Richard L. Michalski and Harald A. Euler
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195320510
- eISBN:
- 9780199786800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320510.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Sibling relationships are unique. They are the longest lasting human social relationship exceeding, on average, the length of relationships with parents, mates, and children. The powerful underlying ...
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Sibling relationships are unique. They are the longest lasting human social relationship exceeding, on average, the length of relationships with parents, mates, and children. The powerful underlying evolved psychological mechanisms activated in the contexts of sibling relationships are revealed in the attempts often made by parents to foster closeness between their children. Parents often attempt to groom young children for the arrival of a younger sibling. Put simply, there would be no need for such attempts if it were not for the evolved psychological mechanisms triggered in the minds of children that attempt to counteract the diversion of parental resources to siblings. This chapter shows that the most powerful guidance available to unmask this psychology is offered by evolutionary theories including inclusive fitness theory, parental investment theory, and parent-offspring conflict theory.Less
Sibling relationships are unique. They are the longest lasting human social relationship exceeding, on average, the length of relationships with parents, mates, and children. The powerful underlying evolved psychological mechanisms activated in the contexts of sibling relationships are revealed in the attempts often made by parents to foster closeness between their children. Parents often attempt to groom young children for the arrival of a younger sibling. Put simply, there would be no need for such attempts if it were not for the evolved psychological mechanisms triggered in the minds of children that attempt to counteract the diversion of parental resources to siblings. This chapter shows that the most powerful guidance available to unmask this psychology is offered by evolutionary theories including inclusive fitness theory, parental investment theory, and parent-offspring conflict theory.
Chandra Sekhar Sripada and Stephen Stich
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199733477
- eISBN:
- 9780199949823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199733477.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter offers an account of the psychological mechanisms and processes underlying norms that integrate what is known and can serve as a framework for future research. The chapter is organized ...
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This chapter offers an account of the psychological mechanisms and processes underlying norms that integrate what is known and can serve as a framework for future research. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1 offers a preliminary account of what norms are. Sections 2 and 3 assemble an array of facts about norms and the psychology that makes them possible, drawn from a variety of disciplines. Though the distinction is not a sharp one, Section 2 focuses on social level facts, while Section 3 focuses on how norms affect individuals. Section 4 provides a tentative hypothesis about the innate psychological architecture subserving the acquisition and implementation of norms, and explains why an architecture like the one proposed can explain many of the facts assembled in Sections 2 and 3. Section 5 focuses on open questions—important issues about the cognitive science of norms that the account in Section 4 does not address.Less
This chapter offers an account of the psychological mechanisms and processes underlying norms that integrate what is known and can serve as a framework for future research. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1 offers a preliminary account of what norms are. Sections 2 and 3 assemble an array of facts about norms and the psychology that makes them possible, drawn from a variety of disciplines. Though the distinction is not a sharp one, Section 2 focuses on social level facts, while Section 3 focuses on how norms affect individuals. Section 4 provides a tentative hypothesis about the innate psychological architecture subserving the acquisition and implementation of norms, and explains why an architecture like the one proposed can explain many of the facts assembled in Sections 2 and 3. Section 5 focuses on open questions—important issues about the cognitive science of norms that the account in Section 4 does not address.
Henry Plotkin
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192632449
- eISBN:
- 9780191670473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632449.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter argues against memetics as a science that decreases culture to biology. In particular, it briefly refutes the charge of reductionism, and then attempts to save memetics from the second ...
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This chapter argues against memetics as a science that decreases culture to biology. In particular, it briefly refutes the charge of reductionism, and then attempts to save memetics from the second criticism – simple-mindedness – which is justifiably invoked against memetics of a particular kind. This is handled by appealing to psychological mechanisms as the basis for a pluralistic approach to the concept of memes. There are many different forms of knowledge and belief. Two kinds of memes – ‘surface-level’ and ‘deep-level’ – are also explained. The beliefs of universal Darwinism, replicators, and interactors as the basic concepts of memetics may substantially establish a productive approach to the understanding of culture; even more importantly, it might offer one of the conceptual bridges between the biological and social sciences.Less
This chapter argues against memetics as a science that decreases culture to biology. In particular, it briefly refutes the charge of reductionism, and then attempts to save memetics from the second criticism – simple-mindedness – which is justifiably invoked against memetics of a particular kind. This is handled by appealing to psychological mechanisms as the basis for a pluralistic approach to the concept of memes. There are many different forms of knowledge and belief. Two kinds of memes – ‘surface-level’ and ‘deep-level’ – are also explained. The beliefs of universal Darwinism, replicators, and interactors as the basic concepts of memetics may substantially establish a productive approach to the understanding of culture; even more importantly, it might offer one of the conceptual bridges between the biological and social sciences.
Charles R. Legg and David Booth (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198547877
- eISBN:
- 9780191724275
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198547877.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This is the first book to deal with both the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms in appetites for drugs, food, sex, and gambling, and considers whether there are common factors between them. ...
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This is the first book to deal with both the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms in appetites for drugs, food, sex, and gambling, and considers whether there are common factors between them. The book approaches this by looking at the bases of both normal and abnormal appetites in humans.Less
This is the first book to deal with both the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms in appetites for drugs, food, sex, and gambling, and considers whether there are common factors between them. The book approaches this by looking at the bases of both normal and abnormal appetites in humans.
David M. Buss and Patricia H. Hawley (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195372090
- eISBN:
- 9780199893485
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372090.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Social Psychology
Rather than viewing individual differences as merely the raw material upon which selection operates, this book provides theories and empirical evidence which suggest that personality and individual ...
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Rather than viewing individual differences as merely the raw material upon which selection operates, this book provides theories and empirical evidence which suggest that personality and individual differences are central to evolved psychological mechanisms and behavioral functioning. The book draws theoretical inspiration from life history theory, evolutionary genetics, molecular genetics, developmental psychology, personality psychology, and evolutionary psychology, while utilizing the theories of the “best and the brightest” international scientists working on this cutting edge paradigm shift. The first three sections analyze personality and the adaptive landscape; here, the book offers a novel conceptual framework for examining “personality assessment adaptations.” Because individuals in a social environment have momentous consequences for creating and solving adaptive problems, humans have evolved “difference-detecting mechanisms” designed to make crucial social decisions such as mate selection, friend selection, kin investment, coalition formation, and hierarchy negotiation. The second section examines developmental and life-history theoretical perspectives to explore the origins and development of personality over the lifespan. The third section focuses on the relatively new field of evolutionary genetics and explores which of the major evolutionary forces—such as balancing selection, mutation, co-evolutionary arms races, and drift—are responsible for the origins of personality and individual differences.Less
Rather than viewing individual differences as merely the raw material upon which selection operates, this book provides theories and empirical evidence which suggest that personality and individual differences are central to evolved psychological mechanisms and behavioral functioning. The book draws theoretical inspiration from life history theory, evolutionary genetics, molecular genetics, developmental psychology, personality psychology, and evolutionary psychology, while utilizing the theories of the “best and the brightest” international scientists working on this cutting edge paradigm shift. The first three sections analyze personality and the adaptive landscape; here, the book offers a novel conceptual framework for examining “personality assessment adaptations.” Because individuals in a social environment have momentous consequences for creating and solving adaptive problems, humans have evolved “difference-detecting mechanisms” designed to make crucial social decisions such as mate selection, friend selection, kin investment, coalition formation, and hierarchy negotiation. The second section examines developmental and life-history theoretical perspectives to explore the origins and development of personality over the lifespan. The third section focuses on the relatively new field of evolutionary genetics and explores which of the major evolutionary forces—such as balancing selection, mutation, co-evolutionary arms races, and drift—are responsible for the origins of personality and individual differences.
Patrik N. Juslin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198753421
- eISBN:
- 9780191842689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198753421.003.0025
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This previous chapters looked at eight psychological mechanisms through which music might arouse emotions. This chapter widens the perspective and considers some of the implications of this ...
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This previous chapters looked at eight psychological mechanisms through which music might arouse emotions. This chapter widens the perspective and considers some of the implications of this multi-mechanism framework. It explains the need to distinguish between the mechanisms in both research and applications. It also addresses some more general questions raised by the previous chapters. With such a large number of mechanisms, why does music not always arouse emotions? Why do different listeners react differently to the same piece of music? How does the context influence musical emotions? Why do ‘live’ concerts tend to arouse more intense emotions than recorded music? Are emotional reactions to music similar across different cultures?Less
This previous chapters looked at eight psychological mechanisms through which music might arouse emotions. This chapter widens the perspective and considers some of the implications of this multi-mechanism framework. It explains the need to distinguish between the mechanisms in both research and applications. It also addresses some more general questions raised by the previous chapters. With such a large number of mechanisms, why does music not always arouse emotions? Why do different listeners react differently to the same piece of music? How does the context influence musical emotions? Why do ‘live’ concerts tend to arouse more intense emotions than recorded music? Are emotional reactions to music similar across different cultures?
Tilmann Betsch and Devika Pohl
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198508632
- eISBN:
- 9780191687365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508632.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines the predictive power of Tversky and Kahneman's availability approach to frequency estimation. It is shown that the original formulation of the availability approach does not ...
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This chapter examines the predictive power of Tversky and Kahneman's availability approach to frequency estimation. It is shown that the original formulation of the availability approach does not provide a falsifiable theory that would allow one to derive a priori predictions about the psychological mechanisms by which people arrive at frequency judgements. Rather, availability is one among other possibilities that people might rely on when being confronted with a frequency estimation task. A brief review of the empirical evidence reveals that the availability approach indeed describes one possible estimation strategy.Less
This chapter examines the predictive power of Tversky and Kahneman's availability approach to frequency estimation. It is shown that the original formulation of the availability approach does not provide a falsifiable theory that would allow one to derive a priori predictions about the psychological mechanisms by which people arrive at frequency judgements. Rather, availability is one among other possibilities that people might rely on when being confronted with a frequency estimation task. A brief review of the empirical evidence reveals that the availability approach indeed describes one possible estimation strategy.
Ernest Sosa
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252732
- eISBN:
- 9780191719288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252732.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Suppose we think that knowledge is belief that is both true and derives from intellectual virtue. And if we also assume that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief, then where does the ...
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Suppose we think that knowledge is belief that is both true and derives from intellectual virtue. And if we also assume that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief, then where does the value of knowledge in addition to truth come from? This chapter provides an answer to the value problem by arguing that truth is the only fundamental epistemic value (with qualifications for values as understanding that is not directly connected to knowledge.) It suggests that humans prefer their epistemic success to be attributable to their own doing. More specifically, there is a so-called ‘performance value’: that is, the kind value afforded to a belief performance which normally produces truth belief when operating in a suitable environment. Such performances can have this value even when the acquired belief is false. But the chief intellectual good involves getting the truth through the quality of one's performance.Less
Suppose we think that knowledge is belief that is both true and derives from intellectual virtue. And if we also assume that knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief, then where does the value of knowledge in addition to truth come from? This chapter provides an answer to the value problem by arguing that truth is the only fundamental epistemic value (with qualifications for values as understanding that is not directly connected to knowledge.) It suggests that humans prefer their epistemic success to be attributable to their own doing. More specifically, there is a so-called ‘performance value’: that is, the kind value afforded to a belief performance which normally produces truth belief when operating in a suitable environment. Such performances can have this value even when the acquired belief is false. But the chief intellectual good involves getting the truth through the quality of one's performance.
Daniel M. Wegner (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262534925
- eISBN:
- 9780262344876
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262534925.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses how the idea of conscious will and the idea of psychological mechanisms have an oil and water relationship, having never been properly reconciled. One way to put them together ...
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This chapter discusses how the idea of conscious will and the idea of psychological mechanisms have an oil and water relationship, having never been properly reconciled. One way to put them together is to say that the mechanistic approach is the explanation preferred for scientific purposes, but that the person's experience of conscious will is utterly convincing and important to the person and so must be understood scientifically as well. The chapter states that conscious will is an illusion in the sense that the experience of consciously willing an action is not a direct indication that the conscious thought has caused the action. It also shows that the mechanisms underlying the experience of will are themselves a fundamental topic of scientific study.Less
This chapter discusses how the idea of conscious will and the idea of psychological mechanisms have an oil and water relationship, having never been properly reconciled. One way to put them together is to say that the mechanistic approach is the explanation preferred for scientific purposes, but that the person's experience of conscious will is utterly convincing and important to the person and so must be understood scientifically as well. The chapter states that conscious will is an illusion in the sense that the experience of consciously willing an action is not a direct indication that the conscious thought has caused the action. It also shows that the mechanisms underlying the experience of will are themselves a fundamental topic of scientific study.
Sean A. Spence
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198569275
- eISBN:
- 9780191724213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569275.003.0022
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
In hysteria, a physical symptom or sign is said to be produced by a psychological mechanism, triggered by a conflict within the patient. Crucially, there is no explanatory physical cause that can be ...
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In hysteria, a physical symptom or sign is said to be produced by a psychological mechanism, triggered by a conflict within the patient. Crucially, there is no explanatory physical cause that can be demonstrated. The man or woman so afflicted reports that they cannot raise their arm, or cannot see; yet physical investigations prove negative and, when sedated or observed unobtrusively over time, symptomatic inconsistencies arise. However, despite these, the diagnostic systems applied are quite specific that the patient experiencing and exhibiting such symptoms and signs is not responsible for their production, i.e. they are not ‘feigning’. Hence, the physician is called upon to judge what the patient is thinking and not doing, i.e. to perceive that they are really trying to move or see and are not pretending to be impaired. This is a complex task and the use of language in this area suggests considerable uncertainty among physicians as to what it is they are diagnosing.Less
In hysteria, a physical symptom or sign is said to be produced by a psychological mechanism, triggered by a conflict within the patient. Crucially, there is no explanatory physical cause that can be demonstrated. The man or woman so afflicted reports that they cannot raise their arm, or cannot see; yet physical investigations prove negative and, when sedated or observed unobtrusively over time, symptomatic inconsistencies arise. However, despite these, the diagnostic systems applied are quite specific that the patient experiencing and exhibiting such symptoms and signs is not responsible for their production, i.e. they are not ‘feigning’. Hence, the physician is called upon to judge what the patient is thinking and not doing, i.e. to perceive that they are really trying to move or see and are not pretending to be impaired. This is a complex task and the use of language in this area suggests considerable uncertainty among physicians as to what it is they are diagnosing.
Ara Norenzayan, Joseph Henrich, and Edward Slingerland
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262019750
- eISBN:
- 9780262318297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019750.003.0019
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Religion is a ubiquitous aspect of human culture, yet until recently, relatively little was known about its natural origins and effects on human minds and societies. This is changing, as scientific ...
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Religion is a ubiquitous aspect of human culture, yet until recently, relatively little was known about its natural origins and effects on human minds and societies. This is changing, as scientific interest in religion is on the rise. Debates about the evolutionary origins and functions of religion, including its origins in genetic and cultural evolution, hinge on a set of empirical claims about religious prosociality: whether, and through which particular pathways, certain religious beliefs and practices encourage prosocial behaviors. Here we synthesize and evaluate the scientific literature on religious prosociality, highlighting both gaps and open questions. Converging evidence from several fields suggests a nuanced pattern such that some religious beliefs and practices, under specific sociohistorical contexts, foster prosocial behaviors among strangers. This emerging picture is beginning to reveal the psychological mechanisms underlying religious prosociality. Further progress will depend on resolving outstanding puzzles, such as whether religious prosociality exists in small-scale societies, the extent to which it is constrained by in-group boundaries, and the psychology underlying various forms of disbelief. Published in the Strungmann Forum Reports Series.Less
Religion is a ubiquitous aspect of human culture, yet until recently, relatively little was known about its natural origins and effects on human minds and societies. This is changing, as scientific interest in religion is on the rise. Debates about the evolutionary origins and functions of religion, including its origins in genetic and cultural evolution, hinge on a set of empirical claims about religious prosociality: whether, and through which particular pathways, certain religious beliefs and practices encourage prosocial behaviors. Here we synthesize and evaluate the scientific literature on religious prosociality, highlighting both gaps and open questions. Converging evidence from several fields suggests a nuanced pattern such that some religious beliefs and practices, under specific sociohistorical contexts, foster prosocial behaviors among strangers. This emerging picture is beginning to reveal the psychological mechanisms underlying religious prosociality. Further progress will depend on resolving outstanding puzzles, such as whether religious prosociality exists in small-scale societies, the extent to which it is constrained by in-group boundaries, and the psychology underlying various forms of disbelief. Published in the Strungmann Forum Reports Series.
Niza Yanay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780823250042
- eISBN:
- 9780823252572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823250042.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Chapter three raises the questions how are prejudice and hate speech reproduced and how do they persist despite the fact that Western democracies conceive of themselves as liberal, tolerant and ...
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Chapter three raises the questions how are prejudice and hate speech reproduced and how do they persist despite the fact that Western democracies conceive of themselves as liberal, tolerant and pluralistic? The best way to show how the forces (or mechanisms) of the political unconscious operate within public speech is through the analysis of resistance and fixation in speech. The chapter analyzes speech exchanges between Jewish and Palestinian students in a dialogue group to demonstrate how idealization and splitting as forces of speech implicitly dominate the dialogical process and allow for old denials to reappear in speech as social symptoms.Less
Chapter three raises the questions how are prejudice and hate speech reproduced and how do they persist despite the fact that Western democracies conceive of themselves as liberal, tolerant and pluralistic? The best way to show how the forces (or mechanisms) of the political unconscious operate within public speech is through the analysis of resistance and fixation in speech. The chapter analyzes speech exchanges between Jewish and Palestinian students in a dialogue group to demonstrate how idealization and splitting as forces of speech implicitly dominate the dialogical process and allow for old denials to reappear in speech as social symptoms.
Charles H. Janson and Sarah F. Brosnan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199659449
- eISBN:
- 9780191774775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659449.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses how studies of field and captive (both laboratory and free-ranging captive) populations can provide complementary insights into the function and mechanisms of primate ...
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This chapter discusses how studies of field and captive (both laboratory and free-ranging captive) populations can provide complementary insights into the function and mechanisms of primate behaviours. In both arenas, experiments and observations play a role, although the ease of adopting each approach differs depending on the context, and they each have distinct kinds of strengths and constraints. Studies in captivity generally emphasize experiments on psychological mechanisms or development of behaviour, whereas field studies are best used to document the natural contexts in which functions are evident. Studies in captivity often reveal cognitive capacities that are only documented much later in the wild (e.g., tool use in capuchin monkeys) or that challenge us to discover the adaptive context in which they make sense (e.g., ability to count by chimpanzees). Studies in the wild may reveal behaviours that may not develop easily in confined lab environments (e.g., large-space navigational ability) or suggest explanations for species differences in cognitive abilities found in captivity (e.g., spatial vs. temporal discounting among tamarin species).Less
This chapter discusses how studies of field and captive (both laboratory and free-ranging captive) populations can provide complementary insights into the function and mechanisms of primate behaviours. In both arenas, experiments and observations play a role, although the ease of adopting each approach differs depending on the context, and they each have distinct kinds of strengths and constraints. Studies in captivity generally emphasize experiments on psychological mechanisms or development of behaviour, whereas field studies are best used to document the natural contexts in which functions are evident. Studies in captivity often reveal cognitive capacities that are only documented much later in the wild (e.g., tool use in capuchin monkeys) or that challenge us to discover the adaptive context in which they make sense (e.g., ability to count by chimpanzees). Studies in the wild may reveal behaviours that may not develop easily in confined lab environments (e.g., large-space navigational ability) or suggest explanations for species differences in cognitive abilities found in captivity (e.g., spatial vs. temporal discounting among tamarin species).
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804782364
- eISBN:
- 9780804783927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804782364.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyzes voter affect and the psychological mechanism connecting citizens' attitudes with the decision to vote in favor of party-system collapse in Peru and Venezuela. It describes an ...
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This chapter analyzes voter affect and the psychological mechanism connecting citizens' attitudes with the decision to vote in favor of party-system collapse in Peru and Venezuela. It describes an experiment regarding the effects of anger on propensity to support a candidate from outside the party system and discusses the result which shows that voters randomized to feel anger are significantly more likely to support the outsider candidate than are those assigned to the control group. The chapter also considers how emotional states influence political attitudes and positions on political issues.Less
This chapter analyzes voter affect and the psychological mechanism connecting citizens' attitudes with the decision to vote in favor of party-system collapse in Peru and Venezuela. It describes an experiment regarding the effects of anger on propensity to support a candidate from outside the party system and discusses the result which shows that voters randomized to feel anger are significantly more likely to support the outsider candidate than are those assigned to the control group. The chapter also considers how emotional states influence political attitudes and positions on political issues.
Andrea Chiovenda
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190073558
- eISBN:
- 9780190073589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190073558.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
The conclusion to the book pulls together the many conceptual threads that emerged from the ethnographic material presented in the previous chapters. It argues for a human “shared psychic reality” ...
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The conclusion to the book pulls together the many conceptual threads that emerged from the ethnographic material presented in the previous chapters. It argues for a human “shared psychic reality” that can only be expressed and operationalized through the meanings given to it by the cultural world in which each individual is immersed and lives. Thus, while psychic mechanisms have to be “primed” by the individual’s cultural and social environment in order to function meaningfully, so also cultural material, in order to be understood, has to be approached by investigating the subjectivities and psychological dynamics of those who utilize it and produce it. This is particularly true in the realm of conflict, in all its connotations, which is a constant presence in the pages of the book. Indeed, power is here considered to be constitutive of all relations of interdependence between individuals, and not simply as something that someone has and others have not, whether when producing harmony or conflict.Less
The conclusion to the book pulls together the many conceptual threads that emerged from the ethnographic material presented in the previous chapters. It argues for a human “shared psychic reality” that can only be expressed and operationalized through the meanings given to it by the cultural world in which each individual is immersed and lives. Thus, while psychic mechanisms have to be “primed” by the individual’s cultural and social environment in order to function meaningfully, so also cultural material, in order to be understood, has to be approached by investigating the subjectivities and psychological dynamics of those who utilize it and produce it. This is particularly true in the realm of conflict, in all its connotations, which is a constant presence in the pages of the book. Indeed, power is here considered to be constitutive of all relations of interdependence between individuals, and not simply as something that someone has and others have not, whether when producing harmony or conflict.
Patrik N. Juslin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198753421
- eISBN:
- 9780191842689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198753421.003.0022
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as episodic memory. Episodic memory is defined as a process whereby an emotion is induced in a listener because the music evokes a personal ...
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This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as episodic memory. Episodic memory is defined as a process whereby an emotion is induced in a listener because the music evokes a personal memory of a specific event in the person's life; when the memory is evoked, so is also the emotion associated with the event. The emotion can be intense, perhaps because the physiological response pattern to the original event is stored in memory, together with the experiential content. Episodic memory requires detached mental representations (i.e. representations of events or objects that are not currently sensed in the external world) and a sense of self, which ties together the individual episodes. Episodic memory is also an important aspect of what it means to be human.Less
This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as episodic memory. Episodic memory is defined as a process whereby an emotion is induced in a listener because the music evokes a personal memory of a specific event in the person's life; when the memory is evoked, so is also the emotion associated with the event. The emotion can be intense, perhaps because the physiological response pattern to the original event is stored in memory, together with the experiential content. Episodic memory requires detached mental representations (i.e. representations of events or objects that are not currently sensed in the external world) and a sense of self, which ties together the individual episodes. Episodic memory is also an important aspect of what it means to be human.
Patrik N. Juslin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198753421
- eISBN:
- 9780191842689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198753421.003.0023
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as visual imagery. Visual imagery is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked in the listener because he or she conjures up inner ...
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This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as visual imagery. Visual imagery is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked in the listener because he or she conjures up inner images while listening to the music. Images might come about in three ways. First, mental imagery may occur when listeners conceptualize the musical structure through a nonverbal mapping between the metaphorical ‘affordances’ of the music and image-schemata grounded in bodily experience. A second type of imagery might occur when a listener brings to a listening experience certain types of knowledge or myths about the circumstances surrounding the creation of the piece or about the artist in question. Thirdly, a music listener can create images based on how certain aspects of the music mirror aspects of the listener's current life experience.Less
This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as visual imagery. Visual imagery is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked in the listener because he or she conjures up inner images while listening to the music. Images might come about in three ways. First, mental imagery may occur when listeners conceptualize the musical structure through a nonverbal mapping between the metaphorical ‘affordances’ of the music and image-schemata grounded in bodily experience. A second type of imagery might occur when a listener brings to a listening experience certain types of knowledge or myths about the circumstances surrounding the creation of the piece or about the artist in question. Thirdly, a music listener can create images based on how certain aspects of the music mirror aspects of the listener's current life experience.
