John P. Burkett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189629
- eISBN:
- 9780199850778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189629.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in ...
More
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in input of that factor, other factors being held constant. In the case of constant returns to scale, marginal products depend on inputs only through factor proportions. Several relevant computational exercises and their solutions are provided.Less
This chapter discusses microeconomic theories of marginal products and factor proportions. It explains that factor's marginal product is the ratio of an increase in output to a small increase in input of that factor, other factors being held constant. In the case of constant returns to scale, marginal products depend on inputs only through factor proportions. Several relevant computational exercises and their solutions are provided.
Iain Mclean and Alistair McMillan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199258208
- eISBN:
- 9780191603334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258201.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
In both the 1707 and 1800 Unions, a poor country was joined to a rich one, therefore the tax potential per head in the expanded Union declined. However, until the 1880s, governments spent money ...
More
In both the 1707 and 1800 Unions, a poor country was joined to a rich one, therefore the tax potential per head in the expanded Union declined. However, until the 1880s, governments spent money mostly on public goods, which did not raise the issue that taxes were raised in rich areas and spent in poor ones. Distributive politics of this sort began when governments started to spend money on schools and crofters — the 1870s and 1880s. The first public spending formula for the territories is due to Chancellor George Goschen in 1888. The formula that is current (although under great strain) was devised by Chief Secretary Joel Barnett and his officials in 1978.Less
In both the 1707 and 1800 Unions, a poor country was joined to a rich one, therefore the tax potential per head in the expanded Union declined. However, until the 1880s, governments spent money mostly on public goods, which did not raise the issue that taxes were raised in rich areas and spent in poor ones. Distributive politics of this sort began when governments started to spend money on schools and crofters — the 1870s and 1880s. The first public spending formula for the territories is due to Chancellor George Goschen in 1888. The formula that is current (although under great strain) was devised by Chief Secretary Joel Barnett and his officials in 1978.
Joseph Pilsner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286058
- eISBN:
- 9780191603808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286051.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
A circumstance is an attendant property of an action. In murder, for instance, one might take note of the time, the type of weapon, or the perpetrator’s height. Although Aquinas in some contexts ...
More
A circumstance is an attendant property of an action. In murder, for instance, one might take note of the time, the type of weapon, or the perpetrator’s height. Although Aquinas in some contexts denies that any circumstance can give form and species to a human action, in other contexts, he asserts that at least some circumstances do, as when the ‘sacredness’ of a stolen chalice further defines ‘theft’ as ‘sacrilege’. The key to understanding this apparent contradiction lies in recognizing that a human action can be viewed from two perspectives. The very same property in an action can be incidental when an action is considered apart from a comparison to right reason, but essential when this standard is invoked. For instance, the fact that an item being stolen happens to be ‘sacred’ is just one circumstance among many until the action is compared to right reason; then this property ‘sacred’ is recognized as part of what constitutes sacrilege and essential to its object. When speaking with greater precision, Aquinas admits that a property essential in a comparison to right reason (such as ‘sacred’ in sacrilege) even deserves a new name, instead of a ‘circumstance’ it should be called a ‘condition’ or ‘difference’ of an object.Less
A circumstance is an attendant property of an action. In murder, for instance, one might take note of the time, the type of weapon, or the perpetrator’s height. Although Aquinas in some contexts denies that any circumstance can give form and species to a human action, in other contexts, he asserts that at least some circumstances do, as when the ‘sacredness’ of a stolen chalice further defines ‘theft’ as ‘sacrilege’. The key to understanding this apparent contradiction lies in recognizing that a human action can be viewed from two perspectives. The very same property in an action can be incidental when an action is considered apart from a comparison to right reason, but essential when this standard is invoked. For instance, the fact that an item being stolen happens to be ‘sacred’ is just one circumstance among many until the action is compared to right reason; then this property ‘sacred’ is recognized as part of what constitutes sacrilege and essential to its object. When speaking with greater precision, Aquinas admits that a property essential in a comparison to right reason (such as ‘sacred’ in sacrilege) even deserves a new name, instead of a ‘circumstance’ it should be called a ‘condition’ or ‘difference’ of an object.
Guangyu Zhang and Baochang Gu
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299294
- eISBN:
- 9780191715082
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299294.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines recent changes in age at first marriage and the proportion choosing marriage, their impact on fertility decline, and recent increases in divorce and remarriage. It provides the ...
More
This chapter examines recent changes in age at first marriage and the proportion choosing marriage, their impact on fertility decline, and recent increases in divorce and remarriage. It provides the latest update on people's attitudes toward sexual relationships and marriage behaviours in China against a broad backdrop of changing marriage patterns around the world.Less
This chapter examines recent changes in age at first marriage and the proportion choosing marriage, their impact on fertility decline, and recent increases in divorce and remarriage. It provides the latest update on people's attitudes toward sexual relationships and marriage behaviours in China against a broad backdrop of changing marriage patterns around the world.
Elliott Antokoletz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195365825
- eISBN:
- 9780199868865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365825.003.0011
- Subject:
- Music, Opera
This chapter looks at Door V, Bluebeard's Domain, which represents the culminating point for the polarity of darkness and light, based on large-scale and local use of geometrically expanding ...
More
This chapter looks at Door V, Bluebeard's Domain, which represents the culminating point for the polarity of darkness and light, based on large-scale and local use of geometrically expanding proportional structure. An aphorism of Nietzsche on independence is also presented, which pertains to Bluebeard's strength and loneliness. The chapter discusses isometric text-verse of ancient Hungarian folk music as structural framework for the final phase of character development and transformation. It also includes an aphorism of Nietzsche on women and its reflection in the dual illusion of Balázs's Judith.Less
This chapter looks at Door V, Bluebeard's Domain, which represents the culminating point for the polarity of darkness and light, based on large-scale and local use of geometrically expanding proportional structure. An aphorism of Nietzsche on independence is also presented, which pertains to Bluebeard's strength and loneliness. The chapter discusses isometric text-verse of ancient Hungarian folk music as structural framework for the final phase of character development and transformation. It also includes an aphorism of Nietzsche on women and its reflection in the dual illusion of Balázs's Judith.
Floyd Grave and Margaret Grave
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195173574
- eISBN:
- 9780199872152
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173574.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The quartets invariably include an interior minuet-trio complex (each of the ten early, five-movement cycles has two). Whereas a moderate, beat-marking pace prevails among earlier quartets, a trend ...
More
The quartets invariably include an interior minuet-trio complex (each of the ten early, five-movement cycles has two). Whereas a moderate, beat-marking pace prevails among earlier quartets, a trend toward increasingly fast tempos can be discerned, along with the tendency toward a measure- rather than beat-oriented rhythmic impulse. Among the movements' binary and rounded binary forms, internal proportions as well as thematic and tonal correspondences are varied, and there are examples of a vastly extended second part. Throughout the repertory, adherence to conventional practices serves as a backdrop for novelties of rhythm, texture, thematic process, and relationship between minuet and trio. In a small but distinctive group of dance movements, an open-ended trio connects to the return of the minuet proper without a break.Less
The quartets invariably include an interior minuet-trio complex (each of the ten early, five-movement cycles has two). Whereas a moderate, beat-marking pace prevails among earlier quartets, a trend toward increasingly fast tempos can be discerned, along with the tendency toward a measure- rather than beat-oriented rhythmic impulse. Among the movements' binary and rounded binary forms, internal proportions as well as thematic and tonal correspondences are varied, and there are examples of a vastly extended second part. Throughout the repertory, adherence to conventional practices serves as a backdrop for novelties of rhythm, texture, thematic process, and relationship between minuet and trio. In a small but distinctive group of dance movements, an open-ended trio connects to the return of the minuet proper without a break.
Floyd Grave and Margaret Grave
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195173574
- eISBN:
- 9780199872152
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173574.003.0012
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Celebrating the terms of a redrawn employment contract that now allowed him to sell his music directly to subscribers and publishers, Haydn boasted that the quartets of Op. 33 exemplified “a new, ...
More
Celebrating the terms of a redrawn employment contract that now allowed him to sell his music directly to subscribers and publishers, Haydn boasted that the quartets of Op. 33 exemplified “a new, quite special way”. Recasting the genre with regard to character, tone, and technical difficulty, the set emphasizes sentiment, melodic simplicity, structural transparency, and general accessibility. Rhythmic animation and bantering ensemble play suggest opera buffa influence, and the spirit of carefree exuberance is especially pronounced in the finales. There are new insights into idiomatic string-quartet technique, notably in the accent on motivic process and thematic texture, especially in the first movements. Slow movements, like those of previous sets, focus on the first violin as soloist. Dance movements, now bearing the title “scherzo”, fulfill the promise of playful adventure to varying degrees. The lone Op. 42 quartet is notable for its small dimensions, symmetrical proportions, and serious demeanor.Less
Celebrating the terms of a redrawn employment contract that now allowed him to sell his music directly to subscribers and publishers, Haydn boasted that the quartets of Op. 33 exemplified “a new, quite special way”. Recasting the genre with regard to character, tone, and technical difficulty, the set emphasizes sentiment, melodic simplicity, structural transparency, and general accessibility. Rhythmic animation and bantering ensemble play suggest opera buffa influence, and the spirit of carefree exuberance is especially pronounced in the finales. There are new insights into idiomatic string-quartet technique, notably in the accent on motivic process and thematic texture, especially in the first movements. Slow movements, like those of previous sets, focus on the first violin as soloist. Dance movements, now bearing the title “scherzo”, fulfill the promise of playful adventure to varying degrees. The lone Op. 42 quartet is notable for its small dimensions, symmetrical proportions, and serious demeanor.
Victor J. Katz and Karen Hunger Parshall
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149059
- eISBN:
- 9781400850525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149059.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter explores the beginnings of algebra in Egypt and Mesopotamia. They are the earliest civilizations to have left written mathematical records, and they date back thousands of years. From ...
More
This chapter explores the beginnings of algebra in Egypt and Mesopotamia. They are the earliest civilizations to have left written mathematical records, and they date back thousands of years. From both, we have original documents detailing mathematical calculations and mathematical problems, mostly designed to further the administration of the countries. Both also fostered scribes of a mathematical bent who carried out mathematical ideas well beyond the immediate necessity of solving a given problem. If mathematics was thus similarly institutionalized in Egypt and Mesopotamia, it nevertheless took on dramatically different forms, being written in entirely distinct ways in the two different regions. This key difference aside, the beginnings of algebra are evident in the solutions of problems that have come down to us from scribes active in both of these ancient civilizations.Less
This chapter explores the beginnings of algebra in Egypt and Mesopotamia. They are the earliest civilizations to have left written mathematical records, and they date back thousands of years. From both, we have original documents detailing mathematical calculations and mathematical problems, mostly designed to further the administration of the countries. Both also fostered scribes of a mathematical bent who carried out mathematical ideas well beyond the immediate necessity of solving a given problem. If mathematics was thus similarly institutionalized in Egypt and Mesopotamia, it nevertheless took on dramatically different forms, being written in entirely distinct ways in the two different regions. This key difference aside, the beginnings of algebra are evident in the solutions of problems that have come down to us from scribes active in both of these ancient civilizations.
Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195315493
- eISBN:
- 9780199865475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315493.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter provides a brief description of the rationale and limitations of statistical power analysis, and presents important issues related to determining sample size for both commonly used and ...
More
This chapter provides a brief description of the rationale and limitations of statistical power analysis, and presents important issues related to determining sample size for both commonly used and emerging statistical procedures in social work research. Procedures include difference between two means, difference between two proportions, odds ratio, relative risk, chi square, ANOVA, correlation, regression, logistic regression, structural equation modeling, and multi-level analysis.Less
This chapter provides a brief description of the rationale and limitations of statistical power analysis, and presents important issues related to determining sample size for both commonly used and emerging statistical procedures in social work research. Procedures include difference between two means, difference between two proportions, odds ratio, relative risk, chi square, ANOVA, correlation, regression, logistic regression, structural equation modeling, and multi-level analysis.
Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195315493
- eISBN:
- 9780199865475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315493.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter demonstrates a priori sample size determination strategies presented in previous chapters. Specifically, for each procedure, minimum sample size are estimated with power analysis and ...
More
This chapter demonstrates a priori sample size determination strategies presented in previous chapters. Specifically, for each procedure, minimum sample size are estimated with power analysis and confidence intervals (CIs). Free software, including GPower, commercial software, and web-based calculators are used to demonstrate the range of resources available for estimating minimum sample size. Sample sizes based on power analysis and CIs should be considered within the context of ethical and cost-related issues. Procedures demonstrated include difference between two means, difference between two proportions, odds ratio, relative risk, chi square, ANOVA, correlation, regression, logistic regression, structural equation modeling, and multilevel analysis.Less
This chapter demonstrates a priori sample size determination strategies presented in previous chapters. Specifically, for each procedure, minimum sample size are estimated with power analysis and confidence intervals (CIs). Free software, including GPower, commercial software, and web-based calculators are used to demonstrate the range of resources available for estimating minimum sample size. Sample sizes based on power analysis and CIs should be considered within the context of ethical and cost-related issues. Procedures demonstrated include difference between two means, difference between two proportions, odds ratio, relative risk, chi square, ANOVA, correlation, regression, logistic regression, structural equation modeling, and multilevel analysis.
Tom W. N. Parker
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184430
- eISBN:
- 9780191674259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184430.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
Sonnet sequences have accrued a reputation for frivolity wherein their construction is presumed to be governed by the sensitive introspection and eloquence of a poet. But like any other art, sonnets ...
More
Sonnet sequences have accrued a reputation for frivolity wherein their construction is presumed to be governed by the sensitive introspection and eloquence of a poet. But like any other art, sonnets are governed by rules and these rules come in the form of laws on rhetoric and measure. This book explores the structure of Phillip Sidney's Astrophil and Stella which is governed by complex proportions and formal patterning. By looking at the sonnet sequences and proportions of Phillip Sidney, Fulke Greville, and Robert Sidney, their tremendous effort and the underlying intentions that govern their construction of sequences are determined. The works and the sonnet sequences of Giordano Bruno, Henry Constable, Mary Wroth, Barnebe Barnes, and Michael Drayton are also examined to determine the extent of influence of Sidney's formal patterning constructions.Less
Sonnet sequences have accrued a reputation for frivolity wherein their construction is presumed to be governed by the sensitive introspection and eloquence of a poet. But like any other art, sonnets are governed by rules and these rules come in the form of laws on rhetoric and measure. This book explores the structure of Phillip Sidney's Astrophil and Stella which is governed by complex proportions and formal patterning. By looking at the sonnet sequences and proportions of Phillip Sidney, Fulke Greville, and Robert Sidney, their tremendous effort and the underlying intentions that govern their construction of sequences are determined. The works and the sonnet sequences of Giordano Bruno, Henry Constable, Mary Wroth, Barnebe Barnes, and Michael Drayton are also examined to determine the extent of influence of Sidney's formal patterning constructions.
Tom W. N. Parker
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184430
- eISBN:
- 9780191674259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184430.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter discusses Michael Drayton who made explicit references to numerological symbols and proportionally governed poetic form. An admirer of Philip Sidney, Drayton from the span of his career ...
More
This chapter discusses Michael Drayton who made explicit references to numerological symbols and proportionally governed poetic form. An admirer of Philip Sidney, Drayton from the span of his career in 1593 to 1621 published homages to Sidney. Furthermore, he frequently employed Sidney's characteristic metrical structure and numerically governed proportions. In his Ideas Mirrour, Drayton employed Sidney's generic patterns and proportionally-governed form. His other writings also sought to emulate the elements of Sidney's layered formal arrangements however in a simplified manner. However lacking the formal sophistication that can be discernable from the poem of the highly educated Sidney, Draytons's unstressed and simple use of proportional numbers derived from Astrophil and Stella were Drayton's personal tribute to and emulation of his poetic hero.Less
This chapter discusses Michael Drayton who made explicit references to numerological symbols and proportionally governed poetic form. An admirer of Philip Sidney, Drayton from the span of his career in 1593 to 1621 published homages to Sidney. Furthermore, he frequently employed Sidney's characteristic metrical structure and numerically governed proportions. In his Ideas Mirrour, Drayton employed Sidney's generic patterns and proportionally-governed form. His other writings also sought to emulate the elements of Sidney's layered formal arrangements however in a simplified manner. However lacking the formal sophistication that can be discernable from the poem of the highly educated Sidney, Draytons's unstressed and simple use of proportional numbers derived from Astrophil and Stella were Drayton's personal tribute to and emulation of his poetic hero.
Dik Roth and Linden Vincent
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082927
- eISBN:
- 9780199082247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082927.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
Design of irrigation infrastructure in Farmer-managed Irrigation Systems (FMISs) is not only shaped by engineering and agronomic principles, but also strongly influenced by features of the local ...
More
Design of irrigation infrastructure in Farmer-managed Irrigation Systems (FMISs) is not only shaped by engineering and agronomic principles, but also strongly influenced by features of the local environment. Based on detailed case studies of four FMISs in Nepal, this chapter presents different typologies of water distribution systems and their associated water division structures that are found in FMISs. It describes various agro-ecological features and local institutions of the area in which irrigation systems operate. It analyses the elements of these agro-ecological features and local institutions in FMISs, and examines their relationships with irrigation infrastructure, especially the water division structure. It argues that understanding these relationships is vital for further developing FMISs in close partnership with local communities. It further suggests that recognition of these relationships can guide policies for better use of water resources and to improve livelihoods of local communities.Less
Design of irrigation infrastructure in Farmer-managed Irrigation Systems (FMISs) is not only shaped by engineering and agronomic principles, but also strongly influenced by features of the local environment. Based on detailed case studies of four FMISs in Nepal, this chapter presents different typologies of water distribution systems and their associated water division structures that are found in FMISs. It describes various agro-ecological features and local institutions of the area in which irrigation systems operate. It analyses the elements of these agro-ecological features and local institutions in FMISs, and examines their relationships with irrigation infrastructure, especially the water division structure. It argues that understanding these relationships is vital for further developing FMISs in close partnership with local communities. It further suggests that recognition of these relationships can guide policies for better use of water resources and to improve livelihoods of local communities.
David Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599240
- eISBN:
- 9780191725692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599240.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter traces the historical origins of the just‐war tradition from Augustine/Aquinas and explains and justifies the just‐war principles governing conduct before, during, and after war. It ...
More
This chapter traces the historical origins of the just‐war tradition from Augustine/Aquinas and explains and justifies the just‐war principles governing conduct before, during, and after war. It defends just‐war thinking from recent critics, including David Rodin. It argues that the principle of proportion rightly insists on the importance of attending to consequences. The principle is, however, applied at different levels by different players—political, strategic, theatre, and tactical. The principles were historically justified on the basis of a theory of war as punishment. But such punishment would be unjust, with aggressors escaping and ordinary soldiers being punished. More promising is Grotius' justification on analogy with the right of self‐defence. But how is that right justified? The basis for the just‐war principles needs to be sought—as with other moral principles—from the contribution that they make to human welfare and the prevention of suffering.Less
This chapter traces the historical origins of the just‐war tradition from Augustine/Aquinas and explains and justifies the just‐war principles governing conduct before, during, and after war. It defends just‐war thinking from recent critics, including David Rodin. It argues that the principle of proportion rightly insists on the importance of attending to consequences. The principle is, however, applied at different levels by different players—political, strategic, theatre, and tactical. The principles were historically justified on the basis of a theory of war as punishment. But such punishment would be unjust, with aggressors escaping and ordinary soldiers being punished. More promising is Grotius' justification on analogy with the right of self‐defence. But how is that right justified? The basis for the just‐war principles needs to be sought—as with other moral principles—from the contribution that they make to human welfare and the prevention of suffering.
Paul Helm
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199256631
- eISBN:
- 9780191698330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256631.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter examines the thesis that religious claims can be debated and discussed in a philosophical vein in a similar way to, say, scientific or political claims. It distinguishes two broad views ...
More
This chapter examines the thesis that religious claims can be debated and discussed in a philosophical vein in a similar way to, say, scientific or political claims. It distinguishes two broad views of faith, evidential deficiency and evidential proportion. The evidential deficiency view sees religious faith, and particularly religious trust, as making up for gaps in the evidence for the religious claims believed by adopting a degree of certitude not warranted by the evidence. The evidential proportion view of faith sees the cognitive element in faith as being correlated with evidence: weak evidence, weak belief; strong evidence, strong belief. The believer should strive to conform the strength of his beliefs to the strength of the evidence for the proposition or propositions believed. Aside from the beliefs arising from evidence, however, there are beliefs arising from a person's awareness of his own needs and goals. These further beliefs turn the object of belief into an object of trust, although actual trust requires action beyond belief.Less
This chapter examines the thesis that religious claims can be debated and discussed in a philosophical vein in a similar way to, say, scientific or political claims. It distinguishes two broad views of faith, evidential deficiency and evidential proportion. The evidential deficiency view sees religious faith, and particularly religious trust, as making up for gaps in the evidence for the religious claims believed by adopting a degree of certitude not warranted by the evidence. The evidential proportion view of faith sees the cognitive element in faith as being correlated with evidence: weak evidence, weak belief; strong evidence, strong belief. The believer should strive to conform the strength of his beliefs to the strength of the evidence for the proposition or propositions believed. Aside from the beliefs arising from evidence, however, there are beliefs arising from a person's awareness of his own needs and goals. These further beliefs turn the object of belief into an object of trust, although actual trust requires action beyond belief.
Paul Helm
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199256631
- eISBN:
- 9780191698330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256631.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
According to the evidential proportion view, the strength of trust in an object of trust ought to be proportioned to the strength of belief. This chapter applies this view to the problem of the ...
More
According to the evidential proportion view, the strength of trust in an object of trust ought to be proportioned to the strength of belief. This chapter applies this view to the problem of the relation between faith and action, or faith and virtue. It considers some of the connections and dislocations between faith and the moral virtues. One contemporary philosopher who has paid considerable attention to the relation between faith and virtue is Richard Swinburne, who answers the question ‘May a scoundrel be a man of faith? ’ with a no. The view of faith favoured by Swinburne, what he calls the Pragmatist view, is compared with the evidential proportion view. Swinburne argues that it is only the Pragmatist view of what faith is which ensures that a man of faith cannot be a scoundrel.Less
According to the evidential proportion view, the strength of trust in an object of trust ought to be proportioned to the strength of belief. This chapter applies this view to the problem of the relation between faith and action, or faith and virtue. It considers some of the connections and dislocations between faith and the moral virtues. One contemporary philosopher who has paid considerable attention to the relation between faith and virtue is Richard Swinburne, who answers the question ‘May a scoundrel be a man of faith? ’ with a no. The view of faith favoured by Swinburne, what he calls the Pragmatist view, is compared with the evidential proportion view. Swinburne argues that it is only the Pragmatist view of what faith is which ensures that a man of faith cannot be a scoundrel.
William Ickes
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372953
- eISBN:
- 9780199893317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372953.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Among the factors that contribute to perceptions that a face is physically attractive are its overall proportion, its “averageness”/prototypically, and the presence of features which — for one's ...
More
Among the factors that contribute to perceptions that a face is physically attractive are its overall proportion, its “averageness”/prototypically, and the presence of features which — for one's gender — are ideally sized in relation to each other. Being physically attractive in our culture confers many advantages, including greater popularity with peers, greater desirability as a dating partner, and preferential treatment in hiring, salary, and court decisions. In initial, mixed-sex interactions, women's physical attractiveness has a strong and pervasive positive impact. Men's physical attractiveness has an impact too, affecting how positive and intimate these interactions are. In general, people appear to disclose more to physically attractive opposite-sex strangers than to physically unattractive ones.Less
Among the factors that contribute to perceptions that a face is physically attractive are its overall proportion, its “averageness”/prototypically, and the presence of features which — for one's gender — are ideally sized in relation to each other. Being physically attractive in our culture confers many advantages, including greater popularity with peers, greater desirability as a dating partner, and preferential treatment in hiring, salary, and court decisions. In initial, mixed-sex interactions, women's physical attractiveness has a strong and pervasive positive impact. Men's physical attractiveness has an impact too, affecting how positive and intimate these interactions are. In general, people appear to disclose more to physically attractive opposite-sex strangers than to physically unattractive ones.
Shelly Kagan
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198239161
- eISBN:
- 9780191597848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198239165.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
The second way to characterize a constraint against harm is as a constraint against intending harm. This presupposes a distinction between harm that is intended as a means or an end, and harm that is ...
More
The second way to characterize a constraint against harm is as a constraint against intending harm. This presupposes a distinction between harm that is intended as a means or an end, and harm that is merely foreseen as an unintended side effect. We can again provide some intuitive support for this distinction – in terms of either the idea of using someone or the idea of aiming at evil – but here too the distinction ends up sorting cases in ways that are intuitively unattractive. And once again, attempts to defend the relevance of the distinction are ultimately unsuccessful, as are attempts to show that the distinction would support a constraint.Less
The second way to characterize a constraint against harm is as a constraint against intending harm. This presupposes a distinction between harm that is intended as a means or an end, and harm that is merely foreseen as an unintended side effect. We can again provide some intuitive support for this distinction – in terms of either the idea of using someone or the idea of aiming at evil – but here too the distinction ends up sorting cases in ways that are intuitively unattractive. And once again, attempts to defend the relevance of the distinction are ultimately unsuccessful, as are attempts to show that the distinction would support a constraint.
James W. Pardew
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813174358
- eISBN:
- 9780813174587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813174358.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Why is the fall of communism in Yugoslavia so violent when it is relatively peaceful throughout the rest of Eastern Europe? Nationalist leaders like Milosevic in Serbia disregard the lesson of ...
More
Why is the fall of communism in Yugoslavia so violent when it is relatively peaceful throughout the rest of Eastern Europe? Nationalist leaders like Milosevic in Serbia disregard the lesson of history that wars, once started, are difficult to control. Pardew points to the narrow vision and expedient political conversion of local leaders, the depth of ethnic nationalism and the misuse of religion as primary factors leading to brutal conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Balkan officials want to negotiate the complexities of their history, but US negotiators focus on the future. The U.S. approach to Balkan instability also avoids traditional methods of solving ethnic conflicts. New national borders and ethnic proportions are no longer suitable solutions for achieving ethnic stability in the region.
Less
Why is the fall of communism in Yugoslavia so violent when it is relatively peaceful throughout the rest of Eastern Europe? Nationalist leaders like Milosevic in Serbia disregard the lesson of history that wars, once started, are difficult to control. Pardew points to the narrow vision and expedient political conversion of local leaders, the depth of ethnic nationalism and the misuse of religion as primary factors leading to brutal conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Balkan officials want to negotiate the complexities of their history, but US negotiators focus on the future. The U.S. approach to Balkan instability also avoids traditional methods of solving ethnic conflicts. New national borders and ethnic proportions are no longer suitable solutions for achieving ethnic stability in the region.
Steve Selvin
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195172805
- eISBN:
- 9780199865697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172805.003.09
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Data consisting of counts are fundamental to the analysis of epidemiologic data. Counts come in various forms, such as numerators of rates, numerators of proportions, and values directly entered into ...
More
Data consisting of counts are fundamental to the analysis of epidemiologic data. Counts come in various forms, such as numerators of rates, numerators of proportions, and values directly entered into tables. Regression allows the analysis of counts when they are known or assumed to be sampled from Poisson probability distributions. This chapter discusses the Poisson model, Poisson model adjusted rate, Poisson regression, and application of the Poisson model.Less
Data consisting of counts are fundamental to the analysis of epidemiologic data. Counts come in various forms, such as numerators of rates, numerators of proportions, and values directly entered into tables. Regression allows the analysis of counts when they are known or assumed to be sampled from Poisson probability distributions. This chapter discusses the Poisson model, Poisson model adjusted rate, Poisson regression, and application of the Poisson model.
