Geert Booij
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199226245
- eISBN:
- 9780191710360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226245.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The morphological structure of a complex word determines how the constituent morphemes of a word are realized phonetically. The phonological structure of a complex word reflects its morphological ...
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The morphological structure of a complex word determines how the constituent morphemes of a word are realized phonetically. The phonological structure of a complex word reflects its morphological structure, but is not isomorphic to that structure. Phonology plays a role in the selection of one from a set of competing affixes. This can be modelled in terms of phonological output conditions.Less
The morphological structure of a complex word determines how the constituent morphemes of a word are realized phonetically. The phonological structure of a complex word reflects its morphological structure, but is not isomorphic to that structure. Phonology plays a role in the selection of one from a set of competing affixes. This can be modelled in terms of phonological output conditions.
Sun-Ah Jun (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199249633
- eISBN:
- 9780191719349
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249633.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This book illustrates an approach to prosodic typology through descriptions of the intonation and the prosodic structure of thirteen typologically different languages based on the same theoretical ...
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This book illustrates an approach to prosodic typology through descriptions of the intonation and the prosodic structure of thirteen typologically different languages based on the same theoretical framework, the ‘autosegmental-metrical’ model of intonational phonology, and the transcription system of prosody known as ToBI (Tones and Break Indices). It is the first book introducing the history and principles of ToBI. It presents eleven ToBI systems ranging from European languages, Asian languages, an Australian aboriginal language, and an American Indian language, illustrating the flexibility and integrity of the ToBI system. The last chapter of the book proposes a model of prosodic typology based on two prosodic categories, prominence and rhythmic/prosodic unit.Less
This book illustrates an approach to prosodic typology through descriptions of the intonation and the prosodic structure of thirteen typologically different languages based on the same theoretical framework, the ‘autosegmental-metrical’ model of intonational phonology, and the transcription system of prosody known as ToBI (Tones and Break Indices). It is the first book introducing the history and principles of ToBI. It presents eleven ToBI systems ranging from European languages, Asian languages, an Australian aboriginal language, and an American Indian language, illustrating the flexibility and integrity of the ToBI system. The last chapter of the book proposes a model of prosodic typology based on two prosodic categories, prominence and rhythmic/prosodic unit.
Paola Monachesi
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274758
- eISBN:
- 9780191705908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274758.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter claims that syntax constructs the basis for a mapping into prosodic structure, using an appropriate algorithm, based on prosodic principles. As a test case, another instance is taken ...
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This chapter claims that syntax constructs the basis for a mapping into prosodic structure, using an appropriate algorithm, based on prosodic principles. As a test case, another instance is taken into consideration: Italian restructuring verbs. It also examines the problems that these verbs raise for the interface between phonology and syntax. The constituency test provides evidence that two different syntactic structures should be associated with restructuring verbs, whereas the phonological level, the various rules argue favoring a single configuration. The chapter discusses different algorithms which have been proposed in the literature to account for this non-isomorphism between syntactic structure and phonological structure. It demonstrates that those which are driven by syntactic principles do not make the right predictions in accounting for phonological constituency which is not the case for the algorithm suggested in Ghini (1993). In this algorithm, phonological constituency is mainly driven by prosodic principles.Less
This chapter claims that syntax constructs the basis for a mapping into prosodic structure, using an appropriate algorithm, based on prosodic principles. As a test case, another instance is taken into consideration: Italian restructuring verbs. It also examines the problems that these verbs raise for the interface between phonology and syntax. The constituency test provides evidence that two different syntactic structures should be associated with restructuring verbs, whereas the phonological level, the various rules argue favoring a single configuration. The chapter discusses different algorithms which have been proposed in the literature to account for this non-isomorphism between syntactic structure and phonological structure. It demonstrates that those which are driven by syntactic principles do not make the right predictions in accounting for phonological constituency which is not the case for the algorithm suggested in Ghini (1993). In this algorithm, phonological constituency is mainly driven by prosodic principles.
Daniel Büring
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199226269
- eISBN:
- 9780191826603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226269.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Phonetics / Phonology
Prosodic structure features prominently in work on metrical stress, in intonational phonology and prosodic phonology (where it provides the domain for segmental and supra-segmental processes), but ...
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Prosodic structure features prominently in work on metrical stress, in intonational phonology and prosodic phonology (where it provides the domain for segmental and supra-segmental processes), but specifics vary widely in the literature. Following Truckenbrodt, a simple version of the prosodic hierarchy, using phonological phrases, intermediate phrases, and intonational phrases above the word level is used, related to syntax by a small set of ranked, violable constraints; a prosodic constituent’s metrically strongest element, its head, may serve as an anchoring point for pitch accents, subject to a single ‘stress-to-accent’ constraint. Sometimes a more articulated structure is called for, involving a limited kind of recursion in prosodic categories, or perhaps even label-less recursion of a single unspecific category. The rules of syntax-to-prosody mapping actually predict when these more complex structures arise. Generalizations introduced earlier—integration, nuclear accent placement, optional accenting—find their proper place in this prosodically more elaborate setting.Less
Prosodic structure features prominently in work on metrical stress, in intonational phonology and prosodic phonology (where it provides the domain for segmental and supra-segmental processes), but specifics vary widely in the literature. Following Truckenbrodt, a simple version of the prosodic hierarchy, using phonological phrases, intermediate phrases, and intonational phrases above the word level is used, related to syntax by a small set of ranked, violable constraints; a prosodic constituent’s metrically strongest element, its head, may serve as an anchoring point for pitch accents, subject to a single ‘stress-to-accent’ constraint. Sometimes a more articulated structure is called for, involving a limited kind of recursion in prosodic categories, or perhaps even label-less recursion of a single unspecific category. The rules of syntax-to-prosody mapping actually predict when these more complex structures arise. Generalizations introduced earlier—integration, nuclear accent placement, optional accenting—find their proper place in this prosodically more elaborate setting.
Judith Bishop and Janet Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199249633
- eISBN:
- 9780191719349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249633.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
It is particularly significant to examine the intonational systems of typologically diverse languages in light of renewed interest in ‘intonational universals’. As yet, only a handful of indigenous ...
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It is particularly significant to examine the intonational systems of typologically diverse languages in light of renewed interest in ‘intonational universals’. As yet, only a handful of indigenous Australian languages possess significant intonational descriptions. This chapter examines the intonational phonology of six closely-related varieties of a Northern Australian language, Bininj Gun-wok, also known as Mayali. It then outlines transcription conventions that are designed to transcribe significant prosodic events in this language and its various dialects.Less
It is particularly significant to examine the intonational systems of typologically diverse languages in light of renewed interest in ‘intonational universals’. As yet, only a handful of indigenous Australian languages possess significant intonational descriptions. This chapter examines the intonational phonology of six closely-related varieties of a Northern Australian language, Bininj Gun-wok, also known as Mayali. It then outlines transcription conventions that are designed to transcribe significant prosodic events in this language and its various dialects.
Yuji Takano
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199945207
- eISBN:
- 9780199389025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945207.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter investigates the nature of postposing in Japanese through a detailed comparison with its Turkish counterpart. Two types of postposing are proposed, one carried out by syntactic movement ...
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This chapter investigates the nature of postposing in Japanese through a detailed comparison with its Turkish counterpart. Two types of postposing are proposed, one carried out by syntactic movement and another taking place in the phonological component. Turkish has the former type, whereas Japanese has both, although the availability of postposing by syntactic movement is limited in Japanese. The chapter argues that postposing in the phonological component is crucially regulated by prosodic factors, while interacting with what happens in the syntax, and that this dual nature accounts for the complex properties of Japanese postposing. It is also claimed that the difference between Japanese and Turkish with respect to postposing arises from a difference in the morphological properties of the functional head C.Less
This chapter investigates the nature of postposing in Japanese through a detailed comparison with its Turkish counterpart. Two types of postposing are proposed, one carried out by syntactic movement and another taking place in the phonological component. Turkish has the former type, whereas Japanese has both, although the availability of postposing by syntactic movement is limited in Japanese. The chapter argues that postposing in the phonological component is crucially regulated by prosodic factors, while interacting with what happens in the syntax, and that this dual nature accounts for the complex properties of Japanese postposing. It is also claimed that the difference between Japanese and Turkish with respect to postposing arises from a difference in the morphological properties of the functional head C.
Peter W. Culicover and Michael S. Rochemont
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199660230
- eISBN:
- 9780191748240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660230.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter addresses the issue of how to relate focus and stress in English sentences, particularly within the framework of the (Revised) Extended Standard Theory. Specifically, it shows that, with ...
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This chapter addresses the issue of how to relate focus and stress in English sentences, particularly within the framework of the (Revised) Extended Standard Theory. Specifically, it shows that, with some refinement, the grammatical model of Chomsky and Lasnik (1977) accommodates an insightful analysis of the relationship between focus and stress, while preserving the Autonomous Systems view of Hale et al. (1977). The chapter is organized as follows. Section 4.2 drives Prosodic Structure from surface structure by the rules of accent placement. Section 4.3 is concerned with the assignment of focus on S-structures. Section 4.4 suggests a number of additional rules of Discourse Grammar whose function is to define contextual conditions for the interpretation of focus as presentational, contrastive, emphatic, etc. Section 4.5 summarizes the results and compares the framework developed in this chapter with a number of others that have appeared in the linguistic literature.Less
This chapter addresses the issue of how to relate focus and stress in English sentences, particularly within the framework of the (Revised) Extended Standard Theory. Specifically, it shows that, with some refinement, the grammatical model of Chomsky and Lasnik (1977) accommodates an insightful analysis of the relationship between focus and stress, while preserving the Autonomous Systems view of Hale et al. (1977). The chapter is organized as follows. Section 4.2 drives Prosodic Structure from surface structure by the rules of accent placement. Section 4.3 is concerned with the assignment of focus on S-structures. Section 4.4 suggests a number of additional rules of Discourse Grammar whose function is to define contextual conditions for the interpretation of focus as presentational, contrastive, emphatic, etc. Section 4.5 summarizes the results and compares the framework developed in this chapter with a number of others that have appeared in the linguistic literature.
Daniel Büring
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199226269
- eISBN:
- 9780191826603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226269.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Phonetics / Phonology
The earlier rules for relating syntactic focus and givenness marking to accenting are replaced by mapping principles that relate to prosodic structure as introduced in the previous chapter. The ...
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The earlier rules for relating syntactic focus and givenness marking to accenting are replaced by mapping principles that relate to prosodic structure as introduced in the previous chapter. The resulting picture is similar in spirit and empirical coverage to the purely accent-based incarnation, but is more detailed, accurate, and, arguably, elegant. Subtle effects of focussing and deaccenting follow from the interaction of a small number of general constraints, applied to the kinds of focus-related representations introduced earlier. One striking feature of the resulting picture is that many exceptions to the popular equation focussed=accented, given/backgrounded=unaccented, both known and novel, are systematically predicted. Finally, by giving stress its proper place alongside pitch accenting, an account of so-called Second Occurrence Focus becomes possible; such a ‘focus without accent’ is now a phrasal stress which, by virtue of general constraints on the realization of focus domains, cannot be associated with a pitch accent.Less
The earlier rules for relating syntactic focus and givenness marking to accenting are replaced by mapping principles that relate to prosodic structure as introduced in the previous chapter. The resulting picture is similar in spirit and empirical coverage to the purely accent-based incarnation, but is more detailed, accurate, and, arguably, elegant. Subtle effects of focussing and deaccenting follow from the interaction of a small number of general constraints, applied to the kinds of focus-related representations introduced earlier. One striking feature of the resulting picture is that many exceptions to the popular equation focussed=accented, given/backgrounded=unaccented, both known and novel, are systematically predicted. Finally, by giving stress its proper place alongside pitch accenting, an account of so-called Second Occurrence Focus becomes possible; such a ‘focus without accent’ is now a phrasal stress which, by virtue of general constraints on the realization of focus domains, cannot be associated with a pitch accent.
Sun-Ah Jun and Janet Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199567300
- eISBN:
- 9780191787980
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567300.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter describes the methodology of studying intonation from data collection (in the lab and in the field) to data analysis within the Autosegmental-Metrical model of intonational phonology. ...
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This chapter describes the methodology of studying intonation from data collection (in the lab and in the field) to data analysis within the Autosegmental-Metrical model of intonational phonology. For data analysis, the chapter provides ways to characterize intonational tunes in terms of distinctive tonal categories and prosodic structure.Less
This chapter describes the methodology of studying intonation from data collection (in the lab and in the field) to data analysis within the Autosegmental-Metrical model of intonational phonology. For data analysis, the chapter provides ways to characterize intonational tunes in terms of distinctive tonal categories and prosodic structure.
Eva Zimmermann
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198747321
- eISBN:
- 9780191809736
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198747321.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology, Syntax and Morphology
The predictions of multiple interacting Prosodically Defective Morphemes are discussed in this chapter. For one, there are instances where several morphemes in a language are lexically marked ...
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The predictions of multiple interacting Prosodically Defective Morphemes are discussed in this chapter. For one, there are instances where several morphemes in a language are lexically marked exceptions to an MLM process. This can follow, it is shown, if those morphemes are prosodically defective themselves. A very interesting instance of such an effect can be found in Aymara where a so-called ’rescuer morpheme’ exists whose only surface effect is to block an expected MLM pattern. On the other hand, there are cases where lexical allomorphy between different MLM processes can be found. It is shown that again the exceptional behaviour of some morphemes in the presence of a triggering Prosodically Defective Morpheme follows if those morphemes themselves are prosodically defective. The chapter hence strengthens the role of phonological representation and shifts the burden of various (apparently morphological) idiosyncratic lexical information to the phonological representation of the morphemes in question.Less
The predictions of multiple interacting Prosodically Defective Morphemes are discussed in this chapter. For one, there are instances where several morphemes in a language are lexically marked exceptions to an MLM process. This can follow, it is shown, if those morphemes are prosodically defective themselves. A very interesting instance of such an effect can be found in Aymara where a so-called ’rescuer morpheme’ exists whose only surface effect is to block an expected MLM pattern. On the other hand, there are cases where lexical allomorphy between different MLM processes can be found. It is shown that again the exceptional behaviour of some morphemes in the presence of a triggering Prosodically Defective Morpheme follows if those morphemes themselves are prosodically defective. The chapter hence strengthens the role of phonological representation and shifts the burden of various (apparently morphological) idiosyncratic lexical information to the phonological representation of the morphemes in question.
Eric Raimy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262182706
- eISBN:
- 9780262255325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262182706.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
Bert Vaux and Andrew Wolfe have proposed a very strict theory of syllabification and the prosodic status of unsyllabified segments, arguing that a phoneme must either be syllabified directly or be ...
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Bert Vaux and Andrew Wolfe have proposed a very strict theory of syllabification and the prosodic status of unsyllabified segments, arguing that a phoneme must either be syllabified directly or be associated to a higher prosodic level via an appendix structure. This chapter examines one pattern of infixation and one pattern of reduplication in Nxa/amxcin which may be completely agnostic about prosodic structure. It also considers a reduplication pattern in Thao to show that a syllabification scheme utilizing degenerate syllables is necessary to account for the pattern. Vaux and Wolfe’s explicit rejection of degenerate syllables raises the question of whether their strict claims about the nature of the syllable are plausible. The chapter thus argues for a further investigation of their examples in order to fully determine their importance in constructing a theory of syllabification for phonology.Less
Bert Vaux and Andrew Wolfe have proposed a very strict theory of syllabification and the prosodic status of unsyllabified segments, arguing that a phoneme must either be syllabified directly or be associated to a higher prosodic level via an appendix structure. This chapter examines one pattern of infixation and one pattern of reduplication in Nxa/amxcin which may be completely agnostic about prosodic structure. It also considers a reduplication pattern in Thao to show that a syllabification scheme utilizing degenerate syllables is necessary to account for the pattern. Vaux and Wolfe’s explicit rejection of degenerate syllables raises the question of whether their strict claims about the nature of the syllable are plausible. The chapter thus argues for a further investigation of their examples in order to fully determine their importance in constructing a theory of syllabification for phonology.
Ash Asudeh
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199206421
- eISBN:
- 9780191738081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206421.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
Resumptive pronouns in Vata, as in Swedish, pattern like gaps with respect to certain diagnostics, particularly with respect to weak crossover and islands. This chapter develops an analysis of Vata ...
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Resumptive pronouns in Vata, as in Swedish, pattern like gaps with respect to certain diagnostics, particularly with respect to weak crossover and islands. This chapter develops an analysis of Vata resumptives as syntactically inactive resumptives, which are nonetheless licensed semantically like syntactically active resumptives, as found in Irish and Hebrew. I first review some of the key resumptive pronoun data in Vata and then provide an analysis along the same lines as those in previous chapters.Less
Resumptive pronouns in Vata, as in Swedish, pattern like gaps with respect to certain diagnostics, particularly with respect to weak crossover and islands. This chapter develops an analysis of Vata resumptives as syntactically inactive resumptives, which are nonetheless licensed semantically like syntactically active resumptives, as found in Irish and Hebrew. I first review some of the key resumptive pronoun data in Vata and then provide an analysis along the same lines as those in previous chapters.
John J. Lowe
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198701361
- eISBN:
- 9780191770630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701361.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter provides a concise yet valuable introduction to the formal grammatical framework utilized in the work, Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). It first explains the two original components of ...
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This chapter provides a concise yet valuable introduction to the formal grammatical framework utilized in the work, Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). It first explains the two original components of the theory, constituent structure and functional structure, discussing the cross-linguistic variation attested in c-structure configuration in contrast with the cross-linguistic uniformity of f-structure. Secondly, the semantic formalism, glue semantics, is introduced, and the particular combination of glue with Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) is explained. Finally, the remaining components of the LFG architecture are introduced, with particular focus on information structure, the string, and prosodic structure.Less
This chapter provides a concise yet valuable introduction to the formal grammatical framework utilized in the work, Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). It first explains the two original components of the theory, constituent structure and functional structure, discussing the cross-linguistic variation attested in c-structure configuration in contrast with the cross-linguistic uniformity of f-structure. Secondly, the semantic formalism, glue semantics, is introduced, and the particular combination of glue with Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) is explained. Finally, the remaining components of the LFG architecture are introduced, with particular focus on information structure, the string, and prosodic structure.
Carlos Gussenhoven
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262083799
- eISBN:
- 9780262274890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262083799.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Lexicography
The prosodic structure of Dutch words presents a conundrum because closed syllables require a foot head, while long vowels apparently do not project a foot. In other quantity-sensitive languages, ...
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The prosodic structure of Dutch words presents a conundrum because closed syllables require a foot head, while long vowels apparently do not project a foot. In other quantity-sensitive languages, long vowels are heavy (bimoraic), and will be in a stressed syllable (type A), while closed syllables may need to be heavy and stressed (type B). This chapter focuses on vowel duration, syllable quantity, and stress in Dutch. It discusses bimoricity and the role of quantity in the phonological representation of Dutch vowels. The chapter shows that moraic representations of vowels are part of the lexical phonology of Dutch and that a description of Dutch word prosodic structure is impossible unless the moraic structure is specified.Less
The prosodic structure of Dutch words presents a conundrum because closed syllables require a foot head, while long vowels apparently do not project a foot. In other quantity-sensitive languages, long vowels are heavy (bimoraic), and will be in a stressed syllable (type A), while closed syllables may need to be heavy and stressed (type B). This chapter focuses on vowel duration, syllable quantity, and stress in Dutch. It discusses bimoricity and the role of quantity in the phonological representation of Dutch vowels. The chapter shows that moraic representations of vowels are part of the lexical phonology of Dutch and that a description of Dutch word prosodic structure is impossible unless the moraic structure is specified.
