Brent D. Slife, Jeffrey S. Reber, and James E. Faulconer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753628
- eISBN:
- 9780199950027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753628.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter describes a theoretical meta-analysis in which the literature of psychological science itself provides the data that ground its examination. Specifically, it focuses on one portion of ...
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This chapter describes a theoretical meta-analysis in which the literature of psychological science itself provides the data that ground its examination. Specifically, it focuses on one portion of the implicit scientific reasoning or assumptions that psychologists use in conducting their scientific investigations—their ontological reasoning. We chose to focus on ontological reasoning for two reasons. First, ontological assumptions are often viewed as even more fundamental than epistemological assumptions, and thus are considered more fundamental in the implicit reasoning of scientists. Second, the ontological reasoning we identify in psychology’s research methods has been highly criticized. In fact, we outline what seems to be a growing consensus, across a diverse set of contexts, that this particular ontology is deeply problematic. Yet, because many psychologists are generally unaware of it, they frequently embrace this ontology as if it were problem-free.Less
This chapter describes a theoretical meta-analysis in which the literature of psychological science itself provides the data that ground its examination. Specifically, it focuses on one portion of the implicit scientific reasoning or assumptions that psychologists use in conducting their scientific investigations—their ontological reasoning. We chose to focus on ontological reasoning for two reasons. First, ontological assumptions are often viewed as even more fundamental than epistemological assumptions, and thus are considered more fundamental in the implicit reasoning of scientists. Second, the ontological reasoning we identify in psychology’s research methods has been highly criticized. In fact, we outline what seems to be a growing consensus, across a diverse set of contexts, that this particular ontology is deeply problematic. Yet, because many psychologists are generally unaware of it, they frequently embrace this ontology as if it were problem-free.
Robert Rosenthal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385540
- eISBN:
- 9780199869824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385540.003.0030
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the blind contact strategy for psychological research. It then proposes that if we could eliminate experimenter-subject contact altogether it would seem that ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the blind contact strategy for psychological research. It then proposes that if we could eliminate experimenter-subject contact altogether it would seem that we would then also eliminate the operation of experimenter expectancy effects.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the blind contact strategy for psychological research. It then proposes that if we could eliminate experimenter-subject contact altogether it would seem that we would then also eliminate the operation of experimenter expectancy effects.
David J. Bearison and Raymond K. Mulhern
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195079319
- eISBN:
- 9780199999804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195079319.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses how children who have cancer and their families cope with and adjust to the experience. It considers the problems in defining adequate coping and adjustment reactions given the ...
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This chapter discusses how children who have cancer and their families cope with and adjust to the experience. It considers the problems in defining adequate coping and adjustment reactions given the continuing uncertainties and life-threatening conditions of childhood cancers. The chapter critically reviews the major “paradigmatic models” that serve as theoretical contexts for coping research and considers such findings in terms of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies as well as the correlates of healthy adjustment.Less
This chapter discusses how children who have cancer and their families cope with and adjust to the experience. It considers the problems in defining adequate coping and adjustment reactions given the continuing uncertainties and life-threatening conditions of childhood cancers. The chapter critically reviews the major “paradigmatic models” that serve as theoretical contexts for coping research and considers such findings in terms of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies as well as the correlates of healthy adjustment.
Andreas C. Lehmann, John A. Sloboda, and Robert H. Woody
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195146103
- eISBN:
- 9780199851164
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146103.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Psychology of Music
This book provides a concise, accessible, and up-to-date introduction to psychological research for musicians, performers, music educators, and studio teachers. Designed to address the needs and ...
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This book provides a concise, accessible, and up-to-date introduction to psychological research for musicians, performers, music educators, and studio teachers. Designed to address the needs and priorities of the performing musician rather than the research community, it reviews the relevant psychological research findings in relation to situations and issues faced by musicians, and draws out practical implications for the practice of teaching and performance. Rather than a list of dos and don'ts, the book equips musicians with an understanding of the basic psychological principles that underlie music performance, enabling each reader to apply the content flexibly to the task at hand. Following a brief review of the scientific method as a way of thinking about the issues and problems in music, the text addresses the nature–nurture problem, identification and assessment of musical aptitude, musical development, adult skill maintenance, technical and expressive skills, practice, interpretation and expressivity, sight-reading, memorization, creativity, and composition, performance anxiety, critical listening, and teaching and learning. While there is a large body of empirical research regarding music, most musicians lack the scientific training to interpret these studies. This text bridges this gap by relating these skills to the musician's experiences, addressing their needs directly with non-technical language and practical application. It includes multiple illustrations, brief music examples, cases, questions, and suggestions for further reading.Less
This book provides a concise, accessible, and up-to-date introduction to psychological research for musicians, performers, music educators, and studio teachers. Designed to address the needs and priorities of the performing musician rather than the research community, it reviews the relevant psychological research findings in relation to situations and issues faced by musicians, and draws out practical implications for the practice of teaching and performance. Rather than a list of dos and don'ts, the book equips musicians with an understanding of the basic psychological principles that underlie music performance, enabling each reader to apply the content flexibly to the task at hand. Following a brief review of the scientific method as a way of thinking about the issues and problems in music, the text addresses the nature–nurture problem, identification and assessment of musical aptitude, musical development, adult skill maintenance, technical and expressive skills, practice, interpretation and expressivity, sight-reading, memorization, creativity, and composition, performance anxiety, critical listening, and teaching and learning. While there is a large body of empirical research regarding music, most musicians lack the scientific training to interpret these studies. This text bridges this gap by relating these skills to the musician's experiences, addressing their needs directly with non-technical language and practical application. It includes multiple illustrations, brief music examples, cases, questions, and suggestions for further reading.
Shigehiro Oishi and Jaime L. Kurtz
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195373585
- eISBN:
- 9780199893263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter offers a critique of positive emotion research with the goal of suggesting specific ways positive psychology could move forward. Although research on positive emotion has made tremendous ...
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This chapter offers a critique of positive emotion research with the goal of suggesting specific ways positive psychology could move forward. Although research on positive emotion has made tremendous inroads in the past decade, several areas need further addressing. First, positive psychology often appears “thin” at this point, partially because it is not founded in a historical perspective. Second, positive psychologists must make an explicit connection with other contemporary research on the topics relevant to positive psychology (e.g. empathy, willpower, cooperation) to broaden its intellectual base. Third, although most people in the US want to be happier and most positive psychologists want to make people happier as well, it is critical to test the tacit assumption of positive psychology that the happier, the better. Fourth, it is important for positive psychologists to acknowledge that negative emotions play a non-trivial role in a well-lived life, and to begin to fully examine how negative emotions fit into positive psychology. Fifth, although recent intervention studies were successful, it is important to examine the longer-term effects of these interventions in the future.Less
This chapter offers a critique of positive emotion research with the goal of suggesting specific ways positive psychology could move forward. Although research on positive emotion has made tremendous inroads in the past decade, several areas need further addressing. First, positive psychology often appears “thin” at this point, partially because it is not founded in a historical perspective. Second, positive psychologists must make an explicit connection with other contemporary research on the topics relevant to positive psychology (e.g. empathy, willpower, cooperation) to broaden its intellectual base. Third, although most people in the US want to be happier and most positive psychologists want to make people happier as well, it is critical to test the tacit assumption of positive psychology that the happier, the better. Fourth, it is important for positive psychologists to acknowledge that negative emotions play a non-trivial role in a well-lived life, and to begin to fully examine how negative emotions fit into positive psychology. Fifth, although recent intervention studies were successful, it is important to examine the longer-term effects of these interventions in the future.
Bianca D. M. Wilson and Gary W. Harper
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199765218
- eISBN:
- 9780199979585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765218.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter is aimed at reviewing, discussing, and providing an overview of the field of psychology’s current status concerning the study of one configuration of multiple identities with regard to ...
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This chapter is aimed at reviewing, discussing, and providing an overview of the field of psychology’s current status concerning the study of one configuration of multiple identities with regard to two core social statuses, race/ethnicity and sexuality. The first part describes the few theories and conceptual frameworks that psychologists have put forth to explain the ways race and ethnicity influence the varied experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, as well as empirical research supporting these frameworks. In particular, it examines theoretical frameworks addressing multiple oppressions; cultural contexts; and queer theory, discourse theory, and challenging hegemony. The second part offers recommendations for how to move the field forward with regard to more sensitive and nuanced explorations of the lived experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people of color. This section explores both conceptual/theoretical issues to examine in future research as well as methodological issues to consider in such explorations.Less
This chapter is aimed at reviewing, discussing, and providing an overview of the field of psychology’s current status concerning the study of one configuration of multiple identities with regard to two core social statuses, race/ethnicity and sexuality. The first part describes the few theories and conceptual frameworks that psychologists have put forth to explain the ways race and ethnicity influence the varied experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, as well as empirical research supporting these frameworks. In particular, it examines theoretical frameworks addressing multiple oppressions; cultural contexts; and queer theory, discourse theory, and challenging hegemony. The second part offers recommendations for how to move the field forward with regard to more sensitive and nuanced explorations of the lived experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people of color. This section explores both conceptual/theoretical issues to examine in future research as well as methodological issues to consider in such explorations.
Todd B. Kashdan and Michael F. Steger
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195373585
- eISBN:
- 9780199893263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the field of positive psychology as it approaches its second decade of existence. Among these is the lack of clarity on which research topics constitute ...
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This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the field of positive psychology as it approaches its second decade of existence. Among these is the lack of clarity on which research topics constitute “positive psychology”; the one-sided focus on desirable-sounding constructs and topics, with new, exotic terms like self-compassion or state cheerfulness proliferating; and researchers' failure to consider the yin and yang of positive and negative, the dialectical tension between stress and growth.Less
This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the field of positive psychology as it approaches its second decade of existence. Among these is the lack of clarity on which research topics constitute “positive psychology”; the one-sided focus on desirable-sounding constructs and topics, with new, exotic terms like self-compassion or state cheerfulness proliferating; and researchers' failure to consider the yin and yang of positive and negative, the dialectical tension between stress and growth.
Webb Keane
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691167732
- eISBN:
- 9781400873593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691167732.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the problem raised by some of the psychological research, the relationship between those processes that work beyond the scope of the individual's awareness, and what it is ...
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This chapter focuses on the problem raised by some of the psychological research, the relationship between those processes that work beyond the scope of the individual's awareness, and what it is people actually think they are doing. It shows how empirical research fleshes out the philosophical idea that people act under the guidance of certain descriptions, frames for making sense of what is going on, what kinds of people are acting, and how actions should be judged. These descriptions circulate in a public world, where part of their power derives from their availability to others. They arise in social interactions where these are demanded, accepted, and rejected; here ethics is catalyzed into forms available to other persons. At this point, they are made available for further development, criticism, adoption, or rejection within a larger community.Less
This chapter focuses on the problem raised by some of the psychological research, the relationship between those processes that work beyond the scope of the individual's awareness, and what it is people actually think they are doing. It shows how empirical research fleshes out the philosophical idea that people act under the guidance of certain descriptions, frames for making sense of what is going on, what kinds of people are acting, and how actions should be judged. These descriptions circulate in a public world, where part of their power derives from their availability to others. They arise in social interactions where these are demanded, accepted, and rejected; here ethics is catalyzed into forms available to other persons. At this point, they are made available for further development, criticism, adoption, or rejection within a larger community.
Anthony R. DʼAugelli and Charlotte J. Patterson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195082319
- eISBN:
- 9780199848577
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082319.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
What is the current state of psychological knowledge about lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals? This book presents definitive treatments of both current and classical psychological research and theory ...
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What is the current state of psychological knowledge about lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals? This book presents definitive treatments of both current and classical psychological research and theory on lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities across the lifespan. Not only is the current status of the topic surveyed, and important research summarised from the last two decades, but promising directions for future research are also identified. This book provides a comprehensive review of psychological research on sexual orientation. It is unique in focusing on lesbian, gay and bisexual people in relationships, families, and in communities.Less
What is the current state of psychological knowledge about lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals? This book presents definitive treatments of both current and classical psychological research and theory on lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities across the lifespan. Not only is the current status of the topic surveyed, and important research summarised from the last two decades, but promising directions for future research are also identified. This book provides a comprehensive review of psychological research on sexual orientation. It is unique in focusing on lesbian, gay and bisexual people in relationships, families, and in communities.
Richard Florida and Peter J. Rentfrow
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195373585
- eISBN:
- 9780199893263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0025
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter makes a case for the importance of place in positive psychology. It addresses the question: Does where people live affect their psychological well-being? Despite the fair amount of ...
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This chapter makes a case for the importance of place in positive psychology. It addresses the question: Does where people live affect their psychological well-being? Despite the fair amount of research already available to help us answer that question, more research is still needed to really develop an understanding of the interplay between place and well-being. The final section of the chapter develops research agenda for further exploring the relation between place and well-being.Less
This chapter makes a case for the importance of place in positive psychology. It addresses the question: Does where people live affect their psychological well-being? Despite the fair amount of research already available to help us answer that question, more research is still needed to really develop an understanding of the interplay between place and well-being. The final section of the chapter develops research agenda for further exploring the relation between place and well-being.
Charlotte J. Patterson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199765218
- eISBN:
- 9780199979585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765218.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Like others around them, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are born into families, sustain lifelong relationships with members of their birth families, and create new families of their own. This ...
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Like others around them, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are born into families, sustain lifelong relationships with members of their birth families, and create new families of their own. This chapter reviews psychological research and theory about families of origin. Based on a life course perspective, research on adolescents and young adults is reviewed first, followed by that on middle adulthood, and then by research on relationships with families of origin in later adulthood. An overview of research and theory on families of creation is presented next, focusing on the formation and maintenance of same-sex couple relationships as well as on issues related to parenthood. A third section presents a summary of research on children and other relatives of nonheterosexual individuals. The final section provides conclusions and suggestions for further research.Less
Like others around them, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are born into families, sustain lifelong relationships with members of their birth families, and create new families of their own. This chapter reviews psychological research and theory about families of origin. Based on a life course perspective, research on adolescents and young adults is reviewed first, followed by that on middle adulthood, and then by research on relationships with families of origin in later adulthood. An overview of research and theory on families of creation is presented next, focusing on the formation and maintenance of same-sex couple relationships as well as on issues related to parenthood. A third section presents a summary of research on children and other relatives of nonheterosexual individuals. The final section provides conclusions and suggestions for further research.
Robert Biswas-Diener, P. Alex Linley, Reena Govindji, and Linda Woolston
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195373585
- eISBN:
- 9780199893263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0027
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Health Psychology
Researchers are at a crucial turning point in the evolution of positive psychology. The initial period in which it was necessary for apologists of positive psychology to establish the validity and ...
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Researchers are at a crucial turning point in the evolution of positive psychology. The initial period in which it was necessary for apologists of positive psychology to establish the validity and effectiveness of this new science is past. Now, they have reached the point where they can begin expanding research, assessments, and interventions to reach larger groups. In this regard, positive psychology is a vehicle for positive social change. This chapter highlights the instances in which positive psychology research and programs have been focused on addressing pressing societal issues. It then outlines the specific mechanisms by which positive psychology can positively influence societies. Finally, it argues that positive psychology presents a unique opportunity to address social ills with new tools.Less
Researchers are at a crucial turning point in the evolution of positive psychology. The initial period in which it was necessary for apologists of positive psychology to establish the validity and effectiveness of this new science is past. Now, they have reached the point where they can begin expanding research, assessments, and interventions to reach larger groups. In this regard, positive psychology is a vehicle for positive social change. This chapter highlights the instances in which positive psychology research and programs have been focused on addressing pressing societal issues. It then outlines the specific mechanisms by which positive psychology can positively influence societies. Finally, it argues that positive psychology presents a unique opportunity to address social ills with new tools.
Lasana T. Harris, Mina Cikara, and Susan T. Fiske
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195327953
- eISBN:
- 9780199301485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327953.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
People have an affective response to others based on their perceived social category. This group-based affect is influenced by the target's perceived warmth and competence, and affects subsequent ...
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People have an affective response to others based on their perceived social category. This group-based affect is influenced by the target's perceived warmth and competence, and affects subsequent behavioral tendencies toward the target. One such group-based emotion is envy, an ambivalent reaction that entails both admiration and dislike to social targets. Envied targets elicit obligatory association but often also elicit active harm when social contexts allow it. This chapter discusses the mechanisms of this volatile ambivalent social emotion within the context of social psychological research and neuroscience. In addition, it addresses social psychological questions using both neuroscience and questionnaire data. First, the chapter describes envy as an ambivalent emotion, and then places it within the stereotype content model of intergroup emotions. It then examines its cognitive, neural, and behavioral concomitant.Less
People have an affective response to others based on their perceived social category. This group-based affect is influenced by the target's perceived warmth and competence, and affects subsequent behavioral tendencies toward the target. One such group-based emotion is envy, an ambivalent reaction that entails both admiration and dislike to social targets. Envied targets elicit obligatory association but often also elicit active harm when social contexts allow it. This chapter discusses the mechanisms of this volatile ambivalent social emotion within the context of social psychological research and neuroscience. In addition, it addresses social psychological questions using both neuroscience and questionnaire data. First, the chapter describes envy as an ambivalent emotion, and then places it within the stereotype content model of intergroup emotions. It then examines its cognitive, neural, and behavioral concomitant.
Michael J. Saks and Barbara A. Spellman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479880041
- eISBN:
- 9780814768785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479880041.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Rules of evidence are designed to facilitate trials by controlling what evidence may be presented at trial. Those rules came into being, and evolved over time, due to changes in trial process and ...
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Rules of evidence are designed to facilitate trials by controlling what evidence may be presented at trial. Those rules came into being, and evolved over time, due to changes in trial process and structure – especially following the rise of adversarial procedure, whereby control over the marshaling and presentation of facts shifted from judges to lawyers. Refinements and reforms continue to be undertaken to try to improve the scope and clarity of the rules. Trial judges must not only apply the rules, they also have the discretion to make rulings in light of their expectations of the impact they think the evidence will have on jurors. This task involves metacognition: one human trying to estimate the thought processes of others. Thus, evidence rulemakers have been and are, effectively, applied psychologists. The rules of evidence reflect their understanding of the psychological processes affecting, and capabilities and limitations of witnesses, lawyers and jurors. Psychological research and methods provide an additional source of insight and assistance in that endeavor. Better psychological understanding should lead to more effective rules. Psychologists typically employ the scientific method: empirically testing hypotheses in an effort to discover which are valid understandings of how people perceive, store, and retrieve information. To evaluate evidence rules, one could conduct experiments directly on a rule, or borrow from existing knowledge developed in basic research and see whether those understandings support existing or proposed evidence rules.Less
Rules of evidence are designed to facilitate trials by controlling what evidence may be presented at trial. Those rules came into being, and evolved over time, due to changes in trial process and structure – especially following the rise of adversarial procedure, whereby control over the marshaling and presentation of facts shifted from judges to lawyers. Refinements and reforms continue to be undertaken to try to improve the scope and clarity of the rules. Trial judges must not only apply the rules, they also have the discretion to make rulings in light of their expectations of the impact they think the evidence will have on jurors. This task involves metacognition: one human trying to estimate the thought processes of others. Thus, evidence rulemakers have been and are, effectively, applied psychologists. The rules of evidence reflect their understanding of the psychological processes affecting, and capabilities and limitations of witnesses, lawyers and jurors. Psychological research and methods provide an additional source of insight and assistance in that endeavor. Better psychological understanding should lead to more effective rules. Psychologists typically employ the scientific method: empirically testing hypotheses in an effort to discover which are valid understandings of how people perceive, store, and retrieve information. To evaluate evidence rules, one could conduct experiments directly on a rule, or borrow from existing knowledge developed in basic research and see whether those understandings support existing or proposed evidence rules.
Suzanne Keen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195175769
- eISBN:
- 9780199851232
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175769.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This book presents an account of the relationships among novel reading, empathy, and altruism. Though readers' and authors' empathy certainly contribute to the emotional resonance of fiction and its ...
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This book presents an account of the relationships among novel reading, empathy, and altruism. Though readers' and authors' empathy certainly contribute to the emotional resonance of fiction and its success in the marketplace, this book finds the case for altruistic consequences of novel reading inconclusive. It offers instead a detailed theory of narrative empathy, with proposals about its deployment by novelists and its results in readers. The book engages with neuroscience and contemporary psychological research on empathy, bringing affect to the center of cognitive literary studies' scrutiny of narrative fiction. Drawing on narrative theory, literary history, philosophy, and contemporary scholarship in discourse processing, the book brings together resources and challenges for the literary study of empathy and the psychological study of fiction reading. Empathy robustly enters into affective responses to fiction, but its proper role in shaping the behavior of emotional readers has been debated for three centuries. The book surveys these debates and offers a series of hypotheses about literary empathy, including narrative techniques inviting empathetic response. It argues that above all readers' perception of a text's fictiveness increases the likelihood of readers' empathy, by releasing readers from their guarded responses to the demands of real others. The book confirms the centrality of narrative empathy as a strategy, as well as a subject, of contemporary novelists. Despite the disrepute of putative human universals, novelists from around the world endorse the notion of shared human emotions when they overtly call upon their readers' empathy. Consequently, the book suggests, if narrative empathy is to be better understood, women's reading and popular fiction must be accorded the respect of experimental inquiry.Less
This book presents an account of the relationships among novel reading, empathy, and altruism. Though readers' and authors' empathy certainly contribute to the emotional resonance of fiction and its success in the marketplace, this book finds the case for altruistic consequences of novel reading inconclusive. It offers instead a detailed theory of narrative empathy, with proposals about its deployment by novelists and its results in readers. The book engages with neuroscience and contemporary psychological research on empathy, bringing affect to the center of cognitive literary studies' scrutiny of narrative fiction. Drawing on narrative theory, literary history, philosophy, and contemporary scholarship in discourse processing, the book brings together resources and challenges for the literary study of empathy and the psychological study of fiction reading. Empathy robustly enters into affective responses to fiction, but its proper role in shaping the behavior of emotional readers has been debated for three centuries. The book surveys these debates and offers a series of hypotheses about literary empathy, including narrative techniques inviting empathetic response. It argues that above all readers' perception of a text's fictiveness increases the likelihood of readers' empathy, by releasing readers from their guarded responses to the demands of real others. The book confirms the centrality of narrative empathy as a strategy, as well as a subject, of contemporary novelists. Despite the disrepute of putative human universals, novelists from around the world endorse the notion of shared human emotions when they overtly call upon their readers' empathy. Consequently, the book suggests, if narrative empathy is to be better understood, women's reading and popular fiction must be accorded the respect of experimental inquiry.
Michael J. Saks and Barbara A. Spellman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479880041
- eISBN:
- 9780814768785
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479880041.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Trials are supposed to be not only fair and accurate but also efficient. Evidence law is meant to facilitate trials, and, at the same time, to encourage and protect important societal values and ...
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Trials are supposed to be not only fair and accurate but also efficient. Evidence law is meant to facilitate trials, and, at the same time, to encourage and protect important societal values and relationships. In pursuit of these goals, those who create the rules (i.e., common-law judges and modern drafting committees) must engage in amateur applied psychology. Their task requires them to employ what they think they know about the ability and motivations of witnesses to perceive, store, and retrieve information; about the effects of the litigation process on testimony and other evidence; and about people's capacity to comprehend and evaluate evidence. These are the same phenomena studied by cognitive psychology and social psychology. Further, psychology examines the role of emotion, credibility, expert influence, and other relevant topics. The rules of evidence restrain lawyers from using the most robust weapons of influence, and direct judges to exclude certain categories of information, limit it, or instruct juries on how to think about it. The Psychological Foundations of Evidence Law draws on the best current psychological research to identify and evaluate the choices implicit in the rules of evidence, and suggest alternatives that psychology reveals as more likely to accomplish the law’s goals. This interdisciplinary book is aimed at lawyers, judges, researchers, and students, and seeks to provide all with a better understanding of the psychology of what is perhaps the most psychologically connected of legal subjects.Less
Trials are supposed to be not only fair and accurate but also efficient. Evidence law is meant to facilitate trials, and, at the same time, to encourage and protect important societal values and relationships. In pursuit of these goals, those who create the rules (i.e., common-law judges and modern drafting committees) must engage in amateur applied psychology. Their task requires them to employ what they think they know about the ability and motivations of witnesses to perceive, store, and retrieve information; about the effects of the litigation process on testimony and other evidence; and about people's capacity to comprehend and evaluate evidence. These are the same phenomena studied by cognitive psychology and social psychology. Further, psychology examines the role of emotion, credibility, expert influence, and other relevant topics. The rules of evidence restrain lawyers from using the most robust weapons of influence, and direct judges to exclude certain categories of information, limit it, or instruct juries on how to think about it. The Psychological Foundations of Evidence Law draws on the best current psychological research to identify and evaluate the choices implicit in the rules of evidence, and suggest alternatives that psychology reveals as more likely to accomplish the law’s goals. This interdisciplinary book is aimed at lawyers, judges, researchers, and students, and seeks to provide all with a better understanding of the psychology of what is perhaps the most psychologically connected of legal subjects.
William R. Uttal
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015967
- eISBN:
- 9780262298902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015967.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on the term “attention,” which is used in the context of psychological research. Several popular definitions of attention are presented along with definitions used by the ...
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This chapter focuses on the term “attention,” which is used in the context of psychological research. Several popular definitions of attention are presented along with definitions used by the scientific community to describe attention. However, the definitions presented do not actually define the exact meaning of attention as they revolve only around describing the characteristics or attributes of attention. The chapter discusses the components, types, and distinguishable varieties of attention along with the psychological research on it, which is divided into the classic stage and the modern stage. Different stages of the neuroscientific study of attention, including the classic stage and the stage of brain imaging, are presented. The classic stage study concluded that the complex interaction of different brain regions was associated with attention, which is endorsed by the brain imaging study.Less
This chapter focuses on the term “attention,” which is used in the context of psychological research. Several popular definitions of attention are presented along with definitions used by the scientific community to describe attention. However, the definitions presented do not actually define the exact meaning of attention as they revolve only around describing the characteristics or attributes of attention. The chapter discusses the components, types, and distinguishable varieties of attention along with the psychological research on it, which is divided into the classic stage and the modern stage. Different stages of the neuroscientific study of attention, including the classic stage and the stage of brain imaging, are presented. The classic stage study concluded that the complex interaction of different brain regions was associated with attention, which is endorsed by the brain imaging study.
Janice Gross Stein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804778275
- eISBN:
- 9780804784917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804778275.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter outlines recent psychological research, especially concerning the role of emotions, to update previous work on how psychological factors impact the use of assurance strategies. It also ...
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This chapter outlines recent psychological research, especially concerning the role of emotions, to update previous work on how psychological factors impact the use of assurance strategies. It also describes how psychological concepts can help in developing strategies of assurance. Prospect theory indicates that assurance can decrease the chances that a state puts its situation within the domain of loss. It is observed that fear, anger, sadness, happiness, and disgust significantly affect decision-making. Emotion can be regarded as a practical tool of policy analysis. Collective emotion can act as a substantial constraint or enabler on the success of assurance. Thus, it can be stated that research on emotions reveals that assurance could play significantly in defusing conflict, but also that designing effective assurance strategies is intriguing. Failure to deal with the effect of emotion will only make the design of effective strategies even more difficult.Less
This chapter outlines recent psychological research, especially concerning the role of emotions, to update previous work on how psychological factors impact the use of assurance strategies. It also describes how psychological concepts can help in developing strategies of assurance. Prospect theory indicates that assurance can decrease the chances that a state puts its situation within the domain of loss. It is observed that fear, anger, sadness, happiness, and disgust significantly affect decision-making. Emotion can be regarded as a practical tool of policy analysis. Collective emotion can act as a substantial constraint or enabler on the success of assurance. Thus, it can be stated that research on emotions reveals that assurance could play significantly in defusing conflict, but also that designing effective assurance strategies is intriguing. Failure to deal with the effect of emotion will only make the design of effective strategies even more difficult.
John P. Gluck Jr. and David Wendler
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199896202
- eISBN:
- 9780190267681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199896202.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter examines ethical issues relating to the practice of debriefing in deceptive research. Deception is a common method of study design in research on attitudes and behavior, especially in ...
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This chapter examines ethical issues relating to the practice of debriefing in deceptive research. Deception is a common method of study design in research on attitudes and behavior, especially in experimental psychology and neuroscience. Many of the most important findings of psychological research have been derived from deceptive experimentation with human subjects. Although used less frequently in clinical research, deception is not uncommon. When methodologically necessary, deception serves to promote scientific validity, which is one of the ethical requirements of research on human subjects. However, use of deception creates an ethical conundrum. This chapter first considers the various types or features of deceptive research before presenting examples of deceptive research. It then discusses the regulatory and ethical standards governing deceptive research, along with the issue of informed consent in the use of data from research subjects. It also assesses the role of debriefing as a form of public accountability in ameliorating the moral wrong of deception.Less
This chapter examines ethical issues relating to the practice of debriefing in deceptive research. Deception is a common method of study design in research on attitudes and behavior, especially in experimental psychology and neuroscience. Many of the most important findings of psychological research have been derived from deceptive experimentation with human subjects. Although used less frequently in clinical research, deception is not uncommon. When methodologically necessary, deception serves to promote scientific validity, which is one of the ethical requirements of research on human subjects. However, use of deception creates an ethical conundrum. This chapter first considers the various types or features of deceptive research before presenting examples of deceptive research. It then discusses the regulatory and ethical standards governing deceptive research, along with the issue of informed consent in the use of data from research subjects. It also assesses the role of debriefing as a form of public accountability in ameliorating the moral wrong of deception.
Margaret C. Stevenson and Cynthia J. Najdowski
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190658113
- eISBN:
- 9780190658144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190658113.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the goals of the present volume and a preview of the individual chapters herein. Specifically, it reviews research on various understudied and ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the goals of the present volume and a preview of the individual chapters herein. Specifically, it reviews research on various understudied and cutting-edge topics related to the intersection of psychological research and criminal jury decision-making. This research is placed in a real-world context by relating it to actual criminal cases that exemplify each topic addressed in the volume. In doing so, the chapter focuses on the common themes that are reflected in all of the chapters of the volume: the need to understand how issues such as societal attitudinal shifts, technological advances, and juror experiences affect the structure, function, and performance of the modern criminal jury; the merits of implementing legal innovations and practices informed by empirical research; and important avenues for future empirical exploration.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the goals of the present volume and a preview of the individual chapters herein. Specifically, it reviews research on various understudied and cutting-edge topics related to the intersection of psychological research and criminal jury decision-making. This research is placed in a real-world context by relating it to actual criminal cases that exemplify each topic addressed in the volume. In doing so, the chapter focuses on the common themes that are reflected in all of the chapters of the volume: the need to understand how issues such as societal attitudinal shifts, technological advances, and juror experiences affect the structure, function, and performance of the modern criminal jury; the merits of implementing legal innovations and practices informed by empirical research; and important avenues for future empirical exploration.
