitudes toward practices such as cannibalism and marriage change over time. It also criticizes evidence from animal behaviour and child development that has been taken to support the claim that moral attitudes are hard-wired by natural selection. The book concludes that there is no single true morality, but also argues that some moral values are better than others; moral progress is possible.
Mike W. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195304718
- eISBN:
- 9780199786572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195304713.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on bigotry. A case is made for viewing visceral bigotry as both a sickness and a
wrongdoing. It is argued that (visceral) bigotry ...
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This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on bigotry. A case is made for viewing visceral bigotry as both a sickness and a
wrongdoing. It is argued that (visceral) bigotry can be understood as pathological without altering our conviction that it is immoral. Doing so allows us to appreciate how overcoming bigotry can be both a moral and a therapeutic process. At the same time, pathologizing prejudice (as with crime) carries risks in the current social climate where sickness is often assumed to be an automatic excuse. We need to ensure that justice remains a key component in an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective.Less
This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on bigotry. A case is made for viewing visceral bigotry as both a sickness and a
wrongdoing. It is argued that (visceral) bigotry can be understood as pathological without altering our conviction that it is immoral. Doing so allows us to appreciate how overcoming bigotry can be both a moral and a therapeutic process. At the same time, pathologizing prejudice (as with crime) carries risks in the current social climate where sickness is often assumed to be an automatic excuse. We need to ensure that justice remains a key component in an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective.
Karen Salmon and Rowena Conroy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326932
- eISBN:
- 9780199870318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326932.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter begins with a commentary on how the chapters in this book, which provide different “windows” on the association between emotion and memory, have potentially far-reaching implications, ...
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This chapter begins with a commentary on how the chapters in this book, which provide different “windows” on the association between emotion and memory, have potentially far-reaching implications, translating into significant benefits for the most vulnerable of children. It considers the implications of the contributing chapters for understanding the association between emotion and memory in relation to psychopathology and its treatment.Less
This chapter begins with a commentary on how the chapters in this book, which provide different “windows” on the association between emotion and memory, have potentially far-reaching implications, translating into significant benefits for the most vulnerable of children. It considers the implications of the contributing chapters for understanding the association between emotion and memory in relation to psychopathology and its treatment.
Ann S. Masten
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195306255
- eISBN:
- 9780199863914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306255.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter considers ways of preventing adolescent psychopathology deduced from research on risk, competence, and resilience in developmental psychopathology. The first section focuses on ...
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This chapter considers ways of preventing adolescent psychopathology deduced from research on risk, competence, and resilience in developmental psychopathology. The first section focuses on competence and the developmental tasks of adolescence. The second describes theory and evidence linking competence and symptoms of psychopathology in adolescence. The third draws on findings from studies of risk and resilience to identify clues about what matters for adolescents at risk and the implications of these clues for resilience-focused theory and intervention. The concluding section highlights the transitions into and out of adolescence as windows of opportunity for prevention and strategic intervention, with some hints at future directions integrating the study of brain and behavioral development.Less
This chapter considers ways of preventing adolescent psychopathology deduced from research on risk, competence, and resilience in developmental psychopathology. The first section focuses on competence and the developmental tasks of adolescence. The second describes theory and evidence linking competence and symptoms of psychopathology in adolescence. The third draws on findings from studies of risk and resilience to identify clues about what matters for adolescents at risk and the implications of these clues for resilience-focused theory and intervention. The concluding section highlights the transitions into and out of adolescence as windows of opportunity for prevention and strategic intervention, with some hints at future directions integrating the study of brain and behavioral development.
Jacqueline Nadel and Darwin Muir (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198528845
- eISBN:
- 9780191689567
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528845.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
From prenatal life onwards, our emotions play a central role in our development. Exactly how emotions shape our lives is less clear. We know that emotional impairments can have a disastrous effect on ...
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From prenatal life onwards, our emotions play a central role in our development. Exactly how emotions shape our lives is less clear. We know that emotional impairments can have a disastrous effect on development. We know that emotions play a key role in adaptation. We know that traumatic emotional events can scar individuals. The processes through which these emotional changes occur are complex however, and have recently become the subject of considerable interest in the cognitive sciences. In this volume a group of scientists considers emotional development from fetal life onwards. The book includes views from neuroscience, primatology, robotics, psychopathology, and prenatal development. It also includes studies of emotional development in both normal and clinical populations.Less
From prenatal life onwards, our emotions play a central role in our development. Exactly how emotions shape our lives is less clear. We know that emotional impairments can have a disastrous effect on development. We know that emotions play a key role in adaptation. We know that traumatic emotional events can scar individuals. The processes through which these emotional changes occur are complex however, and have recently become the subject of considerable interest in the cognitive sciences. In this volume a group of scientists considers emotional development from fetal life onwards. The book includes views from neuroscience, primatology, robotics, psychopathology, and prenatal development. It also includes studies of emotional development in both normal and clinical populations.
Daniel David, Arthur Freeman, and Raymond DiGiuseppe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195182231
- eISBN:
- 9780199870684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182231.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter explores the role of irrational beliefs in stressful and nonstressful situations in health promoting behaviors, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and psychotherapy in general. It argues that ...
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This chapter explores the role of irrational beliefs in stressful and nonstressful situations in health promoting behaviors, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and psychotherapy in general. It argues that irrational beliefs are important causal factors in psychopathology, and that rational beliefs are an important health promoting mechanism. This hypothesis pertains to both cognitive-behavioral therapies and psychotherapy in general.Less
This chapter explores the role of irrational beliefs in stressful and nonstressful situations in health promoting behaviors, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and psychotherapy in general. It argues that irrational beliefs are important causal factors in psychopathology, and that rational beliefs are an important health promoting mechanism. This hypothesis pertains to both cognitive-behavioral therapies and psychotherapy in general.
Paul Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199279432
- eISBN:
- 9780191603440
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199279438.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
The focus here is naturalistic explanations that put great weight on the functioning or malfunctioning of the brain or mind. R. C. Zaehner turned against nature mysticism and put forward several ...
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The focus here is naturalistic explanations that put great weight on the functioning or malfunctioning of the brain or mind. R. C. Zaehner turned against nature mysticism and put forward several unflattering explanations. He likened extrovertive experience to the mania of manic-depressive illness, but his most promising explanation calls upon an inner mental model of the world. Freud supposed that the extrovertive ‘oceanic feeling’ is a vestige of infantile ideation, and object-relations theorists have suggested that mystical experience aims to repair the psychological damage inflicted by childhood loss. There is good evidence that the brain plays some role in religious and mystical experiences, but the nature of the role is presently unclear. Neuropsychological theories due to V. S. Ramachandran, James Austin, and Eugene d’Aquili and Andrew Newberg are raised, but they do not deal convincingly with the full range of extrovertive phenomenology and are best regarded as provisional efforts that will be superseded by more sophisticated theories when neuroscientific understanding of brain function is better understood.Less
The focus here is naturalistic explanations that put great weight on the functioning or malfunctioning of the brain or mind. R. C. Zaehner turned against nature mysticism and put forward several unflattering explanations. He likened extrovertive experience to the mania of manic-depressive illness, but his most promising explanation calls upon an inner mental model of the world. Freud supposed that the extrovertive ‘oceanic feeling’ is a vestige of infantile ideation, and object-relations theorists have suggested that mystical experience aims to repair the psychological damage inflicted by childhood loss. There is good evidence that the brain plays some role in religious and mystical experiences, but the nature of the role is presently unclear. Neuropsychological theories due to V. S. Ramachandran, James Austin, and Eugene d’Aquili and Andrew Newberg are raised, but they do not deal convincingly with the full range of extrovertive phenomenology and are best regarded as provisional efforts that will be superseded by more sophisticated theories when neuroscientific understanding of brain function is better understood.
Joel Weinberger, Tanya Cotler, and Daniel Fishman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Those who study implicit motives and those who study clinical psychology are often ignorant of one another’s work. Yet, they have much to offer one another. Satisfying dominant implicit motives ...
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Those who study implicit motives and those who study clinical psychology are often ignorant of one another’s work. Yet, they have much to offer one another. Satisfying dominant implicit motives results in a sense of well-being. Frustrating them results in unhappiness and even psychopathology. The interaction of explicit motives and implicit motives is also clinically relevant. When they are in harmony, the outcome is usually positive; when they conflict, negative outcomes ensue. Models by Kuhl and by Freud are reviewed to explain these findings. Kuhl’s is shown to have empirical support. Freud’s has not yet been adequately tested. The next focus is on psychotherapeutic treatment. The most clearly established variable underlying successful psychotherapy is the therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic relationship may be partly understood through implicit motivation. It is argued that the oneness motive, an implicit motive revolving around a need to belong to or be part of something larger than the self, partly underlies the therapeutic relationship and its ameliorative effects. The oneness motive is defined and supporting data are reviewed. Special attention is paid to data relating to clinical populations. These results are then applied to the therapeutic relationship.Less
Those who study implicit motives and those who study clinical psychology are often ignorant of one another’s work. Yet, they have much to offer one another. Satisfying dominant implicit motives results in a sense of well-being. Frustrating them results in unhappiness and even psychopathology. The interaction of explicit motives and implicit motives is also clinically relevant. When they are in harmony, the outcome is usually positive; when they conflict, negative outcomes ensue. Models by Kuhl and by Freud are reviewed to explain these findings. Kuhl’s is shown to have empirical support. Freud’s has not yet been adequately tested. The next focus is on psychotherapeutic treatment. The most clearly established variable underlying successful psychotherapy is the therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic relationship may be partly understood through implicit motivation. It is argued that the oneness motive, an implicit motive revolving around a need to belong to or be part of something larger than the self, partly underlies the therapeutic relationship and its ameliorative effects. The oneness motive is defined and supporting data are reviewed. Special attention is paid to data relating to clinical populations. These results are then applied to the therapeutic relationship.
Rolf Loeber and David P. Farrington (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than ...
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Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than older adults? And what is special about the 18th birthday when the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system in most states and most European countries, offering protection and rehabilitation, ends and the more punitive and less rehabilitative criminal justice system for adults starts? Since most juveniles take longer than age 18 to mature and become less impulsive, what is a more realistic distinction between adolescence and adulthood and justice response to adolescents and young adults? These and many other questions pertaining to the transition between adolescence and adulthood are addressed in this volume. The volume is based on hundreds of scientific studies, which are summarized in 11 chapters. The chapters deal with criminal careers, particularly desistance from and persistence in offending, explanatory factors of persistence and desistance, such as, for example, early individual differences in self-control, brain maturation, social risk and protective factors, mental illnesses, changes in life circumstances, neighborhood factors, and juvenile justice response. The volume also highlights the best evaluated and cost-effective programs that prevent juveniles from becoming persistent offenders in adulthood, and reduce recidivism among known delinquents. Finally, the volume addresses the advantages and disadvantages of legislators increasing or decreasing the age of adulthood with an eye on improving public safety.Less
Why do many juveniles stop offending when they grow up? Why are juvenile delinquents dealt with differently in the courts than adult criminals, and should young adults be dealt with differently than older adults? And what is special about the 18th birthday when the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system in most states and most European countries, offering protection and rehabilitation, ends and the more punitive and less rehabilitative criminal justice system for adults starts? Since most juveniles take longer than age 18 to mature and become less impulsive, what is a more realistic distinction between adolescence and adulthood and justice response to adolescents and young adults? These and many other questions pertaining to the transition between adolescence and adulthood are addressed in this volume. The volume is based on hundreds of scientific studies, which are summarized in 11 chapters. The chapters deal with criminal careers, particularly desistance from and persistence in offending, explanatory factors of persistence and desistance, such as, for example, early individual differences in self-control, brain maturation, social risk and protective factors, mental illnesses, changes in life circumstances, neighborhood factors, and juvenile justice response. The volume also highlights the best evaluated and cost-effective programs that prevent juveniles from becoming persistent offenders in adulthood, and reduce recidivism among known delinquents. Finally, the volume addresses the advantages and disadvantages of legislators increasing or decreasing the age of adulthood with an eye on improving public safety.
Linda S. Pagani
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter examines the links between family influences and the development and persistence of antisocial behavior. Bearing a strong preference for longitudinal designs, it synthesizes the ...
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This chapter examines the links between family influences and the development and persistence of antisocial behavior. Bearing a strong preference for longitudinal designs, it synthesizes the literature addressing both structural and process factors in the home environment that are associated with aggression, theft, vandalism, problematic substance use, and the violation of societal rules. These associations are viewed using a number of conceptual backdrops, including theories emanating from social learning and behavioral genetics approaches. This chapter concludes with concrete implications for effective family approaches in prevention and intervention. Specifically, this chapter draws upon the concepts of warmth, control, and boundary issues in at-risk parenting and how the promotion of proactive child rearing with these three crucial components in mind promotes optimal development.Less
This chapter examines the links between family influences and the development and persistence of antisocial behavior. Bearing a strong preference for longitudinal designs, it synthesizes the literature addressing both structural and process factors in the home environment that are associated with aggression, theft, vandalism, problematic substance use, and the violation of societal rules. These associations are viewed using a number of conceptual backdrops, including theories emanating from social learning and behavioral genetics approaches. This chapter concludes with concrete implications for effective family approaches in prevention and intervention. Specifically, this chapter draws upon the concepts of warmth, control, and boundary issues in at-risk parenting and how the promotion of proactive child rearing with these three crucial components in mind promotes optimal development.
Jacob A. Burack, James T. Enns, and Nathan A. Fox (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195315455
- eISBN:
- 9780199979066
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315455.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The premise of this volume is that the disciplines of cognitive neuroscience, development, and psychopathology are complementary in the study of human perception and attention. Although each ...
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The premise of this volume is that the disciplines of cognitive neuroscience, development, and psychopathology are complementary in the study of human perception and attention. Although each discipline emerges from a decidedly different and sometimes even incompatible worldview, together they lead to better science. Development is the study of the myriad of changes that occur over the lifetime of an individual, with the focus on uncovering universal categories and structure in that change. In contrast to this emphasis on universals, the study of psychopathology is premised entirely on the observation of differences between individuals, as researchers of psychopathology try to make sense of a vast array of debilitating conditions, histories, and experiences that lead to specific and usually deleterious outcomes among specific individuals, groups, or populations. The study of cognitive neuroscience offers researchers a wide variety of tools with which to examine specific cognitive functions and behaviors, with a focus on the mechanisms internal to the brain, which underlie functional and behavioral outcomes, especially specific and fine-grained analyses of the neural underpinning of behavior. With the integration of these three areas of scholarship, the emphasis in this volume is on the functional role that neural-based behavior plays in the larger social-emotional-intellectual world and how these neural processes develop over time among typically developing children and adults as well as those with anxiety, depression, autism, dyslexia, and childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.Less
The premise of this volume is that the disciplines of cognitive neuroscience, development, and psychopathology are complementary in the study of human perception and attention. Although each discipline emerges from a decidedly different and sometimes even incompatible worldview, together they lead to better science. Development is the study of the myriad of changes that occur over the lifetime of an individual, with the focus on uncovering universal categories and structure in that change. In contrast to this emphasis on universals, the study of psychopathology is premised entirely on the observation of differences between individuals, as researchers of psychopathology try to make sense of a vast array of debilitating conditions, histories, and experiences that lead to specific and usually deleterious outcomes among specific individuals, groups, or populations. The study of cognitive neuroscience offers researchers a wide variety of tools with which to examine specific cognitive functions and behaviors, with a focus on the mechanisms internal to the brain, which underlie functional and behavioral outcomes, especially specific and fine-grained analyses of the neural underpinning of behavior. With the integration of these three areas of scholarship, the emphasis in this volume is on the functional role that neural-based behavior plays in the larger social-emotional-intellectual world and how these neural processes develop over time among typically developing children and adults as well as those with anxiety, depression, autism, dyslexia, and childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
Terence P. Thornberry, Peggy C. Giordano, Christopher Uggen, Mauri Matsuda, Ann S. Masten, Erik Bulten, and Andrea G. Donker
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter discusses the current theoretical models that have been developed to explain criminal offending during the transition years between adolescence and adulthood. The chapter first ...
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This chapter discusses the current theoretical models that have been developed to explain criminal offending during the transition years between adolescence and adulthood. The chapter first identifies the key aspects of offending that typify the transition years, including desistance from delinquency, persistence in offending from adolescence to adulthood, and late onset offending. The chapter then reviews how major theories of delinquency and crime attempt to explain these divergent patterns of offending. In particular, it discusses static or population heterogeneity models, dynamic or state dependence models, social psychological theories, the developmental psychopathology perspective, and, finally, biopsychosocial theory. In each case the chapter discusses the theory’s assumptions and core propositions with a particular focus on propositions concerning offending during early adulthood. The chapter also reviews the empirical literature that has tested each of these theories. Although there are is considerable overlap across these different theoretical perspectives, each offers a unique perspective about how the transition from adolescence to adulthood influences offending and how, in turn, offending influences the timing and success of the transition to adulthood. It closes by discussing policy implications of these different theoretical orientations.Less
This chapter discusses the current theoretical models that have been developed to explain criminal offending during the transition years between adolescence and adulthood. The chapter first identifies the key aspects of offending that typify the transition years, including desistance from delinquency, persistence in offending from adolescence to adulthood, and late onset offending. The chapter then reviews how major theories of delinquency and crime attempt to explain these divergent patterns of offending. In particular, it discusses static or population heterogeneity models, dynamic or state dependence models, social psychological theories, the developmental psychopathology perspective, and, finally, biopsychosocial theory. In each case the chapter discusses the theory’s assumptions and core propositions with a particular focus on propositions concerning offending during early adulthood. The chapter also reviews the empirical literature that has tested each of these theories. Although there are is considerable overlap across these different theoretical perspectives, each offers a unique perspective about how the transition from adolescence to adulthood influences offending and how, in turn, offending influences the timing and success of the transition to adulthood. It closes by discussing policy implications of these different theoretical orientations.
Jennifer Radden (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149531
- eISBN:
- 9780199870943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149531.003.0032
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Studies indicate an ongoing “epidemic of psychopathology.” These newly popular pathologies range widely, not just in their incidence but in their presentation: social anxiety disorder, panic ...
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Studies indicate an ongoing “epidemic of psychopathology.” These newly popular pathologies range widely, not just in their incidence but in their presentation: social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and attention deficit hyperactivity, to name a few. A number of new conditions have also emerged alongside these commonly accepted disorders—such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and repetitive stress injury—whose very status as mental disorders is hotly disputed. This chapter examines this recent upsurge in mental disorder. It identifies four factors at work: the ascendancy of biomedicine as the dominant way of understanding and explaining psychological distress; the success of biomedicine in treating mental illness; the growth of support and advocacy groups; and the commercial availability of medications.Less
Studies indicate an ongoing “epidemic of psychopathology.” These newly popular pathologies range widely, not just in their incidence but in their presentation: social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and attention deficit hyperactivity, to name a few. A number of new conditions have also emerged alongside these commonly accepted disorders—such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and repetitive stress injury—whose very status as mental disorders is hotly disputed. This chapter examines this recent upsurge in mental disorder. It identifies four factors at work: the ascendancy of biomedicine as the dominant way of understanding and explaining psychological distress; the success of biomedicine in treating mental illness; the growth of support and advocacy groups; and the commercial availability of medications.
Rocco J. Gennaro (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029346
- eISBN:
- 9780262330213
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029346.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
In Disturbed Consciousness, philosophers and other scholars examine various psychopathologies in light of specific philosophical theories of consciousness. The contributing authors—some of them ...
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In Disturbed Consciousness, philosophers and other scholars examine various psychopathologies in light of specific philosophical theories of consciousness. The contributing authors—some of them discussing or defending their own theoretical work—consider not only how a theory of consciousness can account for a specific psychopathological condition but also how the characteristics of a psychopathology might challenge such a theory. Thus one essay defends the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness against the charge that it cannot account for somatoparaphrenia (a delusion in which one denies ownership of a limb). Another essay argues that various attempts to explain away such anomalies within subjective theories of consciousness fail. Other essays consider such topics as the application of a model of unified consciousness to cases of brain bisection and dissociative identity disorder; prefrontal and parietal underconnectivity in autism and other psychopathologies; self-deception and the self-model theory of subjectivity; schizophrenia and the vehicle theory of consciousness; and a shift in emphasis away from an internal (or brainbound) approach to psychopathology to an interactive one. Each essay offers a distinctive perspective from the intersection of philosophy, consciousness research, and psychiatry.Less
In Disturbed Consciousness, philosophers and other scholars examine various psychopathologies in light of specific philosophical theories of consciousness. The contributing authors—some of them discussing or defending their own theoretical work—consider not only how a theory of consciousness can account for a specific psychopathological condition but also how the characteristics of a psychopathology might challenge such a theory. Thus one essay defends the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness against the charge that it cannot account for somatoparaphrenia (a delusion in which one denies ownership of a limb). Another essay argues that various attempts to explain away such anomalies within subjective theories of consciousness fail. Other essays consider such topics as the application of a model of unified consciousness to cases of brain bisection and dissociative identity disorder; prefrontal and parietal underconnectivity in autism and other psychopathologies; self-deception and the self-model theory of subjectivity; schizophrenia and the vehicle theory of consciousness; and a shift in emphasis away from an internal (or brainbound) approach to psychopathology to an interactive one. Each essay offers a distinctive perspective from the intersection of philosophy, consciousness research, and psychiatry.
James T. Enns and Jacob A. Burack
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195315455
- eISBN:
- 9780199979066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315455.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
How do scientists of human behavior from three different perspectives approach the comparison of two highly publicized athletes of the 2008 Olympics: Shaun Johnson, a female American gymnast who is 5 ...
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How do scientists of human behavior from three different perspectives approach the comparison of two highly publicized athletes of the 2008 Olympics: Shaun Johnson, a female American gymnast who is 5 feet tall, and Yao Ming, a male Chinese basketball player who is 7-foot-6? A typical developmentalist might well focus on the similarities in their physical and neural development, which is at one level of description the same, despite vast differences in gender, ethnicity, and physique. A psychopathologist would, on the other hand, ask what is unique about each of these individuals that sets them apart from one another and the rest of the population. Finally, a cognitive neuroscientist might construct fine-grained cognitive tasks that probe how their different physiques and physiologies are manifest at the level of detailed neurology and behavioral analyses. This work follows each of these three perspectives as they explore the topics of anxiety, depression, autism, dyslexia, and infants at risk.Less
How do scientists of human behavior from three different perspectives approach the comparison of two highly publicized athletes of the 2008 Olympics: Shaun Johnson, a female American gymnast who is 5 feet tall, and Yao Ming, a male Chinese basketball player who is 7-foot-6? A typical developmentalist might well focus on the similarities in their physical and neural development, which is at one level of description the same, despite vast differences in gender, ethnicity, and physique. A psychopathologist would, on the other hand, ask what is unique about each of these individuals that sets them apart from one another and the rest of the population. Finally, a cognitive neuroscientist might construct fine-grained cognitive tasks that probe how their different physiques and physiologies are manifest at the level of detailed neurology and behavioral analyses. This work follows each of these three perspectives as they explore the topics of anxiety, depression, autism, dyslexia, and infants at risk.
Vladimir Miskovic and Louis A. Schmidt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195315455
- eISBN:
- 9780199979066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315455.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Mounting evidence indicates that early life adversity is associated with increased vulnerability for psychiatric impairment across the lifespan. Until recently, most human studies in this field have ...
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Mounting evidence indicates that early life adversity is associated with increased vulnerability for psychiatric impairment across the lifespan. Until recently, most human studies in this field have been epidemiological in nature and focused on linking early life stress to complex clinical outcomes. This chapter advances a developmental psychophysiological model, where the chapter emphasizes the importance of considering the widespread brain systems that exert a strong influence on emotional reactivity and its regulation. This chapter reviews some of the recent work from our research group that has attempted to trace the effects of prenatal insults (using extremely low birth weight as a proxy marker) and those occurring in the postnatal time period (child maltreatment) on the functional integrity of key components within this affective neurocircuitry. The chapter emphasizes the value of non-invasive psychophysiological measures in helping to bridge the developmental pathways between early experience and psychological outcomes.Less
Mounting evidence indicates that early life adversity is associated with increased vulnerability for psychiatric impairment across the lifespan. Until recently, most human studies in this field have been epidemiological in nature and focused on linking early life stress to complex clinical outcomes. This chapter advances a developmental psychophysiological model, where the chapter emphasizes the importance of considering the widespread brain systems that exert a strong influence on emotional reactivity and its regulation. This chapter reviews some of the recent work from our research group that has attempted to trace the effects of prenatal insults (using extremely low birth weight as a proxy marker) and those occurring in the postnatal time period (child maltreatment) on the functional integrity of key components within this affective neurocircuitry. The chapter emphasizes the value of non-invasive psychophysiological measures in helping to bridge the developmental pathways between early experience and psychological outcomes.
Dave Miranda, Patrick Gaudreau, Régine Debrosse, Julien Morizot, and Laurence J. Kirmayer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199586974
- eISBN:
- 9780191738357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586974.003.0034
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter focuses on the role of music listening in psychopathology, which here refers to ‘patterns of behaviours, cognitions, and emotions that are abnormal, disruptive, or distressing either to ...
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This chapter focuses on the role of music listening in psychopathology, which here refers to ‘patterns of behaviours, cognitions, and emotions that are abnormal, disruptive, or distressing either to the person or others around the person. First, it offers a conceptual framework arguing that music listening may have influences on internalizing psychopathology because: music can involve emotion regulation and coping; songs may have social cognitive influences; and music can have psychotherapeutic effects. Second, it presents a review of the empirical literature according to seven basic methodological strategies (models) that can also be used to design future studies: risk factors, compensatory factors, common causes, mediators, moderators, protective factors, and precipitating factors.Less
This chapter focuses on the role of music listening in psychopathology, which here refers to ‘patterns of behaviours, cognitions, and emotions that are abnormal, disruptive, or distressing either to the person or others around the person. First, it offers a conceptual framework arguing that music listening may have influences on internalizing psychopathology because: music can involve emotion regulation and coping; songs may have social cognitive influences; and music can have psychotherapeutic effects. Second, it presents a review of the empirical literature according to seven basic methodological strategies (models) that can also be used to design future studies: risk factors, compensatory factors, common causes, mediators, moderators, protective factors, and precipitating factors.
Stanley B. Klein
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199349968
- eISBN:
- 9780199369454
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199349968.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
In this book, I take the position that the self is not a “thing” easily reduced to an object of scientific analysis. Rather, the self consists in a multiplicity of aspects, some of which have a ...
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In this book, I take the position that the self is not a “thing” easily reduced to an object of scientific analysis. Rather, the self consists in a multiplicity of aspects, some of which have a neuro-cognitive basis (and thus are amenable to scientific inquiry) while other aspects are best construed as first-person subjectivity, lacking material instantiation. As a consequence of their potential immateriality, the subjective aspect of self cannot be taken as an object and therefore is not easily amenable to treatment by current scientific methods. I argue that to fully appreciate the self, its two aspects must be acknowledged, since it is only in virtue of their interaction that the self of everyday experience becomes a phenomenological reality. However, given their different metaphysical commitments (i.e., material and immaterial aspects of reality), a number of issues must be addressed. These include, but are not limited to, the possibility of interaction between metaphysically distinct aspects of reality, questions of causal closure under the physical, the principle of energy conservation, and more. After addressing these concerns, I present evidence based on self-reports from case studies of individuals who suffer from a chronic or temporary loss of their sense of personal ownership of their mental states. Drawing on this evidence, I argue that personal ownership may be the factor that closes the metaphysical gap between the material and immaterial selves, linking these two disparate aspects of reality, thereby enabling us to experience a unified sense of self despite its underlying multiplicity.Less
In this book, I take the position that the self is not a “thing” easily reduced to an object of scientific analysis. Rather, the self consists in a multiplicity of aspects, some of which have a neuro-cognitive basis (and thus are amenable to scientific inquiry) while other aspects are best construed as first-person subjectivity, lacking material instantiation. As a consequence of their potential immateriality, the subjective aspect of self cannot be taken as an object and therefore is not easily amenable to treatment by current scientific methods. I argue that to fully appreciate the self, its two aspects must be acknowledged, since it is only in virtue of their interaction that the self of everyday experience becomes a phenomenological reality. However, given their different metaphysical commitments (i.e., material and immaterial aspects of reality), a number of issues must be addressed. These include, but are not limited to, the possibility of interaction between metaphysically distinct aspects of reality, questions of causal closure under the physical, the principle of energy conservation, and more. After addressing these concerns, I present evidence based on self-reports from case studies of individuals who suffer from a chronic or temporary loss of their sense of personal ownership of their mental states. Drawing on this evidence, I argue that personal ownership may be the factor that closes the metaphysical gap between the material and immaterial selves, linking these two disparate aspects of reality, thereby enabling us to experience a unified sense of self despite its underlying multiplicity.
Samuel Justin Sinclair and Daniel Antonius
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388114
- eISBN:
- 9780199949816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388114.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the science that has been disseminated over the past decade on the psychological impact of terrorism. Both short- and longer-term research on ...
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The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the science that has been disseminated over the past decade on the psychological impact of terrorism. Both short- and longer-term research on the psychiatric and medical effects of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks is first presented, and then compared to other studies within the United States (e.g., following the Oklahoma City bombing) and internationally (e.g., in Israel, England, Spain, France, etc.). Data are presented on both the general population as well as specific sub-groups that may be vulnerable to negative outcomes (e.g., those directly exposed, children, service professionals, etc.). Overall, this research suggests that while spikes in psychopathology occur immediately following an act of terrorism, these rates decline over time and return to baseline rates 6 to 12 months following the attack. However, specific populations exhibit more chronic rates of psychopathology over time (e.g., populations directly exposed, those with prior psychiatric history, etc.).Less
The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the science that has been disseminated over the past decade on the psychological impact of terrorism. Both short- and longer-term research on the psychiatric and medical effects of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks is first presented, and then compared to other studies within the United States (e.g., following the Oklahoma City bombing) and internationally (e.g., in Israel, England, Spain, France, etc.). Data are presented on both the general population as well as specific sub-groups that may be vulnerable to negative outcomes (e.g., those directly exposed, children, service professionals, etc.). Overall, this research suggests that while spikes in psychopathology occur immediately following an act of terrorism, these rates decline over time and return to baseline rates 6 to 12 months following the attack. However, specific populations exhibit more chronic rates of psychopathology over time (e.g., populations directly exposed, those with prior psychiatric history, etc.).
