René Schalk, Jeroen de Jong, Thomas Rigotti, Gisela Mohr, José Maria Peiró, and Amparo Caballer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199542697
- eISBN:
- 9780191715389
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542697.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
The psychological contract, as reported by both employers and employees, provides the main focus of this chapter. It starts by reviewing some of the main conceptual and operational issues in ...
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The psychological contract, as reported by both employers and employees, provides the main focus of this chapter. It starts by reviewing some of the main conceptual and operational issues in exploring the psychological contract. Analysis reveals that both employers and employees agree that permanent workers have a broader content of the psychological contract than temporary workers. Initial comparison also suggests that there is some imbalance of the psychological contracts of temporary works who promise more than they get in return while employers admit that they do not always fulfil their promises and obligations, particularly to temporary workers.Less
The psychological contract, as reported by both employers and employees, provides the main focus of this chapter. It starts by reviewing some of the main conceptual and operational issues in exploring the psychological contract. Analysis reveals that both employers and employees agree that permanent workers have a broader content of the psychological contract than temporary workers. Initial comparison also suggests that there is some imbalance of the psychological contracts of temporary works who promise more than they get in return while employers admit that they do not always fulfil their promises and obligations, particularly to temporary workers.
Fred Luthans, Carolyn M. Youssef, and Bruce J. Avolio
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195187526
- eISBN:
- 9780199789863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187526.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This introductory chapter provides the meaning and overview of psychological capital or PsyCap. After first providing the current perspective and need for PsyCap, attention is given to the ...
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This introductory chapter provides the meaning and overview of psychological capital or PsyCap. After first providing the current perspective and need for PsyCap, attention is given to the contributions of positive psychology, positive organizational scholarship (POS), and positive organizational behavior (POB). Particular emphasis is given to the POB definitional inclusion criteria of theory, research, measurement, “state-like” development, and performance impact. The balance of the chapter then introduces the criteria-meeting positive resource capacities of self-efficacy (confidence), hope, optimism, and resiliency and, when combined, the second-order, core construct of psychological capital. The concluding sections support psychological capital as a type of psychological resource theory, how it is measured and developed, and future directions for research and practice.Less
This introductory chapter provides the meaning and overview of psychological capital or PsyCap. After first providing the current perspective and need for PsyCap, attention is given to the contributions of positive psychology, positive organizational scholarship (POS), and positive organizational behavior (POB). Particular emphasis is given to the POB definitional inclusion criteria of theory, research, measurement, “state-like” development, and performance impact. The balance of the chapter then introduces the criteria-meeting positive resource capacities of self-efficacy (confidence), hope, optimism, and resiliency and, when combined, the second-order, core construct of psychological capital. The concluding sections support psychological capital as a type of psychological resource theory, how it is measured and developed, and future directions for research and practice.
Paul Grice
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199243877
- eISBN:
- 9780191697302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243877.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter presents some ideas about how to approach philosophical psychology. It begins by formulating four problems that adequate philosophical psychology must be able to test. It discusses some ...
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This chapter presents some ideas about how to approach philosophical psychology. It begins by formulating four problems that adequate philosophical psychology must be able to test. It discusses some general aspects of the relation between psychological theory and psychological concepts, and two formal features that may be desirable to attribute to some of the laws of the theory to be used to explicate psychological concepts. The chapter then goes on to a semi-realistic procedure for introducing some psychological concepts, content-internalization, and higher-order psychological states.Less
This chapter presents some ideas about how to approach philosophical psychology. It begins by formulating four problems that adequate philosophical psychology must be able to test. It discusses some general aspects of the relation between psychological theory and psychological concepts, and two formal features that may be desirable to attribute to some of the laws of the theory to be used to explicate psychological concepts. The chapter then goes on to a semi-realistic procedure for introducing some psychological concepts, content-internalization, and higher-order psychological states.
Dana C. Jack and Alisha Ali
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter introduces the concept of this international book and the relevance of the self-silencing construct to understanding depression and related problems across cultures, contexts, and ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of this international book and the relevance of the self-silencing construct to understanding depression and related problems across cultures, contexts, and populations. The chapter summarizes silencing the self theory and situates the theory among other psychological theories of depression. The authors each describe the research that led them to become interested in the idea of this edited volume in which contributors from a range of different countries and settings explore self-silencing, and they provide a summary of the content of the book. The chapter also presents issues arising from research on self-silencing that raise questions for further investigation as well as ideas that relate self-silencing theory to broader constructs of “culture” and “self.” The authors argue that examining how gender-specific norms and social inequality affect self-silencing within relationships and across cultures is necessary for a fuller understanding of depression and its treatment.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of this international book and the relevance of the self-silencing construct to understanding depression and related problems across cultures, contexts, and populations. The chapter summarizes silencing the self theory and situates the theory among other psychological theories of depression. The authors each describe the research that led them to become interested in the idea of this edited volume in which contributors from a range of different countries and settings explore self-silencing, and they provide a summary of the content of the book. The chapter also presents issues arising from research on self-silencing that raise questions for further investigation as well as ideas that relate self-silencing theory to broader constructs of “culture” and “self.” The authors argue that examining how gender-specific norms and social inequality affect self-silencing within relationships and across cultures is necessary for a fuller understanding of depression and its treatment.
Rick Rylance
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122838
- eISBN:
- 9780191671555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122838.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Of all the shifts in psychological opinion in the period covered by this book, probably the most far-reaching was the remodeling of it in the light of evolutionary theories. The evolutionary paradigm ...
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Of all the shifts in psychological opinion in the period covered by this book, probably the most far-reaching was the remodeling of it in the light of evolutionary theories. The evolutionary paradigm placed the mind in the general analysis of nature and the biological functions. This chapter examines the development of ‘materialist’, evolutionary psychological theory in the work of one of its leading writers, Herbert Spencer, in detail and in context. Spencer's new psychology, launched in 1855, was portrayed by both radicals and conservatives as marking a fresh and strikingly original turn in the development of psychological theory. The first section describes the changes in models of the mind in the second half of the nineteenth century. The second section discusses Spencer's psychology from associationism to evolutionary theory. The third examines the varying responses to psychological theory. The last section discusses epistemology and evolutionary psychology.Less
Of all the shifts in psychological opinion in the period covered by this book, probably the most far-reaching was the remodeling of it in the light of evolutionary theories. The evolutionary paradigm placed the mind in the general analysis of nature and the biological functions. This chapter examines the development of ‘materialist’, evolutionary psychological theory in the work of one of its leading writers, Herbert Spencer, in detail and in context. Spencer's new psychology, launched in 1855, was portrayed by both radicals and conservatives as marking a fresh and strikingly original turn in the development of psychological theory. The first section describes the changes in models of the mind in the second half of the nineteenth century. The second section discusses Spencer's psychology from associationism to evolutionary theory. The third examines the varying responses to psychological theory. The last section discusses epistemology and evolutionary psychology.
MILES HEWSTONE
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264584
- eISBN:
- 9780191734069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264584.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture presents the text of the speech about the role of intergroup contact in social integration delivered by the author at the 2006 Joint British Academy/British Psychological Society Lecture ...
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This lecture presents the text of the speech about the role of intergroup contact in social integration delivered by the author at the 2006 Joint British Academy/British Psychological Society Lecture held at the British Academy. It explores the different perspectives on mixing and considers what can be learned from available data. The lecture discusses different types of intergroup contact and explains the policy implications of intergroup contact based on social-psychological theory.Less
This lecture presents the text of the speech about the role of intergroup contact in social integration delivered by the author at the 2006 Joint British Academy/British Psychological Society Lecture held at the British Academy. It explores the different perspectives on mixing and considers what can be learned from available data. The lecture discusses different types of intergroup contact and explains the policy implications of intergroup contact based on social-psychological theory.
Christine Tappolet
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195376685
- eISBN:
- 9780199776306
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376685.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
What does the apparent lack of concern for one’s future, which is involved in many cases of procrastination, entail with respect to our conception of personal identity? One claim that is prominent in ...
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What does the apparent lack of concern for one’s future, which is involved in many cases of procrastination, entail with respect to our conception of personal identity? One claim that is prominent in the debate is that the fact that we normally have a special concern for our future selves is a problem for psychological continuity theories (such as those of Derek Parfit). On the basis of a detailed account of the various kinds of procrastination and of the ways imprudent procrastination involves harm to future selves, this chapter argues that procrastinators often impose an uncompensated burden on their future selves, something that is best explained by a lack of concern for their future selves. The lesson that follows is that the objections to psychological continuity theories based on the idea of a special concern for our future selves are in serious trouble.Less
What does the apparent lack of concern for one’s future, which is involved in many cases of procrastination, entail with respect to our conception of personal identity? One claim that is prominent in the debate is that the fact that we normally have a special concern for our future selves is a problem for psychological continuity theories (such as those of Derek Parfit). On the basis of a detailed account of the various kinds of procrastination and of the ways imprudent procrastination involves harm to future selves, this chapter argues that procrastinators often impose an uncompensated burden on their future selves, something that is best explained by a lack of concern for their future selves. The lesson that follows is that the objections to psychological continuity theories based on the idea of a special concern for our future selves are in serious trouble.
DANIEL HAUSMAN
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195328318
- eISBN:
- 9780199851768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328318.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
In the first chapter, Faruk Gul and Wolfgang Pesesndorfer present how accounting for psychological and neurological theory is important in dealing with normative and positive economics. Both Gul and ...
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In the first chapter, Faruk Gul and Wolfgang Pesesndorfer present how accounting for psychological and neurological theory is important in dealing with normative and positive economics. Both Gul and Pesendorfer have been able to give comments regarding certain methodological claims of experimental, behavioral, and neuroeconomists. It is important to note that Economics, according to Gul and Pesendorfer's observations, is not readily affected, let alone enhanced, by how neurology sets what goes on in the human brain and by how psychology accounts for what goes on in people's minds when they are undergoing decision-making processes. Not considering the successes and failures of Gul and Pesendorfer's studies, this chapter attempts to look into the argument that neuroeconomics and behavioral economics cannot produce sufficient evidence for the support and rejection of models in positive economics. Also, such concepts are believed to be irrelevant in terms of normative economics.Less
In the first chapter, Faruk Gul and Wolfgang Pesesndorfer present how accounting for psychological and neurological theory is important in dealing with normative and positive economics. Both Gul and Pesendorfer have been able to give comments regarding certain methodological claims of experimental, behavioral, and neuroeconomists. It is important to note that Economics, according to Gul and Pesendorfer's observations, is not readily affected, let alone enhanced, by how neurology sets what goes on in the human brain and by how psychology accounts for what goes on in people's minds when they are undergoing decision-making processes. Not considering the successes and failures of Gul and Pesendorfer's studies, this chapter attempts to look into the argument that neuroeconomics and behavioral economics cannot produce sufficient evidence for the support and rejection of models in positive economics. Also, such concepts are believed to be irrelevant in terms of normative economics.
Steven Sloman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195183115
- eISBN:
- 9780199870950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183115.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter focuses on the role of causal models in judgment. It is argued that causal modeling plays a central role in the process of judgment when the object of judgment can be construed as a ...
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This chapter focuses on the role of causal models in judgment. It is argued that causal modeling plays a central role in the process of judgment when the object of judgment can be construed as a causal effect. Such a construal is almost always appropriate in the legal domain where both crimes and accidents are effects of individual actions. It is also appropriate in scientific domains. Scientists are also in the business of building causal models, in their case to understand how the world works in general rather than to understand the circumstances of a specific event. Causal models are relevant to judgment in any domain in which physical, social, or abstract events cause other events. Causal models may well be the primary determinant of what is considered relevant when reasoning, when making judgments and predictions, and when taking action within such domains.Less
This chapter focuses on the role of causal models in judgment. It is argued that causal modeling plays a central role in the process of judgment when the object of judgment can be construed as a causal effect. Such a construal is almost always appropriate in the legal domain where both crimes and accidents are effects of individual actions. It is also appropriate in scientific domains. Scientists are also in the business of building causal models, in their case to understand how the world works in general rather than to understand the circumstances of a specific event. Causal models are relevant to judgment in any domain in which physical, social, or abstract events cause other events. Causal models may well be the primary determinant of what is considered relevant when reasoning, when making judgments and predictions, and when taking action within such domains.
Rick Rylance
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122838
- eISBN:
- 9780191671555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122838.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter looks at the issue of development as philosophy came into direct conflict with a more confident and assertive material science. Modern historians concur with Victorian commentators that ...
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This chapter looks at the issue of development as philosophy came into direct conflict with a more confident and assertive material science. Modern historians concur with Victorian commentators that the decade of the 1870s was crucial in the development of British physiology and psychophysiology, and that it represented an important turning point in the move to scientific definitions of psychological theory. Most agree that it was only from the end of the 1860s that psycho-physiology was able to make a sustained, well-supported challenge to the prevailing philosophical and theological paradigms. Several factors contributed to this British resurgence. Path-breaking European work was gradually readmitted to the mainstream of domestic enquiry from the 1840s after a period of post-revolutionary suspicion. By the 1870s, physiology itself was more securely anchored to undismissable scientific findings, and better techniques and instrumentation had been developed to enable further work.Less
This chapter looks at the issue of development as philosophy came into direct conflict with a more confident and assertive material science. Modern historians concur with Victorian commentators that the decade of the 1870s was crucial in the development of British physiology and psychophysiology, and that it represented an important turning point in the move to scientific definitions of psychological theory. Most agree that it was only from the end of the 1860s that psycho-physiology was able to make a sustained, well-supported challenge to the prevailing philosophical and theological paradigms. Several factors contributed to this British resurgence. Path-breaking European work was gradually readmitted to the mainstream of domestic enquiry from the 1840s after a period of post-revolutionary suspicion. By the 1870s, physiology itself was more securely anchored to undismissable scientific findings, and better techniques and instrumentation had been developed to enable further work.
Charles K. Bellinger
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195134988
- eISBN:
- 9780199833986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195134982.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter summarizes and offers critical responses to four psychological theories of violence. Alice Miller focuses on child abuse. Ervin Staub speaks of ”difficult life conditions” that lead to ...
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This chapter summarizes and offers critical responses to four psychological theories of violence. Alice Miller focuses on child abuse. Ervin Staub speaks of ”difficult life conditions” that lead to scapegoating. Carl Jung points to the projection of the ”shadow.” Ernest Becker argues that the mainspring of human behavior is fear of death. None of these theories are found to be fully convincing and satisfying.Less
This chapter summarizes and offers critical responses to four psychological theories of violence. Alice Miller focuses on child abuse. Ervin Staub speaks of ”difficult life conditions” that lead to scapegoating. Carl Jung points to the projection of the ”shadow.” Ernest Becker argues that the mainspring of human behavior is fear of death. None of these theories are found to be fully convincing and satisfying.
Rick Rylance
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122838
- eISBN:
- 9780191671555
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122838.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Victorian psychology was fiercely controversial and contested by parties representing the whole span of nineteenth-century opinion. It developed from a theory of the soul to one which understood the ...
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Victorian psychology was fiercely controversial and contested by parties representing the whole span of nineteenth-century opinion. It developed from a theory of the soul to one which understood the human mind as a part of the natural world. In its most advanced forms it embraced new evolutionary ideas, and was considered by its opponents to be a bastard child of materialism. But this was a genuinely interdisciplinary field, and biomedical scientists, philosophers, novelists, poets, theologians, social commentators, and doctors fought for the ascendancy of their ideas. The emerging discipline reveals the turbulence of Victorian cultural debate, for psychology carried the weight of the period's concerns and articulated some of its most advanced thinking. This book examines psychological theory as it appeared to the Victorians themselves, tracing the social and intellectual forces in play in its formation; it also relates these nineteenth-century ideas to twentieth-century developments in psychological investigation. Part One outlines the general debate. Part Two concentrates on three central figures: Alexander Bain, Herbert Spencer, and G. H. Lewes. It assesses their contributions in the context of the public debates which shaped their work. The book also provides one of the first thorough examinations of the work of G. H. Lewes, which has been greatly underestimated. Distinctive features of this study include its cross-referral between work in different disciplines, and a series of analyses of the work of George Eliot, whose writing is saturated with ideas developed alongside those of the great psychologists who formed her circle.Less
Victorian psychology was fiercely controversial and contested by parties representing the whole span of nineteenth-century opinion. It developed from a theory of the soul to one which understood the human mind as a part of the natural world. In its most advanced forms it embraced new evolutionary ideas, and was considered by its opponents to be a bastard child of materialism. But this was a genuinely interdisciplinary field, and biomedical scientists, philosophers, novelists, poets, theologians, social commentators, and doctors fought for the ascendancy of their ideas. The emerging discipline reveals the turbulence of Victorian cultural debate, for psychology carried the weight of the period's concerns and articulated some of its most advanced thinking. This book examines psychological theory as it appeared to the Victorians themselves, tracing the social and intellectual forces in play in its formation; it also relates these nineteenth-century ideas to twentieth-century developments in psychological investigation. Part One outlines the general debate. Part Two concentrates on three central figures: Alexander Bain, Herbert Spencer, and G. H. Lewes. It assesses their contributions in the context of the public debates which shaped their work. The book also provides one of the first thorough examinations of the work of G. H. Lewes, which has been greatly underestimated. Distinctive features of this study include its cross-referral between work in different disciplines, and a series of analyses of the work of George Eliot, whose writing is saturated with ideas developed alongside those of the great psychologists who formed her circle.
Jacqueline Feke
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691179582
- eISBN:
- 9780691184036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691179582.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter investigates the development of Ptolemy's psychological theory from On the Kritêrion to the Harmonics. It argues that Ptolemy composed the former before the latter, and that comparison ...
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This chapter investigates the development of Ptolemy's psychological theory from On the Kritêrion to the Harmonics. It argues that Ptolemy composed the former before the latter, and that comparison of the two texts reveals Ptolemy's move from a less to a more restrictive model of the soul. This move follows from Ptolemy's effort to mathematize the soul, to analyze its parts and species in concordance with mathematical, specifically harmonic, ratios. When Ptolemy mathematized the soul he sought to improve his account of the soul's structure, to make it epistemically sound. This endeavor to improve and mathematize his psychology resulted in discernible incongruities between On the Kritêrion and the Harmonics.Less
This chapter investigates the development of Ptolemy's psychological theory from On the Kritêrion to the Harmonics. It argues that Ptolemy composed the former before the latter, and that comparison of the two texts reveals Ptolemy's move from a less to a more restrictive model of the soul. This move follows from Ptolemy's effort to mathematize the soul, to analyze its parts and species in concordance with mathematical, specifically harmonic, ratios. When Ptolemy mathematized the soul he sought to improve his account of the soul's structure, to make it epistemically sound. This endeavor to improve and mathematize his psychology resulted in discernible incongruities between On the Kritêrion and the Harmonics.
Helga Drummond
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289531
- eISBN:
- 9780191684722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289531.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
This chapter analyses the opening phases of the Project Taurus story, focusing on how and why organizations become involved in decision debacles in the first place. According to the ...
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This chapter analyses the opening phases of the Project Taurus story, focusing on how and why organizations become involved in decision debacles in the first place. According to the social-psychological theory, escalation begins with bright but illusory prospects. Then, once a decision takes shape, psychological and social pressures induce persistence. Proponents of decision dilemma theory basically suggest the opposite. This chapter examines the London Stock Exchange's (LSE) persistence with Project Taurus following the collapse of the initial proposal to build a central register design known as Taurus 1. The actions of players other than the ‘decision-maker’, mainly the Siscot Committee and the wider securities industry, are considered. This chapter suggests that escalation is most probable when those with most power to influence a decision have least responsibility for its outcome. This category is defined as the market overshadowed by the Group of Thirty and the Bank of England, followed by Siscot, and lastly the technical team.Less
This chapter analyses the opening phases of the Project Taurus story, focusing on how and why organizations become involved in decision debacles in the first place. According to the social-psychological theory, escalation begins with bright but illusory prospects. Then, once a decision takes shape, psychological and social pressures induce persistence. Proponents of decision dilemma theory basically suggest the opposite. This chapter examines the London Stock Exchange's (LSE) persistence with Project Taurus following the collapse of the initial proposal to build a central register design known as Taurus 1. The actions of players other than the ‘decision-maker’, mainly the Siscot Committee and the wider securities industry, are considered. This chapter suggests that escalation is most probable when those with most power to influence a decision have least responsibility for its outcome. This category is defined as the market overshadowed by the Group of Thirty and the Bank of England, followed by Siscot, and lastly the technical team.
John Beebe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199735426
- eISBN:
- 9780199914524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199735426.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
The final chapter of the book, addresses the question of whether it is possible to practice a “science of the symbolic.” the chapter acknowledges that many people question the status of Jung's ideas ...
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The final chapter of the book, addresses the question of whether it is possible to practice a “science of the symbolic.” the chapter acknowledges that many people question the status of Jung's ideas and psychology theory as science, given the highly subjective, irrational, unrepeatable phenomena it studies. But as the chapter shows the scientific integrity of Jung's approach derives from its self-reflective method of analyzing people's worldviews, enlarging their horizons, and healing them when they are broken. The chapter draws on the hermeneutic philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer, particularly his notion of truth as the unfolding product of open-ended dialogue, to argue that good teaching is like good analysis: they both affirm the reality, autonomy, creativity, and purposefulness of the psyche. The spirit of scientific inquiry—that is, the discipline of observing reality, analyzing it, theorizing about it, and investigating its properties and processes—characterizes both endeavors.Less
The final chapter of the book, addresses the question of whether it is possible to practice a “science of the symbolic.” the chapter acknowledges that many people question the status of Jung's ideas and psychology theory as science, given the highly subjective, irrational, unrepeatable phenomena it studies. But as the chapter shows the scientific integrity of Jung's approach derives from its self-reflective method of analyzing people's worldviews, enlarging their horizons, and healing them when they are broken. The chapter draws on the hermeneutic philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer, particularly his notion of truth as the unfolding product of open-ended dialogue, to argue that good teaching is like good analysis: they both affirm the reality, autonomy, creativity, and purposefulness of the psyche. The spirit of scientific inquiry—that is, the discipline of observing reality, analyzing it, theorizing about it, and investigating its properties and processes—characterizes both endeavors.
Helga Drummond
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289531
- eISBN:
- 9780191684722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289531.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
The London Stock Exchange (LSE) invested over five years and 80 million pounds in Project Taurus. The market allegedly spent 400 million pounds in preparation for dematerialization plus countless ...
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The London Stock Exchange (LSE) invested over five years and 80 million pounds in Project Taurus. The market allegedly spent 400 million pounds in preparation for dematerialization plus countless hours of executive time spent in meetings and reading copious documentation. On March 12, 1993 the LSE publicly admitted that it had all been for nothing. This chapter examines the LSE board's decision to accept chief executive Peter Rawlins's recommendation to cancel Taurus. The actions of other players, including the market and the Taurus monitoring group, are also considered. The role of power in this decision is discussed. The resolution of the story is important because most of the escalation literature concentrates on persistence as distinct from withdrawal. Decision dilemma theory predicts that market forces eventually curb unwarranted persistence, while social-psychological theory asserts that market forces are often slow to act, that decision-makers persist with failing projects long after the rational point for withdrawal has been reached.Less
The London Stock Exchange (LSE) invested over five years and 80 million pounds in Project Taurus. The market allegedly spent 400 million pounds in preparation for dematerialization plus countless hours of executive time spent in meetings and reading copious documentation. On March 12, 1993 the LSE publicly admitted that it had all been for nothing. This chapter examines the LSE board's decision to accept chief executive Peter Rawlins's recommendation to cancel Taurus. The actions of other players, including the market and the Taurus monitoring group, are also considered. The role of power in this decision is discussed. The resolution of the story is important because most of the escalation literature concentrates on persistence as distinct from withdrawal. Decision dilemma theory predicts that market forces eventually curb unwarranted persistence, while social-psychological theory asserts that market forces are often slow to act, that decision-makers persist with failing projects long after the rational point for withdrawal has been reached.
Leland F. Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199230167
- eISBN:
- 9780191696442
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter explores how morality can be rational if moral intuitions are resistant to rational reflection. There are two parts to this question. The normative problem is whether there is a model of ...
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This chapter explores how morality can be rational if moral intuitions are resistant to rational reflection. There are two parts to this question. The normative problem is whether there is a model of moral justification which can show that morality is a rational enterprise given the facts of moral dumbfounding. Appealing to the model of reflective equilibrium for the rational justification of moral intuitions solves this problem. Reflective equilibrium views the rational justification of morality as a back-and-forth balancing between moral theory and moral intuition, and therefore does not require that individual moral intuitions be directly responsive to rational reflection. The psychological problem is whether human psychology actually implements the processes required for reflective equilibrium. The psychological problem is far more difficult, and requires appealing to a dual-process view of moral judgement that regards moral intuitions and moral theories as belonging to different mental systems.Less
This chapter explores how morality can be rational if moral intuitions are resistant to rational reflection. There are two parts to this question. The normative problem is whether there is a model of moral justification which can show that morality is a rational enterprise given the facts of moral dumbfounding. Appealing to the model of reflective equilibrium for the rational justification of moral intuitions solves this problem. Reflective equilibrium views the rational justification of morality as a back-and-forth balancing between moral theory and moral intuition, and therefore does not require that individual moral intuitions be directly responsive to rational reflection. The psychological problem is whether human psychology actually implements the processes required for reflective equilibrium. The psychological problem is far more difficult, and requires appealing to a dual-process view of moral judgement that regards moral intuitions and moral theories as belonging to different mental systems.
W. D. Ross
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199252657
- eISBN:
- 9780191598333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252653.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This is the second of five chapters on good, and starts by making the point that it is around the question of the intrinsically good that the chief controversies about the nature of goodness or value ...
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This is the second of five chapters on good, and starts by making the point that it is around the question of the intrinsically good that the chief controversies about the nature of goodness or value revolve, for most theories of value may be divided into those that treat it as a quality and those that treat it as a relation between that which has value and something else (which is usually some state of mind); Ross says that it seems clear that any view that treats goodness as a relation between that which is good and something else denies that anything is intrinsically good. The chapter first discusses R. B. Perry's relational view of value—in the sense of good, and other theories that also identify goodness with some relation, either as a relation between that which is good and some or all of its elements, or as a relation between some or all of its elements, or as a relation between it or some or all of its elements and something else. Next, the psychological theories of good are discussed; these, as a rule, hold that a thing being good means either that some person or persons have some feelings towards it, or some person or persons think it to be good; this is an objective view of good. The rest of the chapter looks at both R. B. Perry's and G. E. Moore's arguments on these theories, at Ross's own views, at badness as incompatible with goodness or as an element of a good thing, at W. M. Urban's work on the question of values (value often being considered as qualities of goodness or badness), and at B. Croce's arguments on value judgements. Ross concludes that the arguments in favour of thinking of value as an objective are no more successful than those in favour of treating it as a relation, and presents a lengthy validation of his conclusion, based largely on discussion of beauty and goodness.Less
This is the second of five chapters on good, and starts by making the point that it is around the question of the intrinsically good that the chief controversies about the nature of goodness or value revolve, for most theories of value may be divided into those that treat it as a quality and those that treat it as a relation between that which has value and something else (which is usually some state of mind); Ross says that it seems clear that any view that treats goodness as a relation between that which is good and something else denies that anything is intrinsically good. The chapter first discusses R. B. Perry's relational view of value—in the sense of good, and other theories that also identify goodness with some relation, either as a relation between that which is good and some or all of its elements, or as a relation between some or all of its elements, or as a relation between it or some or all of its elements and something else. Next, the psychological theories of good are discussed; these, as a rule, hold that a thing being good means either that some person or persons have some feelings towards it, or some person or persons think it to be good; this is an objective view of good. The rest of the chapter looks at both R. B. Perry's and G. E. Moore's arguments on these theories, at Ross's own views, at badness as incompatible with goodness or as an element of a good thing, at W. M. Urban's work on the question of values (value often being considered as qualities of goodness or badness), and at B. Croce's arguments on value judgements. Ross concludes that the arguments in favour of thinking of value as an objective are no more successful than those in favour of treating it as a relation, and presents a lengthy validation of his conclusion, based largely on discussion of beauty and goodness.
Christine McKinnon
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252732
- eISBN:
- 9780191719288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252732.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter argues that the standard epistemological requirements of impartiality on the part of the knower, and passivity on the part of the thing under investigation, exclude from the purview of ...
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This chapter argues that the standard epistemological requirements of impartiality on the part of the knower, and passivity on the part of the thing under investigation, exclude from the purview of epistemology a very important kind of knowledge, namely: knowledge of persons. Feminist philosophers have focused on problems in explaining knowledge of other persons, but the same considerations require a reorientation in the way we think of knowledge of oneself. Because of the subjectivity of the knower and reflexive nature of the investigation involving self-knowledge, one's inquiry is affected in a way that challenges the accuracy of what is learned. The chapter's response is to treat the procedural methods used to obtain knowledge of oneself as continuous with the methods of acquiring knowledge of other persons via knowing their moral and cognitive characters. It highlights the intersection between virtue ethics and virtue epistemology.Less
This chapter argues that the standard epistemological requirements of impartiality on the part of the knower, and passivity on the part of the thing under investigation, exclude from the purview of epistemology a very important kind of knowledge, namely: knowledge of persons. Feminist philosophers have focused on problems in explaining knowledge of other persons, but the same considerations require a reorientation in the way we think of knowledge of oneself. Because of the subjectivity of the knower and reflexive nature of the investigation involving self-knowledge, one's inquiry is affected in a way that challenges the accuracy of what is learned. The chapter's response is to treat the procedural methods used to obtain knowledge of oneself as continuous with the methods of acquiring knowledge of other persons via knowing their moral and cognitive characters. It highlights the intersection between virtue ethics and virtue epistemology.
Keith Stenning
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198507741
- eISBN:
- 9780191687211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507741.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The generality of the results of the Hyperproof study in the previous chapter is tested in this chapter. This chapter reports the results of tests on findings after a study conducted on a microcosm ...
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The generality of the results of the Hyperproof study in the previous chapter is tested in this chapter. This chapter reports the results of tests on findings after a study conducted on a microcosm of logic in the laboratory. The chapter discusses in great depth and detail the subject of syllogisms and the syllogism solution. It presents psychological theories of ways of solving syllogisms and discusses teaching it sententially or graphically. Since classical times, the subject of syllogism has been an area of study. The chapter mentions that since the 18th century, diagrams have been used to teach syllogisms. Semantic analysis is applied here to existing theories to show how students solve syllogism without external representational aids. The chapter presents new data on students' learning using external graphical aids or representational systems. The chapter shows the differences in students' learning as can be seen in their dialogues with their teacher. These results seek to re-evaluate the connection between semantic theory and behavioural prediction.Less
The generality of the results of the Hyperproof study in the previous chapter is tested in this chapter. This chapter reports the results of tests on findings after a study conducted on a microcosm of logic in the laboratory. The chapter discusses in great depth and detail the subject of syllogisms and the syllogism solution. It presents psychological theories of ways of solving syllogisms and discusses teaching it sententially or graphically. Since classical times, the subject of syllogism has been an area of study. The chapter mentions that since the 18th century, diagrams have been used to teach syllogisms. Semantic analysis is applied here to existing theories to show how students solve syllogism without external representational aids. The chapter presents new data on students' learning using external graphical aids or representational systems. The chapter shows the differences in students' learning as can be seen in their dialogues with their teacher. These results seek to re-evaluate the connection between semantic theory and behavioural prediction.
